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Paraffin

Paraffin is a versatile hydrocarbon compound that has numerous applications in research and industry.
It is a waxy, solid substance composed of a mixture of saturated hydrocarbons, typically with a carbon chain length ranging from 20 to 40 carbons.
Paraffin is commonly used as a coating material, lubricant, and fuel, as well as in the production of candles, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products.
In the field of scientific research, paraffin is widely used as an embedding medium for tissue samples in histological and immunohistochemical studies.
Its ability to provide structural support and preserve the morphology of tissues makes it an indispensable tool for pathologists and researchers.
With its diverse applications and importance in various disciplines, a comprehensive understanding of paraffin and its properties is crucial for advancing scientific discovery and innovation.
PubComapre.ai can enhancee your paraffin research by providing AI-driven protocol comparison capabilities, helping you easily locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, while ensuring reproducibility and accuracy.

Most cited protocols related to «Paraffin»

1
Frozen Tissue Immunohistochemistry Protocol
Cited 787 times
Freshly isolated and cultivated skin samples were harvested at indicated time-points, embedded in optimum cutting tissue compound (Tissue-plus; Scigen Scientific, Gardena, CA, USA), snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C until further processing. Frozen tissues were sectioned (5 µm) (Cryotome–Leica Biosystems CM1850, Germany), fixed in ice-cold acetone (10 minutes) and washed with PBS. Fixed sections were stained with unconjugated and conjugated antibodies (Abs) (overnight, 4 °C) and Ab binding was detected using corresponding secondary Abs. Paraffin embedded tissues were deparaffinised by dipping them into Xylol (2x, 5 minutes), 100% ethanol (5 minutes), 70% ethanol (5 minutes) and washed in tap water (2x, 5 minutes). Then they were incubated in antigen retrieval buffer (Dako S1699, Denmark), washed in PBS and stained. Abs used are listed in Table S1.
Rakita A., Nikolić N., Mildner M., Matiasek J, & Elbe-Bürger A. (2020). Re-epithelialization and immune cell behaviour in an ex vivo human skin model. Scientific Reports, 10, 1.
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Publication 2020
Acetone Antibodies Antigens Buffers Cold Temperature Ethanol Freezing Nitrogen Paraffin Skin Tissues Xylene
2
Immunohistochemical Staining of Tumor Tissue
Cited 269 times
Standard IHC protocol was followed to stain the tumor tissue samples using the mouse monoclonal antibody against hNIS (human Sodium Iodide Symporter) (Abcam, ab17795), ER (Estrogen Receptor) (Abcam, ab16660, ab288). Briefly, 5 µm sized paraffin embedded tissue sections were de-paraffinized with xylene and endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched with 3% H2O2 in methanol for 30 minutes in the dark. Tissue sections were dehydrated through graded alcohols and subjected to antigen retrieval using 10mM sodium citrate. Sections were washed with TBST (Tris Borate Saline Tween-20) and then blocked with 5% BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) for one hour. Slides were incubated with the respective mouse monoclonal primary antibody diluted with TBS. Slides were then washed for 5 minutes in TBST and incubated for 1 hour with the respective HRP (Horse Raddish Peroxidase) conjugated anti-mouse secondary antibody diluted with TBS in a ratio of 1∶200. After washing, slides were incubated with DAB (3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride) (Sigma) and immediately washed under tap water after color development. Slides were then counter stained with hematoxylin. Slides were mounted with DPX (dibutyl phthalate xylene) and were then observed under a light microscope (Carl Zeiss).
Varghese F., Bukhari A.B., Malhotra R, & De A. (2014). IHC Profiler: An Open Source Plugin for the Quantitative Evaluation and Automated Scoring of Immunohistochemistry Images of Human Tissue Samples. PLoS ONE, 9(5), e96801.
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Publication 2014
