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Phenol
Phenol
Phenol is a widely studied chemical compound with diverse applications in research, industry, and medicine.
It is a simple aromatic organic compound consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a benzene ring.
Phenol exhibits unique physical and chemical properties, including acidity, reactivity, and antimicrobial activity.
It is commonly used as a disinfectant, a preservative, and an intermediate in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals.
Researchers utilize phenol in a variety of experimental protocols, ranging from extraction and purification to analytical techniques.
This MeSH term provides a concise overview of the key characteristics and applications of phenol, enabling researchers to eaasily locate and compare relevant protocols and products for their studies.
It is a simple aromatic organic compound consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a benzene ring.
Phenol exhibits unique physical and chemical properties, including acidity, reactivity, and antimicrobial activity.
It is commonly used as a disinfectant, a preservative, and an intermediate in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals.
Researchers utilize phenol in a variety of experimental protocols, ranging from extraction and purification to analytical techniques.
This MeSH term provides a concise overview of the key characteristics and applications of phenol, enabling researchers to eaasily locate and compare relevant protocols and products for their studies.
Most cited protocols related to «Phenol»
Alkaline Phosphatase
Anti-Antibodies
Buffers
cDNA Library
Cells
chlorocarbonic acid
Chloroform
Embryo
Endopeptidase K
Ethanol
G-substrate
Genome, Human
Homo sapiens
hydroxybenzoic acid
Intestines
Kidney
MicroRNAs
Phenol
Polynucleotide 5'-Hydroxyl-Kinase
Proteins
PUM2 protein, human
Radioactive Tracers
Ribonuclease T1
RNA, Messenger
SDS-PAGE
Ultraviolet Rays
Total RNAs were extracted using standard hot phenol RNA preparation method (51 (link)). For RT-PCR analysis, 1.5 µg of total RNAs were subjected to reverse transcription (RT) using gene-specific primers, and then the resulting cDNAs were analysed by standard PCR method or qPCR. Primers used are listed in Supplementary Table S3 . The half-life of pre-mRNAs was determined as described previously (52 (link),53 (link)). For northern blotting, the procedures were as previously described (50 (link)) except that total RNAs (10 µg) were separated by 6% acrylamide gels. Sequences of oligonucleotide probes are listed in Supplementary Table S3 . Band intensities were quantified using ImageJ densitometry software.
Acrylamide
Densitometry
DNA, Complementary
Gels
Genes
mRNA Precursor
Oligonucleotide Primers
Oligonucleotide Probes
Phenol
Reverse Transcription
RNA
Standard Preparations
Amino Acids
Aspartate
Dipeptides
Disulfides
DNA Library
Electrostatics
Hydroxyl Radical
Kinetics
Phenol
Radionuclide Imaging
Tyrosine
Vertebral Column
Escherichia coli strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Supplementary Table S1 . Escherichia coli strain MG1655 was grown in LB medium to OD600∼0.1 at 37°C and exposed to 0.5% α-methylglucoside (αMG) for 15 min. Escherichia coli strain CV104 harboring either pHDB3 or pLCV1 plasmids was grown in morpholinepropanesulfonic acid (MOPS) minimal medium supplemented with 0.2% D-glucose to OD600∼0.5 and exposed to 0.1 mM IPTG. Total RNA was extracted using the hot phenol method as described previously (17 (link)). RNA was treated with TURBO™ DNase (Ambion) according to the manufacturer’s protocol and resolved by electrophoresis on a 1.2% agarose gel to confirm integrity. Library construction and sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq2000 was performed at the W. M. Keck Center for Comparative and Functional Genomics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Ribo-Zero rRNA Removal Meta-Bacteria Kit (Epicentre Biotechnologies) was used to remove rRNA from 1 µg of total RNA. The mRNA-enriched fraction was converted to indexed RNAseq libraries with the ScriptSeq™ v2 RNA-Seq Library Preparation Kit (Epicentre Biotechnologies). The libraries were pooled in equimolar concentration and quantitated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) with the Library Quantification kit Illumina compatible (Kapa Biosystems). The pooled libraries were sequenced for 101 cycles plus 7 cycles for the index read on a HiSeq2000 using TruSeq SBS version 3 reagents. The fastq files were generated with Casava 1.8.2 (Illumina).
