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Phenanthrene
Phenanthrene
Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) composed of three fused benzene rings.
It is found in coal tar and is a common environmental pollutant.
Phenanthrene has been studied for its potential toxilogical and carcinogenic effects, as well as its use in organic synthesis and as a fluorescent probe.
Reseachers can leverage PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform to streamline their phenanthrene studies, easily locating protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and using AI-powered comparisons to identify the best protocols and products.
This can enhance reproducibility and research accuracy for phenanthrene-related studies.
It is found in coal tar and is a common environmental pollutant.
Phenanthrene has been studied for its potential toxilogical and carcinogenic effects, as well as its use in organic synthesis and as a fluorescent probe.
Reseachers can leverage PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform to streamline their phenanthrene studies, easily locating protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and using AI-powered comparisons to identify the best protocols and products.
This can enhance reproducibility and research accuracy for phenanthrene-related studies.
Most cited protocols related to «Phenanthrene»
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
acenaphthylene
Benzo(a)pyrene
chrysene
Environmental Pollutants
fluoranthene
naphthalene
Perylene
phenanthrene
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
Solvents
Technique, Dilution
Reports of extraction
of silicone vary widely from single soaking periods, to extended Soxhlet
extraction over 90 h.22 (link),24 (link) To determine an adequate extraction
method, precleaned silicone wristbands were infused with four deuterated
PAHs similar to a previous method.23 (link) Briefly,
acenaphthylene-D8, fluorene-D10, phenanthrene-D10, and pyrene-D10
were pipetted into a 1 L jar filled with approximately 50–100
g of silicone and a methanol/water (1:1, v:v) solution. Compounds
were allowed to equilibrate for three days since the ratio of methanol/water
used was 1:1 rather than 4:1 as originally described.23 (link) Using a 1:1 ratio requires less deuterated compounds in
the infusing solution since more will partition to the silicone. Wristbands
were dried as previously described, and then three rounds of extraction
at two time periods of either 2 or 24 h were used to examine efficiency
(Supporting Information (SI) Figure S1).
Postdeployment cleaning consisted of two rinses with purified water,
and one rinse with isopropyl alcohol to reduce any water residue and
further remove surface particulates (SI Figure S2). Field samplers were extracted twice with 100 mL of ethyl
acetate on an orbital shaker at 60 rotations per minute (VWR) for
nominally 2 h each time. Both rounds of extraction were combined and
reduced to 1 mL (measured with premarked glassware) with closed-cell
evaporators (Biotage LLC, Charlotte, NC). Samples were transferred
and stored in amber chromatography vials at 4 °C.
To examine
whether PAHs would degrade after sorption to the wristband,
or if field/handling conditions would influence exposure concentrations,
we again infused wristbands with several PAHs (fluorene-d10, benzo[b]fluoranthene-d12,
fluorene, pyrene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene) and either exposed outdoors
(in sun or shade) or within PTFE storage bags at approximately −20
°C, 23 and 35 °C. Additional details are described in theSI . Silicone PSDs were extracted and stored as
described above.
of silicone vary widely from single soaking periods, to extended Soxhlet
extraction over 90 h.22 (link),24 (link) To determine an adequate extraction
method, precleaned silicone wristbands were infused with four deuterated
PAHs similar to a previous method.23 (link) Briefly,
acenaphthylene-D8, fluorene-D10, phenanthrene-D10, and pyrene-D10
were pipetted into a 1 L jar filled with approximately 50–100
g of silicone and a methanol/water (1:1, v:v) solution. Compounds
were allowed to equilibrate for three days since the ratio of methanol/water
used was 1:1 rather than 4:1 as originally described.23 (link) Using a 1:1 ratio requires less deuterated compounds in
the infusing solution since more will partition to the silicone. Wristbands
were dried as previously described, and then three rounds of extraction
at two time periods of either 2 or 24 h were used to examine efficiency
(
Postdeployment cleaning consisted of two rinses with purified water,
and one rinse with isopropyl alcohol to reduce any water residue and
further remove surface particulates (
acetate on an orbital shaker at 60 rotations per minute (VWR) for
nominally 2 h each time. Both rounds of extraction were combined and
reduced to 1 mL (measured with premarked glassware) with closed-cell
evaporators (Biotage LLC, Charlotte, NC). Samples were transferred
and stored in amber chromatography vials at 4 °C.