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic Antigens Borates Equus caballus estrogen receptor alpha, human Ethanol Homo sapiens Light Microscopy Methanol Monoclonal Antibodies Mus Neoplasms Paraffin Peroxidase Peroxide, Hydrogen Phthalate, Dibutyl Saline Solution Serum Albumin, Bovine SLC5A5 protein, human Sodium Citrate Stains Tissues Tromethamine Tween 20 Xylene
3
Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Profiling
Cited 168 times
The 450k array was used to obtain genome-wide DNA methylation profiles for tumour samples and normal control tissues, according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Illumina, San Diego, USA). DNA methylation data was generated at the Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility of the DKFZ (Heidelberg, Germany) and the NYU Langone Medical Center (New York, USA). Data was generated from both fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. For most fresh-frozen samples, >500 ng of DNA was used as input material. 250 ng of DNA was used for most FFPE tissues. On-chip quality metrics of all samples were carefully controlled. Copy-number variation (CNV) analysis from 450k methylation array data was performed using the conumee Bioconductor package version 1.3.0. Two sets of 50 control samples displaying a balanced copy-number profile from both male and female donors were used for normalization.
Raw signal intensities were obtained from IDAT-files using the minfi Bioconductor package version 1.14.0 36 . Each sample was individually normalized by performing a background correction (shifting of the 5 % percentile of negative control probe intensities to 0) and a dye-bias correction (scaling of the mean of normalization control probe intensities to 10,000) for both colour channels. Subsequently, a correction for the type of material tissue (FFPE/frozen) was performed by fitting univariate, linear models to the log2-transformed intensity values (removeBatchEffect function, limma package version 3.24.15). The methylated and unmethylated signals were corrected individually. Estimated batch effects were also used to adjust diagnostic samples or test samples within the cross-validation. Beta-values were calculated from the retransformed intensities using an offset of 100 (as recommended by Illumina). To analyse for possible confounding batch effects within our pre-processed reference cohort dataset (after adjusting for FFPE versus frozen material) we applied the sva algorithm 37 ,38 . We found no significant surrogate variable (data not shown).
The following filtering criteria were applied: Removal of probes targeting the X and Y chromosomes (n=11,551), removal of probes containing a single-nucleotide polymorphism (dbSNP132 Common) within five base pairs of and including the targeted CpG site (n=7,998), probes not mapping uniquely to the human reference genome (hg19) allowing for one mismatch (n=3,965), and probes not included on the Illumina EPIC array (n=32,260). In total, 428,799 probes targeting CpG sites were kept for further analysis.
Capper D., Jones D.T., Sill M., Hovestadt V., Schrimpf D., Sturm D., Koelsche C., Sahm F., Chavez L., Reuss D.E., Kratz A., Wefers A.K., Huang K., Pajtler K.W., Schweizer L., Stichel D., Olar A., Engel N.W., Lindenberg K., Harter P.N., Braczynski A., Plate K.H., Dohmen H., Garvalov B.K., Coras R., Hölsken A., Hewer E., Bewerunge-Hudler M., Schick M., Fischer R., Beschorner R., Schittenhelm J., Staszewski O., Wani K., Varlet P., Pages M., Temming P., Lohmann D., Selt F., Witt H., Milde T., Witt O., Aronica E., Giangaspero F., Rushing E., Scheurlen W., Geisenberger C., Rodriguez F.J., Becker A., Preusser M., Haberler C., Bjerkvig R., Cryan J., Farrell M., Deckert M., Hench J., Frank S., Serrano J., Kannan K., Tsirigos A., Brück W., Hofer S., Brehmer S., Seiz-Rosenhagen M., Hänggi D., Hans V., Rozsnoki S., Hansford J.R., Kohlhof P., Kristensen B.W., Lechner M., Lopes B., Mawrin C., Ketter R., Kulozik A., Khatib Z., Heppner F., Koch A., Jouvet A., Keohane C., Mühleisen H., Mueller W., Pohl U., Prinz M., Benner A., Zapatka M., Gottardo N.G., Driever P.H., Kramm C.M., Müller H.L., Rutkowski S., von Hoff K., Frühwald M.C., Gnekow A., Fleischhack G., Tippelt S., Calaminus G., Monoranu