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Phenytoin

Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant medication commonly used to treat epilepsy and other neurological disorders.
It works by stabilizing the neuronal membrane and preventing the spread of seizure activity.
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Most cited protocols related to «Phenytoin»

Epilepsy Prevalence and Treatment Gaps

Cited 14 times

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Publication 2008

Antiepileptic Agents BLOOD Child Diagnosis Epilepsy Febrile Convulsions Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay Head of Household Households Legal Guardians Neurologists Parent Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Phenobarbital Phenytoin Seizures Therapeutics Youth

Anticonvulsant Doses in Neonatal Rats

Cited 9 times

The drug doses used fell within the anticonvulsant range in neonatal rats (Kubova and Mares, 1991; Stankova et al., 1992; Kubová and Mares, 1993). For phenobarbital, the dose selected (75mg/kg) was just below the dose (80mg/kg) that was found to provided complete protection against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)- induced seizures (both minimal and maximal) in P7 rat pups. (Kubova and Mares, 1991). This dose of phenobarbital was in the middle of the effective dose range previously reported for induction of neuronal apoptosis (Bittigau et al., 2002 (link)). For phenytoin, the dose selected (50mg/kg) was within the range (30–60 mg/kg) that reduced the frequency of PTZ seizures in P7 rats (Stankova et al., 1992) and corresponded to the upper end of the dose range previously reported to induce neuronal apoptosis at P7 (Bittigau et al., 2002 (link)). The dose of carbamazepine used (100mg/kg) was equivalent to twice the highest dose previously shown to protect against maximal PTZ seizures in P7 rats (Kubova and Mares, 1993). Despite the fact that this is a high dose of carbamazepine, this dose previously was found not to cause significant neuronal apoptosis in P7 rat pups (Kim et al., 2007 (link)). Pups were injected (i.p.) with sodium phenobarbital in saline (75mg/kg, n=8, Sigma), phenytoin (sodium diphenylhydantoin) in alkalinized saline (pH 10, 50mg/kg, n=10, Sigma), or a suspension of carbamazepine (100mg/kg, n=6, Sigma) in saline containing 1.0% Tween 80 (Sigma). Control groups received equivalent volumes of vehicle (0.01ml/g body weight, n=11). Treatments occurred on P7, 24h before sacrifice as in prior studies (Bittigau et al., 2002 (link); Kim et al., 2007a (link), 2007b (link)).

Forcelli P.A., Kim J., Kondratyev A, & Gale K. (2011). Brief Communication: Pattern of antiepileptic drug induced cell death in limbic regions of the neonatal rat brain. Epilepsia, 52(12), e207-e211.

Publication 2011

Anticonvulsants Apoptosis Body Weight Carbamazepine Infant, Newborn Neurons Pentylenetetrazole Pharmaceutical Preparations Phenobarbital Phenytoin Phenytoin Sodium Saline Solution Seizures Sodium, Phenobarbital Tween 80

Hyperthermia-Induced Seizures in Scn1a+/- Mice

Cited 7 times

Hyperthermia‐induced seizure experiments were conducted in Scn1a^+/− mice at age postnatal day 14‐16 (P14‐16) using a rodent temperature regulator (TCAT‐2DF, Physitemp Instruments, Inc, Clifton, NJ) reconfigured with a Partlow 1160 + controller (West Control Solutions, Brighton, UK) connected to a heat lamp and RET‐3 rectal temperature probe. Fifteen minutes prior to the target experimental (post‐dose) time point for each drug, the rectal probe was inserted. Mice acclimated to the temperature probe for 5 min before the hyperthermia protocol was started. Mouse core body temperature was elevated 0.5°C every 2 min until the onset of the first clonic convulsion with loss of posture or until 42.5°C was reached. Mice that reached 42.5°C were held at temperature for 3 min. If no seizure occurred during the hold period, the mouse was considered seizure‐free. After thermal induction procedure, plasma samples were isolated as described above and stored at −80°C until assayed. Threshold temperatures were compared using the time to event analysis (logrank Mantel‐Cox), and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. No significant sex differences were observed, so groups were collapsed across sex.
Experimental time points were based on previously determined time‐to‐peak plasma and brain concentrations or effect from the literature or our pharmacokinetic studies. Experimental time points used were as follows: 40 min‐ levetiracetam; 45 min‐ carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital; 90 min‐ stiripentol, clobazam, topiramate; 120 min phenytoin.20, 21, 22, 23, 24 Valproic acid was administered after the 5 min acclimation period.25, 26 Matched vehicle controls were run for each experimental time point. Vehicle A (saline) was administered at 0, 40, 45, and 90 min. No statistical difference was identified between the four time points and all vehicle A‐treated mice were combined into one group. Vehicles B (0.5% methylcellulose), C (5% hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin), and D (vegetable oil) were administered at 120, 45, and 90 min, respectively.

Hawkins N.A., Anderson L.L., Gertler T.S., Laux L., George AL J.r, & Kearney J.A. (2017). Screening of conventional anticonvulsants in a genetic mouse model of epilepsy. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology, 4(5), 326-339.