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Acids
Bacteria
Deoxyribonucleases
DNA Library
Electrophoresis
Escherichia coli
Glucose
Isopropyl Thiogalactoside
methylglucoside
Phenol
Plasmids
Ribosomal RNA
RNA, Messenger
RNA-Seq
Sepharose
Strains
Bicarbonate, Sodium
Buffers
Chloroform
Chromatin
Dot Immunoblotting
Ethanol
Formaldehyde
Phenol
Ribonuclease, Pancreatic
Ribonuclease H
Sodium Chloride
Most recents protocols related to «Phenol»
Example 37
To improve inhibition potency relative to FAAH, various portions of the t-TUCB molecule were modified to identify potential FAAH pharmacophores. The 4-trifluoromethoxy group on t-TUCB was modified to the unsubstituted ring (A-3), 4-fluorophenyl (A-2) or 4-chlorophenyl (A-26). Potency on both sEH and FAAH increased as the size and hydrophobicity of the para position substituent increased, with 4-trifluoromethoxy being the most potent on both enzymes. Substituting the aromatic ring for a cyclohexane (A-3) or adamantane (A-4) resulted in a complete loss in activity against FAAH. Results are summarized in Table 1 below.
Next, the center portion of the molecule was modified to further investigate the specificity of t-TUCB on FAAH. Switching the cyclohexane linker to a cis conformation (A-5) resulted in a 20-fold loss of potency while removing the ring and replacing it with a butane chain (A-6) resulted in a completely inactive compound. While this suggests the compound must fit a relatively specific conformation in the active site to be active, we found the aromatic linker had essentially the same potency on FAAH (A-7). Although many potent urea-based FAAH inhibitors have a piperidine as the carbamoylating nitrogen, the modification to piperidine here reduced potency 13-fold. Results are summarized in Table 2 below.
Since none of the modifications at this point improved potency towards FAAH, we focused on the benzoic acid portion of the molecule as shown in Table 3. To determine the importance of the terminal acid, the corresponding aldehyde (A-20) and alcohol (A-24) in addition to the amide (A-19) and nitrile (A-11) were tested. While the amide had slightly improved potency, the more reduced forms of the acid (A-20 and A-24) and amide (A-11) had substantially less activity on FAAH. Converting the benzoic acid to a phenol (A-21) increased potency while the anisole (A-22) was completely inactive. Since the amide and acid appeared to be active, the amide bioisostere oxadiazole (A-25) was tested and had 38-fold less potency than the initial compound.
Since the substrates for FAAH tend to be relatively hydrophobic lipids, we speculated that conversion of the acid and primary amide to the corresponding esters or substituted amides would result in improved potency. The methyl ester (A-12) had 4-fold improved potency relative to the acid. Improving the bulk of the ester with an isopropyl group (A-13) results in a 11-fold loss in potency relative to the methyl ester. However, the similar potency of the benzyl ester (A-14) to the methyl ester demonstrates the bulk but not the size affects potency. Reversing the orientation of the ester (A-23) reduces the potency 3.4-fold. Relative to the primary amide, the methyl (A-18), ethanol (A-15) and glycyl (A-16) amides were all slightly less potent; however, the benzyl amide (A-27) was substantially less potent (16-fold). Generating the methyl ester of the glycyl amide (A-17) increased the potency 4-fold compared to the corresponding acid.
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Acids
Adamantane
Aldehydes
Amides
anisole
Benzoic Acid
Butanes
Cyclohexane
Dietary Fiber
Enzymes
Esters
Ethanol
inhibitors
Lipids
Nitriles
Nitrogen
Oxadiazoles
Phenol
piperidine
Psychological Inhibition
SOCS2 protein, human
Urea
Example 1
Cephem Conjugates
Cephem ether linked β-lactam antibiotic cannabinoid conjugate components are synthesized according to the following Scheme. The CAS numbers for the two key building blocks is shown. Reaction conditions follow standard conditions for amine acylation in the first step to attach the cephem side chain, for alkylation of a phenol group of a cannabinoid in the second step with optional use of a catalyst or enhancer such as NaI, followed by standard removal of the p-methoxybenzyl protecting group in the third step to furnish the product. A di-alkylated product may also be obtained.
Carbacephem Conjugates
Carbacephem ether linked β-lactam antibiotic cannabinoid conjugate components are synthesized according to the following Scheme. The general starting material [177472-75-2] was reported in racemic form as [54296-34-3] (Journal of the American Chemical Society (1974), 96(24), 7584) and is elaborated to the iodide intermediate after installing a side chain of choice using a previously reported process (WO 96/04247). Alkylation of CBD with the iodide followed by deprotection, both steps under standard conditions, provides the desired product.