C.M., Perry A., Jones C., Jacques T.S., Radlwimmer B., Gessi M., Pietsch T., Schramm J., Schackert G., Westphal M., Reifenberger G., Wesseling P., Weller M., Collins V.P., Blümcke I., Bendszus M., Debus J., Huang A., Jabado N., Northcott P.A., Paulus W., Gajjar A., Robinson G., Taylor M.D., Jaunmuktane Z., Ryzhova M., Platten M., Unterberg A., Wick W., Karajannis M.A., Mittelbronn M., Acker T., Hartmann C., Aldape K., Schüller U., Buslei R., Lichter P., Kool M., Herold-Mende C., Ellison D.W., Hasselblatt M., Snuderl M., Brandner S., Korshunov A., von Deimling A, & Pfister S.M. (2018). DNA methylation-based classification of central nervous system tumours. Nature, 555(7697), 469-474.
Publication 2018
Copy Number Polymorphism Diagnosis DNA Chips DNA Methylation Donors Females Formalin Freezing Genetic Profile Genome, Human Histocompatibility Testing Males Neoplasms Paraffin Paraffin Embedding Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Tissues Y Chromosome
4
Survival Analysis using Kaplan-Meier and Log-Rank Tests
Cited 89 times
Survival curves using the Kaplan Meier method were generated and log-rank tests applied using the TMA data viewer within QuPath, and independently verified using R (version 3.2.2)30 with the ‘Survival’ package (version 2.38–3)31 . For the calculation of disease-specific survival, deaths from other causes were treated as censored events. Median cutoff values were used in all cases, except for p53 where an experienced pathologist (MBL) selected two biologically-plausible cutoffs (H-scores 10 and 160) to separate extreme positive and extreme negative cases from those with intermediate (‘wild-type’) expression, based upon viewing all TMA cores post-analysis ranked by H-score. Stratification based on tertiles is also provided in the Supplementary Materials for PD-L1.
For TMA analysis, up to three tissue cores were available from each tumor, all selected from the same paraffin block representing the central tumor region. A single patient biomarker score was defined as the median of all available scores for the corresponding patient and biomarker. The median was chosen to aid the robustness of the measurement in a high-throughput setting, and reduce the likelihood of basing the score for any individual patient on an outlier that may have been caused by a tissue or staining artefact.
Bankhead P., Loughrey M.B., Fernández J.A., Dombrowski Y., McArt D.G., Dunne P.D., McQuaid S., Gray R.T., Murray L.J., Coleman H.G., James J.A., Salto-Tellez M, & Hamilton P.W. (2017). QuPath: Open source software for digital pathology image analysis. Scientific Reports, 7, 16878.
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Publication 2017
Biological Markers CD274 protein, human Neoplasms Paraffin Pathologists Patients Tissues
5
Molecular Subtyping of Breast Cancer
Cited 59 times
H&E sections from each block were reviewed by a pathologist (TON). Areas containing representative invasive breast carcinoma were selected and circled on the source block. Using a 1.0 mm punch needle, at least two tumor cores were extracted from the circled area. Details of RNA preparation from paraffin cores, the qRT-PCR assay for the PAM50 panel and reference genes, and how these results allow assignment into Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched and Basal-like subtypes, and the independently-trained ROR-S (Risk Of Relapse based on Subtype), ROR-T (-Tumor size weighted model), ROR-P (-Proliferation weighted model) and ROR-PT (Proliferation and Tumor size weighted) risk score assignments are presented in Supplementary Methods. For clarity, the term ROR-T is now used for the same model described in our earlier publication as ROR-C (“clinical”) (9 (link)).
Nielsen T.O., Parker J.S., Leung S., Voduc D., Ebbert M., Vickery T., Davies S.R., Snider J., Stijleman I.J., Reed J., Cheang M.C., Mardis E.R., Perou C.M., Bernard P.S, & Ellis M.J. (2010). A comparison of PAM50 intrinsic subtyping with immunohistochemistry and clinical prognostic factors in tamoxifen-treated estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 16(21), 5222-5232.
Publication 2010
Biological Assay Breast Carcinoma ERBB2 protein, human Genes Needles Neoplasms Paraffin Pathologists Phenobarbital Relapse