Publication 2017

Acclimatization ARID1A protein, human Brain Carbamazepine Clobazam Clonic Seizures Cyclodextrins Fever Hypromellose Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Methylcellulose Mice, House Pharmaceutical Preparations Phenobarbital Phenytoin Plasma Rectum Rodent Saline Solution Seizures stiripentol Topiramate Valproic Acid Vegetable Oils

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Evaluation

Cited 6 times

Ethical approval for the RISCK study was obtained from the National Research Ethics Service, and written informed consent was given by participants.
Men and women (age range: 30–70 y), who were recruited from the general population, attended a clinic at the participating centers in a fasting state for measurement of height, weight, waist, seated blood pressure (BP), liver function test, glucose and lipid concentrations, and hematology. A score of ≥4 points was required to qualify for entry into the study according to the following point system: a fasting glucose concentration >5.5 mmol/L or insulin concentration >40 pmol/L = 3 points; body mass index (BMI; in kg/m²) >30 or waist >102 cm for men and >88 cm for women = 2 points; BMI of 25–30 or waist >94 cm for men and >80 cm (women) = 1 point; treated hypertension = 2 points; systolic BP >140 mm Hg = 1 point; diastolic BP >90 mm Hg = 1 point; HDL cholesterol concentration <1.0 mmol/L for men and <1.3 mmol/L for women = 2 points; and serum triacylglycerol concentration >1.3 mmol/L = 1 point. A small remuneration was given to subjects for participation in the study. Baseline measures were made from August 2004 to April 2006. Exclusion criteria for this study were as follows: a medical history of ischemic heart disease; a >30% 10-y risk of CVD (5 (link)); diabetes mellitus; cancer, pancreatitis, cholestatic liver disease, or renal disease; use of lipid-lowering drugs; systemic corticosteroids, androgens, phenytoin, erythromycin, or drugs for regulating hemostasis (excluding aspirin); exposure to any investigational agent ≤30 d before the study; presence of gastrointestinal disorder or use of a drug that is likely to alter gastrointestinal motility or nutrient absorption; a history of substance misuse or alcoholism; a current pregnancy, planned pregnancy, or given birth in the past 12 mo; an allergy or intolerance to intervention foods; an unwillingness to follow the protocol or to give informed consent; a weight change of >3 kg in the 2 mo before the study; intake of >1 g eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids/d; or smoking >20 cigarettes/d.

Jebb S.A., Lovegrove J.A., Griffin B.A., Frost G.S., Moore C.S., Chatfield M.D., Bluck L.J., Williams C.M, & Sanders T.A. (2010). Effect of changing the amount and type of fat and carbohydrate on insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk: the RISCK (Reading, Imperial, Surrey, Cambridge, and Kings) trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 92(4), 748-758.

Publication 2010

Adrenal Cortex Hormones Alcoholic Intoxication, Chronic Androgens Aspirin Blood Pressure Childbirth Cholestasis Diabetes Mellitus Docosahexaenoic Acids Erythromycin Food Intolerance Gastrointestinal Diseases Gastrointestinal Motility Glucose Hemostasis Hepatobiliary Disorder High Blood Pressures High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Hypersensitivity Index, Body Mass Insulin Kidney Diseases Lipids Liver Function Tests Malignant Neoplasms Myocardial Ischemia Nutrients Pancreatitis Pharmaceutical Preparations Phenytoin Pregnancy Pressure, Diastolic Serum Systolic Pressure Triglycerides Woman

Glucose Metabolism in First-Episode Psychosis

Cited 6 times

People with psychosis (the psychosis group) were recruited at the time of their first clinical contact for psychotic symptoms at a general academic hospital (the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona). As part of the Spanish national health system, the hospital offers psychiatric services for all who live in the surrounding catchment area, Esquerra Eixample, in the city of Barcelona. Esquerra Eixample is a relatively homogeneous middle/upper-middle class neighbourhood in the centre of the city. Although it is also possible to seek private care outside of the assigned catchment area, the Hospital Clinic is a regional referral center for psychosis, and in a survey of 2968 admissions to the emergency department of a large general hospital in an adjoining catchment area, there were no individuals with psychosis from Esquerra Eixample.
The psychosis group had a maximum cumulative (lifetime) antipsychotic exposure of 1 week, and no antipsychotic use in the 30 days prior to the study. Participants with psychosis were allowed to receive anti-anxiety medication (lorazepam) the night before blood was drawn, to a maximum of 3 mg, but not on the day of assessment.
The healthy control group (the control group) were recruited using advertisements. We attempted to match the control group to the psychosis group on BMI, age, gender, smoking habit (average number of cigarettes per day), and residence in the catchment area (yes/no) of the Hospital Clinic. All of the participants were White residents of Spain except for one Asian and one North African person in each of the groups. The control group had no current or prior diagnosis of any Axis I DSM-IV15 psychiatric disorder, after being assessed with the structured clinical interview for Axis I DSM-IV psychiatric disorders (SCID-I).16
Additional inclusion and exclusion criteria for all participants were: age from 18 to 64 years; no history of diabetes or other serious medical or neurological condition associated with glucose intolerance or insulin resistance (e.g. Cushing’s disease); not taking a medication associated with insulin resistance (hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide, ethacrynic acid (available in the USA), metolazone, chlortalidone, beta blockers, glucocorticoids, phenytoin, nicotinic acid, ciclosporine, pentamidine or narcotics); no history of cocaine use in the previous 30 days; and have not previously received an antipsychotic or antidepressant medication. Additional exclusion criteria for the control group were no lifetime diagnosis of schizophrenia or major depressive disorder and no current diagnosis of adjustment disorder. All participants gave informed consent for participation in the study, which was conducted under the supervision of the institutional review boards of the authors’ institutions.
Masked to glucose measures, individuals from the two groups that had been recruited were chosen in such a way to assure good matching as a group on gender, age, BMI and smoking habit, and to have an equal number of people in each group. This entailed omitting 6 people from the psychosis group, primarily because of a lower BMI, as well as 22 people in the control group, for purposes of matching.
A secondary, confirmatory analysis was also conducted in which all of the participants who had been recruited were included, and the matching variables were used as covariates.

