To assess the transcript variability in a wide panel of samples we put together a set of 180 samples selected to encompass a broad range of adipose tissue origins and experimental conditions (Table 1 ). Human fat depots were represented by omental, abdominal subcutaneous, and gluteal tissue. The effect of obesity was considered: lean (BMI <25 kg/m2) vs. obese (BMI >30 kg/m2), with equal gender representation. Growth pattern and stimulation of adipogenesis was represented by including surgically removed lipomas vs. normal adjacent adipose tissue and samples taken before and after 14 days of systemic rosiglitazone treatment (4 mg BD) (11 (link)). Methodological issues like biopsy retrieval method (needle vs. surgical) and RNA extraction method (Tri-reagent vs. column) were also included. Finally we prepared differentiated adipocytes from preadipocytes isolated from the stromovascular fraction of subcutaneous biopsies (Table 1 ). Needle biopsy samples were taken under local anesthesia using a 12-gauge needle and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Surgical biopsies were taken during elective surgery and immediately frozen. Preadipocytes were differentiated and exposed to either 0 μm, 50 μm, or 200 μm palmitate (13 (link)). All biopsies and cells were homogenized in Tri-reagent (cat. no. AM9738, Ambion, Austin, TX) and RNA was extracted with either a standard Tri-reagent protocol or using Ambion MirVana columns (cat. no. AM1561, Ambion).
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Palmitate
Palmitate
Palmitate is a saturated fatty acid that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes.
It is the primary fatty acid component of palm oil and is widely used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
Palmitate serves as an important energy source, is involved in cellular signaling pathways, and contributes to the structure of cell membranes.
Researchers investigate the effects of palmitate on metabolic health, inflammation, and disease development.
This MeSH term provides a concise overview of the key functions and applications of this versatile lipid molecule.
It is the primary fatty acid component of palm oil and is widely used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
Palmitate serves as an important energy source, is involved in cellular signaling pathways, and contributes to the structure of cell membranes.
Researchers investigate the effects of palmitate on metabolic health, inflammation, and disease development.
This MeSH term provides a concise overview of the key functions and applications of this versatile lipid molecule.
Most cited protocols related to «Palmitate»
Abdomen
Adipocytes
Adipogenesis
austin
Biopsy
Buttocks
Cells
Elective Surgical Procedures
Freezing
Genes, vif
Homo sapiens
Lipoma
Local Anesthesia
Needle Biopsies
Needles
Nitrogen
Obesity
Omentum
Operative Surgical Procedures
Palmitate
Rosiglitazone
Tissue, Adipose
Tissues
Chloroquine
Culture Media, Conditioned
Donors
Flow Cytometry
Glucose
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
Homo sapiens
Insulin
Interferon Type II
Macrophage
Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
Monocytes
Palmitate
PAM2-CSK4
Plasma Membrane
Population Group
Technique, Dilution
Tissue, Adipose
Data were acquired with the prototype (4 detectors) and a second-generation instrument (NanoSIMS 50L, Cameca: 7 detectors). Quantitative mass images were analysed with “Open MIMS” software, a plug-in to ImageJ (http://www.nrims.harvard.edu/software.php ). Stable isotopes were obtained from Cambridge Isotopes, Inc. (15N-thymidine, 13C-thymidine) and Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (13C-palmitate).
Full Methods and any associated references are available in the online version of the paper at www.nature.com/nature .
Isotopes
Palmitate
Thymidine
Isotopes
Palmitate
Thymidine
After defining the high-confidence core and ranking all non-core reactions, our algorithm attempts to sequentially remove each non-core reaction, starting from those ranked at the bottom (lowest evidence). The selected reaction will be removed only if (i) the core set of reaction remains consistent; and (ii) removal does not prevent model from producing any key metabolites. Reactions in high-confidence core set can only be removed when (i) reactions in the negative reaction set (reactions with E x (r) =0) are needed to enable flux through the high confidence core reactions; (ii) by removing the high confidence core reactions, more non-core reactions (including those in the negative reaction set) will be removed. Consistency of the core reaction set is confirmed by calculating the maximum and minimum flux for each reaction, and ensuring that at least one is non-zero. As the naïve implementation of flux variability analysis (FVA) is extremely slow, we adapted the checkModelConsistency module described by Jerby et al. in [14 (link)] for optimal performance in Matlab—in particular, we included the option to use the efficient fastFVA algorithm [27 (link)].
The list of key metabolites that must be produced from glucose is compiled based on the universal metabolic model validation test in [18 (link)]. This includes metabolites in glycolysis, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, as well as non-essential amino acids, nucleotides, palmital-CoA, cholesterol, and several membrane lipids. A full list of these key metabolites is in Additional file3 : Table S1. Instead of testing the production of all non-essential fatty acids, as in [18 (link)], we only tested the production of palmital-CoA, which is derived from palmitate, the first fatty acid produced in fatty acid synthesis, and the precursor of longer chain fatty acids. Similarly, we only tested those membrane lipids that can be derived from glucose and non-essential amino acids. With the addition of essential nutrients like choline, these membrane lipids can be transformed to other membrane lipids such as phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin that cannot be directly synthesized from glucose. We only check the production of pyrimidine nucleotides from glucose, as de novo pyrimidine synthesis can occur in a variety of tissues [22 ]. As de novo purine synthesis occurs primarily in the liver and other tissues use the salvage pathway [22 ], we test the ability of all tissues to synthesize purine nucleotides from purines bases and 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophophate (PRPP).