Most recents protocols related to «Paraffin»

1
Renewable Paraffinic Fuel Analysis
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

A renewable paraffinic product was produced by heavily cracking hydrodeoxygenation and isomerisation of feedstock mixture of vegetable and animal fat origin. This product was analysed using various analysis methods (Table 2).

TABLE 2
Analysed renewable paraffinic product.
AnalysisMethodUnitValue
Freezing pointIP529° C. −42.0
DensityASTM kg/m3753.0
D4052
Weighted average NM490—12.0
carbon number
% carbon number 14-17NM490wt-%30.5
T10 (° C.) cut-off temperatureASTM D86° C. 168.5
T90 (° C.) cut-off temperatureASTM D86° C. 245.5
Final boiling pointASTM D86° C. 256.0

The analysed product in Table 2 fulfils the freezing point of jet fuel specification, but the freezing point is not exceptionally low.

Example 4

Another renewable paraffinic product produced by hydrodeoxygenation and isomerisation of another feedstock mixture of vegetable and animal fat origin is further directed to a fractionation unit. In the fractionation unit, the renewable paraffinic product is divided into two fractions. Lighter of the fractions containing 80 wt-% of the original renewable paraffinic product is re-analysed using various analysis methods (Table 5).

TABLE 5
Analysed renewable paraffinic product.
AnalysisMethodUnitValue
Freezing pointIP529° C.−50.9
DensityASTM kg/m3770.1
D4052
Weighted average NM490—14.7
carbon number
% carbon number 14-17NM490wt-%73.6
T10 (° C.) cut-off temperatureASTM D86° C.191.9
T90 (° C.) cut-off temperatureASTM D86° C.276.6
Final boiling pointASTM D86° C.283.1

This product also fulfils all requirements of a high-quality renewable aviation fuels. From the analysis results it can be seen that despite the fact that the density of the paraffinic composition is over 768 kg/m3 (measured 770.1 kg/m3) the freezing point (measured −50.9° C.) is significantly lower than the freezing point of the product of comparative example 1.

It will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that, as the technology advances, the inventive concept can be implemented in various ways. The invention and its embodiments are not limited to the examples described above but may vary within the scope of the claims.

US11859143B2. Hydrocarbon composition (2024-01-02). Neste Oyj [FI]. Inventors: Kati Sandberg [FI], Väinö Sippola [FI], Janne Suppula [FI], Jesse Vilja [FI].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Animals Carbon-14 Carbon-17 Fractionation, Chemical Hydrocarbons jet fuel A Light Paraffin Vegetables Vision
2
Chondrogenic Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells
Not available on PMC !

Example 3

Pluripotent stem cell-derived cells (2.5×105 cells), having been passaged at least five times, were collected in 15-ml conical tubes and centrifuged at 150 g for 5 min after which they were transferred to serum-free chondrogenic media (Lonza Basel Switzerland) in the presence or absence of TGFβ3 (10 ng/ml; Peprotech, Rocky Hill, N.J.). The media was changed twice weekly. At the end of 3 weeks, some cell pellets were fixed with Z-Fix (Anatech, Battle Creek, Mich.), paraffin-embedded, sectioned, and assessed for their chondrogenic differentiation status as detailed below for histochemical stains, immunocytochemical markers, and mRNA as described below.

Total RNA was extracted from cell pellets with RNeasy kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and was reverse transcribed to cDNA with SuperScript (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Real-time RT-PCR of collagen IIA1 and aggrecan was performed using Taqman-® Gene expression assays as per manufacturer's instructions (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.).

US11859210B2. Methods of differentiating stem cells into chondrocytes (2024-01-02). Scripps Health [US]. Inventors: Darryl D. D'Lima [US], Tsaiwei Olee [US], Clifford W. Colwell [US].
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Patent 2024
Aggrecans Biological Assay Cells Chondrogenesis Collagen Culture Media, Serum-Free DNA, Complementary Gene Expression Paraffin Pellets, Drug Pluripotent Stem Cells Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Messenger Staining
3
Osteochondral Defect Repair with Stem Cells
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

Osteochondral specimens were surgically resected from the joints of adult arthritic human patients undergoing total knee replacement. Six-mm diameter cylindrical plugs were cored out with an Arthrex Single Use OATS System (Naples, Fla.). A surgical curette was used to make partial-thickness defects approximately 2 mm in size in the articular surface. The defects were filled with pluripotent stem cell-derived chondrogenic precursors which had been aggregated under the following mechanical pressures; 5×105 cells centrifuged in 15-ml conical tubes at 150 g for 5 min in DMEM/F12 supplemented with 10% FBS and incubated overnight in the presence or absence of TGFβ3. After 4 weeks, explants were fixed, paraffin-embedded, sectioned, and stained with Safranin O.

US11859210B2. Methods of differentiating stem cells into chondrocytes (2024-01-02). Scripps Health [US]. Inventors: Darryl D. D'Lima [US], Tsaiwei Olee [US], Clifford W. Colwell [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Adult Cartilage Cells Chondrogenesis Joints Knee Replacement Arthroplasty Oats Operative Surgical Procedures Paraffin Patients Pluripotent Stem Cells safranine T Transplantation
4
Quantifying Goblet Cell Morphology
The colonic segments were fixed in Methanol-Carnoy solution (methanol: chloroform: glacial acetic acid = 6:3:1), paraffin embedded and cut into serial 4 μm sections. Then, goblet cell staining was performed via Alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff staining according to the instructions. The pathologist, without knowledge of any experimental procedures, counted the number of goblet cells.
Yang J., Wang L., Mei M., Guo J., Yang X, & Liu S. (2023). Electroacupuncture repairs intestinal barrier by upregulating CB1 through gut microbiota in DSS-induced acute colitis. Chinese Medicine, 18, 24.
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Publication 2023
Acetic Acid Alcian Blue Chloroform Colon Goblet Cells methacarn Methanol Paraffin Pathologists Periodic Acid
5
Histological Examination of Distal Colon
The distal colon specimens were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h and embedded in paraffin. Then, paraffin-embedded colonic tissues were sectioned (4 μm in thickness), stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and analyzed by a pathologist without information on the experimental procedures based on the scoring criteria as described previously [19 (link)].
Yang J., Wang L., Mei M., Guo J., Yang X, & Liu S. (2023). Electroacupuncture repairs intestinal barrier by upregulating CB1 through gut microbiota in DSS-induced acute colitis. Chinese Medicine, 18, 24.
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Publication 2023
Colon Eosin Paraffin Paraffin Embedding paraform Pathologists Tissues