Penem Conjugates
Penem ether linked β-lactam antibiotic cannabinoid conjugate components are synthesized according to the following Scheme. The starting material [145354-22-9], prepared as reported (Journal of Organic Chemistry, 58(1), 272-4; 1993), is reacted with CBD under standard alkylating conditions. The silyl ether TBS protecting group is then removed followed by deallylation under known conditions to give the desired product.
Carbapenem Conjugates
Carbapenem ether linked β-lactam antibiotic cannabinoid conjugate components are synthesized according to the following Scheme. The starting material [136324-03-3] is reacted with CBD under standard alkylating conditions. The silyl ether TES protecting group is then removed followed by removal of the p-methoxybenzyl ester protecting group under known conditions to give the desired product.
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Acylation
Adjustment Disorders
Alkylation
Amines
Cannabinoids
carbacephems
Carbapenems
Esters
Ethers
Iodides
Monobactams
Penem
Phenol
Example 6
Protocol: Place a 0.22 μm filter on center of the BHI agar plate with phenol red and measure the OD600 of overnight cultures of the different Rothia species or other candidate inhibitors. Dilute the bacterial cultures to OD600 0.5, spread them on filter and grow overnight in their respective growth conditions. This prevented bacteria from physically contacting the agar surface. After overnight growth, remove the filter bearing the bacterial cells and overlay the plate with 4 mL of BHI soft agar (0.5% agar) with phenol sred containing 200 uL of OD600 0.5 Sm Immersing the Sm cells in BHI soft agar and covering the surface of the plate with it allowed to separate Sm from the inhibitory bacteria both physically and temporally. When the soft agar solidifies, it was incubated overnight at 37° C. in aerobic +5% CO2 conditions. The next day pH values were taken at the center of the plate and the side of the plate. The experiments were performed in triplicate. The error bars represent the standard deviation and the statistical significance was determined using Studen't T-test.
Results: The Rothia successfully inhibited the acid production of both Sm UA140 and UA159 in this way (
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Acids
Agar
Bacteria
Bacteria, Aerobic
Figs
Growth Disorders
inhibitors
Phenol
Physical Examination
Psychological Inhibition
Technique, Dilution
Example 1
Graphene oxide (GO) was suspended in dimethylformamide (DMF) and thoroughly dispersed using a VWR Scientific Model 75T Aquasonic (sonic power ˜90 W, frequency ˜40 kHz) for 24 hours. The concentration of GO in the reaction mixture was held at 1 wt %. To the dispersed GO, a range of weight percentages 1-12 wt % Bisphenol F ethoxylate (2 EO/phenol) diacrylate (BisF) with average molar mass (Mn)˜484 (Sigma) and 4-11.5 wt % PEGDA of various Mn, 700 and 575, were added so that the total amount of polymer added equaled 12 wt %. To this mixture 0.02 g of the photo-initiator lithium phenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphinate) (TPO-Li, Colorado Photopolymer Solutions) was dissolved.
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Aquasonic
ARID1A protein, human
bisphenol A
Dimethylformamide
Graphene
graphene oxide
Hybrids
Lithium
Molar
Phenol
poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate
Polymers
Resins, Plant
Total RNA was extracted from samples from 10 OS patients and 10 healthy controls using phenol-chloroform (TRIzol; Invitrogen; ThermoFisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, United States). The quality of RNA was assessed by capillary electrophoresis (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, United States). Libraries for small RNA sequencing were prepared using NEB kits (New England Biolabs, Inc., Ipswich, MA, United States). qRT-PCR with SYBR-Green (Takara, Osaka, Japan) to detect CDC5L, CUL1, CXCL10, EIF2AK2, POLR2B, PTEN, STAT1, and TBP expression levels, GAPDH was applied as a house keeping gene. The reaction was performed via 40 amplification cycles using the following protocol: 95°C for 3 min, 95°C for 45 s, 55°C for 15 s, and 72°C for 50 s. Primers used in PCR were shown in Supplementary Table S1 . Samples were analyzed in triplicate, and gene expression was quantified by normalizing target gene expression to that of the internal control using the 2−ΔΔCt formula.