To examine
whether PAHs would degrade after sorption to the wristband,
or if field/handling conditions would influence exposure concentrations,
we again infused wristbands with several PAHs (fluorene-d10, benzo[b]fluoranthene-d12,
fluorene, pyrene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene) and either exposed outdoors
(in sun or shade) or within PTFE storage bags at approximately −20
°C, 23 and 35 °C. Additional details are described in the
described above.
acenaphthylene
Amber
benzo(b)fluoranthene
Chromatography
ethyl acetate
fluorene
Isopropyl Alcohol
Methanol
phenanthrene
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
Polytetrafluoroethylene
pyrene
Silicones
acenaphthene
acenaphthylene
acetonitrile
Ammonium
anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
benzo(b)fluoranthene
benzo(k)fluoranthene
chrysene
Dissolved Organic Carbon
Electric Conductivity
fluoranthene
fluorene
Fluorescence
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
naphthalene
Nitrates
Oxidation-Reduction
Oxygen
Perylene
Pesticides
phenanthrene
pyrene
Scapuloperoneal Myopathy, MYH7-Related
Solvents
Clay
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
Microbial Community
phenanthrene
Physical Processes
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
Silicon Dioxide
Soil Pollution
Sterility, Reproductive
acenaphthene
acenaphthylene
anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
benzo(b)fluoranthene
benzo(k)fluoranthene
Catalysis
chrysene
Coal
Deforestation
fluoranthene
fluorene
Iron
naphthalene
Perylene
Petroleum
phenanthrene
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
pyrene
Steel
Wildfires
Most recents protocols related to «Phenanthrene»
Organically farmed agricultural soil from the top 0–20 cm was collected in Foulum, Denmark. This soil was loamy sand consisting of 32% coarse sand (> 200 μm), 48% fine sand (20–200 μm), 9% silt (2–20 μm), 7% clay (< 2 μm), 4% organic matter (determined by loss-on-ignition), and a pH of 5.9. The total organic carbon content was 1.6%. The soil was thoroughly homogenized, dried at 105 °C for 24 h, and sieved through a 2 mm mesh before use. The soil was spiked with phenanthrene (Sigma Aldrich, CAS #85-01-8, 98 purity) dissolved in acetone (J.T. Barker, HPLC quality) using 180 mL kg− 1 dry soil. The solution and dry soil were thoroughly mixed to obtain a sublethal phenanthrene concentration of 40 mg kg− 1 dry soil (Wang et al. 2023 (link)). The spiked soil was left overnight under a fume hood to allow the acetone to evaporate. The actual phenanthrene concentrations in the soil were measured using GC‒MS (see later description) and showed fairly good agreement between the nominal and actual concentrations in the test soil (Supplementary Fig. S1). Field realistic concentrations of total HOCs may reach 10 − 20 mg kg− 1 dry soil in industrialized areas of temperate regions (Jiao et al. 2017 (link); Sun et al. 2018 (link)). Thus, the concentration of phenanthrene of the present research was quite high but used to investigate principles behind the roles of soil moisture for toxico-kinetics.
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Samples (2 mL) for quantification of phenanthrene were each extracted three times with dichloromethane:methanol (9:1 v/v). Solvent extracts were evaporated to dryness under a gentle stream of high-purity nitrogen and the resultant residue reconstituted in 25 μL hexane. Phenanthrene was detected and quantified using a ThermoScientific TRACE 1300 gas chromatograph coupled to a dual ISQ LT mass-selective detector and flame ionization detector (GC/MS-FID). For this, reconstituted extracts were injected by programmed temperature vaporization (PTV) in splitless mode at 300 °C onto a DB-5 ms column (30 m × 0.25 mm inner diameter × 0.25 μm film thickness). The oven was at first held for 2 min at 60 °C, then ramped at 4 °C/min to 300 °C and held for an additional 15 min. Samples were run both in selective ion mode (SIM) and full scan (total ion count [TIC]) mode. Compounds were identified through full scan mass spectra in conjunction with retention time against authentic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) standards (QTM PAH Mix [CRM47930]). Phenanthrene was additionally quantified in SIM (m/z 178) through response factors determined from 5-point concentration calibration curve of identical PAH standards.
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An effective PAH-degrading consortium was selected for investigation of the effects of temperature and water content on phenanthrene degradation. Phenanthrene degradation was performed using the method described above. The bacterial cells were collected to study the bacterial community. The effect of temperature on phenanthrene degradation was determined at 4, 15 and 30 °C. The effect of water content on phenanthrene degradation was evaluated by withholding PEG 6000 or adding 30% (w/v) PEG 6000 to MSM. Samples were collected for residual phenanthrene analysis and DNA extraction. Uninoculated tubes containing MSM supplemented with phenanthrene served as abiotic controls.