Top products related to «Paraffin»

1
Image pro plus 6 by Media Cybernetics
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Image-Pro Plus 6.0 is a comprehensive image analysis software package designed for scientific and industrial applications. It provides a wide range of tools for image capture, enhancement, measurement, analysis, and reporting.
2
Qiaamp dna ffpe tissue kit by Qiagen
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The QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit is a laboratory equipment designed for the purification of DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. It is used to extract high-quality genomic DNA from FFPE samples for downstream applications such as PCR, sequencing, and other molecular biology techniques.
3
Bx51 microscope by Olympus
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The BX51 microscope is an optical microscope designed for a variety of laboratory applications. It features a modular design and offers various illumination and observation methods to accommodate different sample types and research needs.
4
4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole (dapi) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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In situ cell death detection kit by Roche
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The In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit is a laboratory product designed for the detection of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, in cell samples. The kit utilizes a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) to label DNA strand breaks, allowing for the visualization and quantification of cell death. The core function of this product is to provide researchers with a tool to study and analyze cell death processes.
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4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole (dapi) by Merck Group
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DAPI is a fluorescent dye that binds strongly to adenine-thymine (A-T) rich regions in DNA. It is commonly used as a nuclear counterstain in fluorescence microscopy to visualize and locate cell nuclei.
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Vectastain elite abc kit by Vector Laboratories
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The Vectastain Elite ABC kit is a specialized laboratory equipment used for the detection and visualization of target proteins or antigens in biological samples. It utilizes an avidin-biotin complex (ABC) system to amplify the signal, enabling researchers to achieve high sensitivity and consistent results in their immunohistochemical or immunocytochemical analyses.
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Hematoxylin by Merck Group
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Hematoxylin is a natural dye extracted from the wood of the Logwood tree (Haematoxylum campechianum). It is a commonly used stain in histology and microscopy for the staining of cell nuclei, providing a deep blue-purple color. Hematoxylin is considered a progressive stain, requiring the use of a mordant, such as aluminum salts, to create the desired staining effect.
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Vectastain abc kit by Vector Laboratories
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The Vectastain ABC kit is a product by Vector Laboratories that is used for the detection of specific target antigens in tissue or cell samples. The kit includes reagents necessary for the avidin-biotin complex (ABC) method of immunohistochemistry. The core function of the Vectastain ABC kit is to provide a reliable and sensitive tool for the visualization of target molecules within a sample.
10
Alexa fluor 488 by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Alexa Fluor 488 is a fluorescent dye used in various biotechnological applications. It has an excitation maximum at 495 nm and an emission maximum at 519 nm, producing a green fluorescent signal. Alexa Fluor 488 is known for its brightness, photostability, and pH-insensitivity, making it a popular choice for labeling biomolecules in biological research.

More about "Paraffin"

Paraffin is a versatile hydrocarbon compound with a wide range of applications in research and industry.
It is a waxy, solid substance composed of a mixture of saturated hydrocarbons, typically with a carbon chain length ranging from 20 to 40 carbons.
Paraffin is commonly used as a coating material, lubricant, and fuel, as well as in the production of candles, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products.
In the field of scientific research, paraffin is widely used as an embedding medium for tissue samples in histological and immunohistochemical studies.
Its ability to provide structural support and preserve the morphology of tissues makes it an indispensable tool for pathologists and researchers.
Paraffin-embedded tissue samples can be sectioned using a microtome and then stained with dyes like hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or labeled with fluorescent markers like DAPI and Alexa Fluor 488 for visualization under a microscope, such as the BX51.
Techniques like the QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit and the In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit utilize paraffin-embedded samples to extract DNA or detect apoptotic cells, respectively.
The Vectastain Elite ABC kit and Vectastain ABC kit are also commonly used in immunohistochemical studies involving paraffin-embedded tissues.
With its diverse applications and importance in various disciplines, a comprehensive understanding of paraffin and its properties is crucial for advancing scientific discovery and innovation.
PubCompare.ai can enhance your paraffin research by providing AI-driven protocol comparison capabilities, helping you easily locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, while ensuring reproducibility and acuracy.