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Chloroform
CUL1 protein, human
Electrophoresis, Capillary
GAPDH protein, human
Gene Expression
Genes, Housekeeping
Oligonucleotide Primers
Patients
Phenol
PTEN protein, human
STAT1 protein, human
SYBR Green I
trizol
Top products related to «Phenol»
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TRIzol reagent is a monophasic solution of phenol, guanidine isothiocyanate, and other proprietary components designed for the isolation of total RNA, DNA, and proteins from a variety of biological samples. The reagent maintains the integrity of the RNA while disrupting cells and dissolving cell components.
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Gallic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound that can be used as a laboratory reagent. It is a white to light tan crystalline solid with the chemical formula C6H2(OH)3COOH. Gallic acid is commonly used in various analytical and research applications.
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TRIzol is a monophasic solution of phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate that is used for the isolation of total RNA from various biological samples. It is a reagent designed to facilitate the disruption of cells and the subsequent isolation of RNA.
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Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, is a widely used chemical compound in various laboratory and industrial applications. It is a crystalline solid with a distinctive aromatic odor. Phenol serves as a core functional group in many organic compounds and plays a crucial role in chemical synthesis processes.
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Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent is a laboratory reagent used for the colorimetric determination of phenolic compounds. It is a mixture of phosphomolybdic and phosphotungstic acid complexes. The reagent reacts with phenolic compounds, resulting in a blue-colored complex that can be measured spectrophotometrically.
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DPPH is a chemical compound used as a free radical scavenger in various analytical techniques. It is commonly used to assess the antioxidant activity of substances. The core function of DPPH is to serve as a stable free radical that can be reduced, resulting in a color change that can be measured spectrophotometrically.
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DNase I is an enzyme used in molecular biology laboratories to degrade DNA. It catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA backbone, effectively breaking down DNA molecules. This enzyme is commonly used to remove contaminating DNA from RNA preparations, allowing for more accurate downstream analysis of RNA.
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The RNeasy Mini Kit is a laboratory equipment designed for the purification of total RNA from a variety of sample types, including animal cells, tissues, and other biological materials. The kit utilizes a silica-based membrane technology to selectively bind and isolate RNA molecules, allowing for efficient extraction and recovery of high-quality RNA.
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Turbo DNase is a laboratory equipment product designed for the efficient degradation of DNA molecules. It functions by rapidly and effectively removing any unwanted DNA from samples, ensuring the integrity and purity of subsequent analyses.
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Quercetin is a natural compound found in various plants, including fruits and vegetables. It is a type of flavonoid with antioxidant properties. Quercetin is often used as a reference standard in analytical procedures and research applications.
More about "Phenol"
Phenol, also known as carbolic acid or hydroxybenzene, is a widely studied and versatile chemical compound with diverse applications across research, industry, and medicine.
As a simple aromatic organic compound, phenol consists of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a benzene ring, giving it unique physical and chemical properties.
Phenol exhibits a range of characteristics, including acidity, reactivity, and antimicrobial activity, making it a valuable component in many applications.
It is commonly used as a disinfectant, preservative, and an intermediate in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals.
Researchers frequently utilize phenol in a variety of experimental protocols, including extraction, purification, and analytical techniques.
Related terms and compounds associated with phenol include TRIzol reagent, Gallic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, DPPH, DNase I, RNeasy Mini Kit, Turbo DNase, and Quercetin.
These substances often play complementary roles in research and applications involving phenol.
Phenol's versatility and importance in both academic and industrial settings have made it a well-studied and widely-used chemical.
Researchers can leverage the insights provided by the MeSH term description and metadescription to optimize their research protocols, enhance reproducibility, and explore the diverse applications of this remarkable compound.
As a simple aromatic organic compound, phenol consists of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a benzene ring, giving it unique physical and chemical properties.
Phenol exhibits a range of characteristics, including acidity, reactivity, and antimicrobial activity, making it a valuable component in many applications.
It is commonly used as a disinfectant, preservative, and an intermediate in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals.
Researchers frequently utilize phenol in a variety of experimental protocols, including extraction, purification, and analytical techniques.
Related terms and compounds associated with phenol include TRIzol reagent, Gallic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, DPPH, DNase I, RNeasy Mini Kit, Turbo DNase, and Quercetin.
These substances often play complementary roles in research and applications involving phenol.
Phenol's versatility and importance in both academic and industrial settings have made it a well-studied and widely-used chemical.
Researchers can leverage the insights provided by the MeSH term description and metadescription to optimize their research protocols, enhance reproducibility, and explore the diverse applications of this remarkable compound.