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The custom-synthesized nanoplastic particles were primed with either unlabelled phenanthrene or uniformly 13C-labelled phenanthrene ([U-13C]phenanthrene), following previous protocols72 (link),73 (link). Unlabelled phenanthrene (99.5% purity) and [U-13C]phenanthrene were from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma, Dorset, UK). Briefly, a known mass of the compound (unlabelled or [U-13C]-labelled was dissolved in acetonitrile in a vented glass container and left for 48 h to allow the solvent to evaporate. To the residual crystallised phenanthrene, sdH20 was added to produce a final aqueous phenanthrene solution of 1.1 mg L−1, which was then used to prime the nanoplastic particles. For this, 1 mg each of the nanoplastic sizes (500 nm or 1000 nm) was added to 10 mL of the prepared unlabelled or [U-13C]-labelled phenanthrene solution and allowed to incubate for 24 h with gentle rotatory shaking (~ 80 rpm) at 21 °C in the dark. The plastic particles were recovered by centrifugation (10,000×g for 4 h at 20 °C) and resuspended in sdH2O. The nanoplastic suspensions with the unlabelled compounds were used for the agglomerate experiments, whereas the nanoplastic suspensions with the [U-13C]-labelled compound were used for the SIP experiment (described below). Before using these nanoplastic suspensions in their respective experiments, sub-samples were taken to re-measure and confirm the size and ζ-potential of the particles. For the 500 nm plastic particles, adsorption of the [U-13C]phenanthrene was examined by visual inspection using a Zeiss (Axio Scope.A1) epifluorescence microscope fitted with a Zeiss digital fluorescence imaging camera (AxioCam MRm) with excitation and emission wavelengths at 250 nm and 366 nm, respectively74 (link). In addition, sub-samples of the [U-13C]phenanthrene solution were taken prior to the addition of the plastic particles, and also after their removal, in order to determine phenanthrene concentrations (see below) as further confirmation that phenanthrene had become adsorbed onto the surface of the 500 nm nanoplastic particles.
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Since soil water content influences the springtails’ body water content (Supplementary Fig. S2) we had to estimate the internal concentration of phenanthrene on a dry weight basis as described by Wang et al. (2023 (link)) using the linear relationship between exposure time and the water content of springtails exposed to noncontaminated soil (Supplementary Fig. S2) to transform the fresh weight of phenanthrene-exposed springtails to dry weight and calculate an internal concentration of phenanthrene on a dry weight basis.
Phenanthrene concentrations in animal tissues were measured according to the method described by Holmstrup et al. (Holmstrup et al., 2014 ). In brief, the adults from each replicate were transferred to a 1.5 mL brown glass vial, and 500 µL of acetonitrile (VMR international, USA) was added. The vials were placed in a sonicator (Thermo, Germany), sonicated for 90 min on ice, kept at room temperature for 24 h, frozen at -18 °C for 24 h and kept at room temperature for another 24 h. The samples were sonicated again for 90 min on ice and then transferred to 1.5 mL tubes for brief centrifugation (3 min at 2,400 g). The supernatant from each tube was transferred to an autosampler vial and stored at -80 °C until phenanthrene analysis by GC‒MS (GCMS-QP2010, Shimadzu, Japan). Phenanthrene standards, including blanks, were run in parallel and subjected to the same extraction procedure.
Phenanthrene in soil samples (1 g fresh weight) was extracted with 4 mL of acetonitrile by shaking at 200 rpm for 24 h, followed by centrifugation at 1000×g for 5 min. The supernatants were transferred to autosampler vials and analysed as described above. For quality control, blank medium and uncontaminated soil were analyzed using the same procedures.
The limit of detection (LoD) and the limit of quantification (LoQ) of phenanthrene in animals were 4.5 − 10.5 and 16.5 − 37.8 mg phenanthrene/kg dry weight, respectively. The LoD and LoQ of phenanthrene in soil were 0.11 and 0.36 mg phenanthrene/kg dry soil, respectively. Recovery was tested by spiking uncontaminated animal material with known amounts of phenanthrene and ranged between 93.2 and 108.4%, with an average (± standard deviation) of 101 ± 6%.
Phenanthrene concentrations in animal tissues were measured according to the method described by Holmstrup et al. (Holmstrup et al., 2014 ). In brief, the adults from each replicate were transferred to a 1.5 mL brown glass vial, and 500 µL of acetonitrile (VMR international, USA) was added. The vials were placed in a sonicator (Thermo, Germany), sonicated for 90 min on ice, kept at room temperature for 24 h, frozen at -18 °C for 24 h and kept at room temperature for another 24 h. The samples were sonicated again for 90 min on ice and then transferred to 1.5 mL tubes for brief centrifugation (3 min at 2,400 g). The supernatant from each tube was transferred to an autosampler vial and stored at -80 °C until phenanthrene analysis by GC‒MS (GCMS-QP2010, Shimadzu, Japan). Phenanthrene standards, including blanks, were run in parallel and subjected to the same extraction procedure.