The list of key metabolites that must be produced from glucose is compiled based on the universal metabolic model validation test in [18 (link)]. This includes metabolites in glycolysis, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, as well as non-essential amino acids, nucleotides, palmital-CoA, cholesterol, and several membrane lipids. A full list of these key metabolites is in Additional file
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Amino Acids, Essential
Anabolism
Cholesterol
Choline
Citric Acid Cycle
Fatty Acids
Fatty Acids, Essential
Glucose
Glycolysis
Lecithin
Liver
Membrane Lipids
Nucleotides
Nutrients
Palmitate
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate
purine
Purine Nucleotides
Pyrimidine Nucleotides
Pyrimidines
Sphingomyelins
Tissues
Most recents protocols related to «Palmitate»
On the one hand, THP1 cells were seeded 1x106 cells per well in six-well plate and treated with palmitate (PA,1 mM, Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Meanwhile, different siRNA-lipofectamine™ 3000 (Cat# L3000015, Invitogen) mixture was added into cell culture medium. After 48h, total RNA of THP1 cells were extracted to detect the levels of Jun, spp1, Socs3 and Rac1. On the other hand, THP1 cells were seeded 1x106 cells per well on six-well upper trans-well insert (0.4µM), LX2 cells were seeded 1x105 cells in the lower wells of trans-well plates and attached overnight. After 24h, THP1 cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS), and treated with PA (1 mM) and different siRNA-lipofectamine™ 3000 mixture, each upper insert was transferred to a lower plate containing the LX2 cells. Thereafter, THP1 cells and LX2 cells were co-cultured in serum-free medium for 48 hours. Total RNA of LX2 cells were extracted to detect the levels of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), collagen type I alpha 1 (Col1a1) and Fibronectin (Fn). The sequences of different siRNA were listed in Supplementary Table 1
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Actins
Cell Culture Techniques
Cells
COL1A1 protein, human
Culture Media
Fibronectins
Lipofectamine
Palmitate
Phosphates
RNA, Small Interfering
Saline Solution
Serum
Smooth Muscles
SPP1 protein, human
The extraction of the enzymes and the activity measurement were carried out as described by Wei et al. [9 (link)]. Briefly, p‐nitrophenyl butyrate and p‐nitrophenyl palmitate were used as the substrates for esterase and lipase, respectively. The slope of absorption change at 405 nm from 5 to 15 min were used to calculate the activity. One unit (1 U = 16.7 nkat) was defined as the amount of enzyme that generates of 1 μmol p-nitrophenol per minute at 37 °C and pH 8.0. Commercial lipase Candida antarctica (4880 U/kg with p-nitrophenyl palmitate as substrate) and the in‐house reference sample (22 U/kg with p-nitrophenyl palmitate as substrate) were used to test the reliability and repeatability of the method.
The non-starch lipid contents in the wheat flour were measured according to Wei et al. [9 (link)] with an accelerated solvent extractor (ASE 350; Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) using petroleum ether (bp 40–60°C) for extraction.
The non-starch lipid contents in the wheat flour were measured according to Wei et al. [9 (link)] with an accelerated solvent extractor (ASE 350; Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) using petroleum ether (bp 40–60°C) for extraction.
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4-nitrophenyl butyrate
Enzymes
Esterases
Lipase
Lipids
Moesziomyces antarcticus
naphtha
Nitrophenols
Palmitate
Solvents
Starch
Wheat Flour
A total of 300 wheat cultivars from the GABI-panel [13 (link)] was evaluated for esterase and lipase activities. The wheat cultivars were grown in the field imaging platform (FIP) [22 ] at the field station of ETH Zurich in Lindau‐Eschikon (47.449° N, 8.682° E, 520 m above sea level; soil type: Gleyic Cambisol) in Switzerland over two years, 2015 and 2016. The cultivars were grown in microplots of 1.2 m × 1.7 m size with a sowing density of 400 m−1 in two lots [16 ]. For all cultivars, wheat kernels harvested from one of the two replicates were randomly selected for analysis. The samples were milled to wholegrain flour with a 0.5 mm sieve (ZM200; Retsch, Haan, Germany) and stored at −20 °C until analysis. A commercial wheat grain (Egli bio Reform AG, Demeter, Switzerland) was used as an in‐house reference. It was milled and analyzed identically as the other samples and its enzyme activities were measured daily in triplicate.
All chemicals were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), except for p‐nitrophenyl palmitate, which was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Heysham, UK). Commercial lipase Candida antarctica A (NS‐40010) was purchased from Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark).
All chemicals were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), except for p‐nitrophenyl palmitate, which was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Heysham, UK). Commercial lipase Candida antarctica A (NS‐40010) was purchased from Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark).