Phenanthrene in soil samples (1 g fresh weight) was extracted with 4 mL of acetonitrile by shaking at 200 rpm for 24 h, followed by centrifugation at 1000×g for 5 min. The supernatants were transferred to autosampler vials and analysed as described above. For quality control, blank medium and uncontaminated soil were analyzed using the same procedures.
The limit of detection (LoD) and the limit of quantification (LoQ) of phenanthrene in animals were 4.5 − 10.5 and 16.5 − 37.8 mg phenanthrene/kg dry weight, respectively. The LoD and LoQ of phenanthrene in soil were 0.11 and 0.36 mg phenanthrene/kg dry soil, respectively. Recovery was tested by spiking uncontaminated animal material with known amounts of phenanthrene and ranged between 93.2 and 108.4%, with an average (± standard deviation) of 101 ± 6%.
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Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that consists of three fused benzene rings. It is a crystalline solid at room temperature. Phenanthrene is commonly used as a laboratory reagent and in the synthesis of other chemical compounds.
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Pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound. It is a crystalline solid at room temperature and is commonly used as a fluorescent probe and as a precursor in organic synthesis.
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Naphthalene is a crystalline compound with the chemical formula C₁₀H₈. It is a common organic chemical used in various industrial and laboratory applications. Naphthalene is a colorless, volatile solid with a distinctive odor. It is known for its high melting and boiling points. The core function of naphthalene is as a chemical building block and intermediate in the production of other organic compounds.
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Anthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound with the chemical formula C14H10. It is a crystalline solid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent and in the production of various organic compounds.
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Fluoranthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compound. It is a solid, crystalline substance used as a chemical standard and reference material in various analytical and research applications.
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Fluorene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound used as a basic material in the production of various organic intermediates and specialty chemicals. It is a crystalline solid with a distinctive odor. Fluorene serves as a precursor for the synthesis of other compounds and materials, finding applications in the fields of organic electronics and pharmaceuticals.
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Benzo[a]pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon commonly used as a reference compound in various laboratory applications. It serves as a standard for analytical techniques and is often employed in research, environmental monitoring, and regulatory compliance testing.
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Phenanthrene-d10 is a deuterated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound. It is used as a reference standard and internal standard in analytical applications.
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Acenaphthylene is a chemical compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C₁₂H₈. Acenaphthylene is a colorless crystalline solid with a distinct odor.
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Acetonitrile is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid. It is a commonly used solvent in various analytical and chemical applications, including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and other laboratory procedures. Acetonitrile is known for its high polarity and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds.
More about "Phenanthrene"
Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), a type of organic compound composed of multiple fused benzene rings.
It is closely related to other PAHs like Pyrene, Naphthalene, Anthracene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, and Benzo[a]pyrene.
Phenanthrene is found in coal tar and is a common environmental pollutant, often present in air, water, and soil due to the combustion of fossil fuels and other organic materials.
It has been extensively studied for its potential toxicological and carcinogenic effects on living organisms, as well as its applications in organic synthesis and as a fluorescent probe.
Researchers can leverage the innovative tools and AI-driven platform provided by PubCompare.ai to streamline their phenanthrene-related studies.
This includes easily locating protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and using AI-powered comparisons to identify the best protocols and products.
This can enhance reproducibility and research accuracy, maximizing the results of phenanthrene studies.
In addition to phenanthrene, related compounds like Phenanthrene-d10 (a deuterated version of phenanthrene) and Acenaphthylene (another PAH) have also been the focus of scientific investigations.
Acetonitrile, a common solvent, is often used in phenanthrene-related experiments and analyses.
By utilizing PubCompare.ai's advanced features, researchers can streamline their workflows, optimize their protocols, and ultimately advance our understanding of phenanthrene and its role in various scientific and environmental contexts.
It is closely related to other PAHs like Pyrene, Naphthalene, Anthracene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, and Benzo[a]pyrene.
Phenanthrene is found in coal tar and is a common environmental pollutant, often present in air, water, and soil due to the combustion of fossil fuels and other organic materials.
It has been extensively studied for its potential toxicological and carcinogenic effects on living organisms, as well as its applications in organic synthesis and as a fluorescent probe.
Researchers can leverage the innovative tools and AI-driven platform provided by PubCompare.ai to streamline their phenanthrene-related studies.
This includes easily locating protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and using AI-powered comparisons to identify the best protocols and products.
This can enhance reproducibility and research accuracy, maximizing the results of phenanthrene studies.
In addition to phenanthrene, related compounds like Phenanthrene-d10 (a deuterated version of phenanthrene) and Acenaphthylene (another PAH) have also been the focus of scientific investigations.
Acetonitrile, a common solvent, is often used in phenanthrene-related experiments and analyses.
By utilizing PubCompare.ai's advanced features, researchers can streamline their workflows, optimize their protocols, and ultimately advance our understanding of phenanthrene and its role in various scientific and environmental contexts.