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A 300
Cereals
enzyme activity
Esterases
Flour
Lipase
Moesziomyces antarcticus
Palmitate
Triticum aestivum
Whole Grains
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acetonitrile
ammonium acetate
Buffers
Chloroform
Cold Temperature
Edetic Acid
etomoxir
Fatty Acids
Isopropyl Alcohol
Kidney
Kidney Cortex
lauric acid
Methanol
Mice, House
Mitochondria
Myristic Acid
Nitrogen
Palmitate
Palmitic Acid
Serum Albumin, Bovine
Sucrose
Tissues
Tromethamine
HepG2 cells were obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany; ECACC certified) and cultured according to the corresponding manufacturer’s instructions. During experiments, cells were cultured in serum-free medium. Cells were treated with 200 μM bovine serum albumin-conjugated palmitate (Cayman chemical, Ann Arbor, MI) alone or in combination with 10 μM of HK4 (Taros Chemicals, Dortmund, Germany) up to 30 min prior to palmitate exposure for 7 h.
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Caimans
Cells
Culture Media
Hep G2 Cells
Palmitate
Serum
Serum Albumin, Bovine
Taro
Top products related to «Palmitate»
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Palmitate is a type of laboratory equipment used for research and analysis purposes. It is a fatty acid compound that serves as a common precursor for various biological processes. Palmitate is utilized in various scientific applications, including cell culture studies, biochemical assays, and metabolic research. The core function of Palmitate is to provide a standardized and reliable source of this essential fatty acid for experimental and analytical purposes.
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
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Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a common laboratory reagent derived from bovine blood plasma. It is a protein that serves as a stabilizer and blocking agent in various biochemical and immunological applications. BSA is widely used to maintain the activity and solubility of enzymes, proteins, and other biomolecules in experimental settings.
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Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
Sodium palmitate is a white, waxy solid that is commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a salt of palmitic acid, a saturated fatty acid. Sodium palmitate has various applications in research and analytical processes, but no further details on its intended use will be provided.
Sourced in United States, Sao Tome and Principe, China
Oleate is a laboratory reagent used in various biochemical and analytical applications. It serves as a surfactant, aiding in the solubilization and dispersion of lipophilic compounds. Oleate is a naturally occurring fatty acid derivative that can be used to facilitate interactions between aqueous and non-aqueous phases in experimental settings.
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DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) is a cell culture medium formulated to support the growth and maintenance of a variety of cell types, including mammalian cells. It provides essential nutrients, amino acids, vitamins, and other components necessary for cell proliferation and survival in an in vitro environment.
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Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)14COOH. It is a colorless, odorless solid at room temperature. Palmitic acid is a common constituent of animal and vegetable fats and oils.
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Fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a purified, sterile-filtered protein preparation derived from bovine serum. It is commonly used as a stabilizing agent and carrier protein in various biochemical and cell culture applications.
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Lipofectamine 2000 is a cationic lipid-based transfection reagent designed for efficient and reliable delivery of nucleic acids, such as plasmid DNA and small interfering RNA (siRNA), into a wide range of eukaryotic cell types. It facilitates the formation of complexes between the nucleic acid and the lipid components, which can then be introduced into cells to enable gene expression or gene silencing studies.
More about "Palmitate"
Palmitate, a versatile saturated fatty acid, plays a crucial role in various physiological processes.
It is the primary lipid component of palm oil and is widely utilized in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
Palmitate serves as an important energy source, is involved in cellular signaling pathways, and contributes to the structure of cell membranes.
Researchers investigate the effects of Palmitate on metabolic health, inflammation, and disease development.
In the lab, Palmitate is often used in conjunction with other reagents like Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), and Penicillin/Streptomycin to create cell culture media.
Sodium Palmitate, a salt form of the fatty acid, is a common supplement used to study Palmitate's impacts.
Palmitate's effects are sometimes compared to those of Oleate, another fatty acid.
The choice of culture medium, such as DMEM, can also influence Palmitate's mechanisms.
Palmitic Acid, the scientific name for Palmitate, is a key focus of research examining the role of Fatty Acid-Free BSA and Lipofectamine 2000 in modulating cellular responses to this versatile lipid molecule.
By leveraging the latest tools and techniques, scientists can optimize their Palmitate studies and uncover new insights into this important nutrient.
It is the primary lipid component of palm oil and is widely utilized in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
Palmitate serves as an important energy source, is involved in cellular signaling pathways, and contributes to the structure of cell membranes.
Researchers investigate the effects of Palmitate on metabolic health, inflammation, and disease development.
In the lab, Palmitate is often used in conjunction with other reagents like Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), and Penicillin/Streptomycin to create cell culture media.
Sodium Palmitate, a salt form of the fatty acid, is a common supplement used to study Palmitate's impacts.
Palmitate's effects are sometimes compared to those of Oleate, another fatty acid.
The choice of culture medium, such as DMEM, can also influence Palmitate's mechanisms.
Palmitic Acid, the scientific name for Palmitate, is a key focus of research examining the role of Fatty Acid-Free BSA and Lipofectamine 2000 in modulating cellular responses to this versatile lipid molecule.
By leveraging the latest tools and techniques, scientists can optimize their Palmitate studies and uncover new insights into this important nutrient.