Fernandez-Egea E., Bernardo M., Donner T., Conget I., Parellada E., Justicia A., Esmatjes E., Garcia-Rizo C, & Kirkpatrick B. (2009). Metabolic profile of antipsychotic-naive individuals with non-affective psychosis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 194(5), 434-438.

Publication 2009

Adjustment Disorders Adrenergic beta-Antagonists Anti-Anxiety Agents Antidepressive Agents Antipsychotic Agents Asian Americans BLOOD Chlorthalidone Cocaine Cushing's Disease Cyclosporine Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Diagnosis, Psychiatric Epistropheus Ethacrynic Acid Ethics Committees, Research Furosemide Gender Glucocorticoids Glucose Hispanic or Latino Hydrochlorothiazide Insulin Resistance Intolerances, Glucose Lorazepam Major Depressive Disorder Mental Disorders Metolazone Narcotics Nervous System Disorder Niacin North African People Pentamidine Pharmaceutical Preparations Phenytoin Psychotic Disorders Schizophrenia SCID Mice Supervision

Most recents protocols related to «Phenytoin»

Dopamine Transmission Across Adolescent Development

To test dopamine transmission across adolescent development, dopamine release was evoked by MFB or PPT stimulation and measured with FSCV during non-survival surgeries in females and males during early adolescence (PND 30–35), late adolescence (PND 50–55) or adulthood (PND 120–125). Female adult rats from control and gelatin decision-making behavioral groups were also tested this way.
Rats were anesthetized with a 1.5 g/kg urethane (i.p.) and head-fixed in a Kopf stereotaxic instrument. The skull was exposed and burr holes were drilled targeting the NAcc (relative to bregma: 1.3 mm anterior and 1.3 mm lateral, MFB (relative to bregma: 4.6 mm posterior and 0.8 mm lateral), and PPT (relative to bregma: 8.0 mm posterior and 2.0 mm lateral). Another burr hole was drilled on the contralateral side for placement of the reference electrode (Ag/AgCl). A carbon-fiber microelectrode was centered above the NAcc burr hole and lowered 6.8–7.2 mm ventral from the top of the brain.
On completion of the experiment, current was passed through the voltammetry electrode to produce a lesion to aid histological identification of the recording location. Animals were then sacrificed using phenytoin/pentobarbital (Bethanasia) and their brains were harvested for histological analysis of the recording and stimulating electrode placement. On analysis of these data using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), there were no significant differences in electrode placement between experimental groups. Specifically, no differences were observed (p < 0.05) between working electrode placement in the NAcc (dorsal/ventral: F_{(1,61) group} = 0.522; medial/lateral: F_{(1,60) group} = 0.9984; anterior/posterior: F_{(1,61) group} = 1.275), stimulating electrode placement MFB (dorsal/ventral: F_{(1,37) group} = 0.7424; medial/lateral: F_{(1,37) group} = 0.7336; anterior/posterior: F_{(1,37) group} = 0.8156) or stimulating electrode PPT (dorsal/ventral: F_{1,44) group} = 0.7081; medial/lateral: F_{(1,44) group} = 1.315; anterior/posterior: F_{(1,44) group} = 0.4166) between experimental groups.

Asarch A.M., Kruse L.C., Schindler A.G., Phillips P.E, & Clark J.J. (2023). Sexually dimorphic development of the mesolimbic dopamine system is associated with nuanced sensitivity to adolescent alcohol use. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 17, 1124979.

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Publication 2023

Adolescents, Male Animals Brain Carbon Fiber Cranium Dopamine Females Gelatins Head Microelectrodes Operative Surgical Procedures Pentobarbital Phenytoin Rattus norvegicus Transmission, Communicable Disease Trephining Urethane Woman

Factors Influencing Bepridil Plasma Concentrations

The collection time of the plasma sample included data from before administration of bepridil to up to 6 h after administration. To assess risk factors for achieving plasma bepridil concentrations ≥800 ng/mL at steady state, the eligible patients were divided into two groups based on their bepridil concentrations: ≥800 ng/mL and < 800 ng/mL.
The C/D ratio was calculated using the following equation:
C/D ratio of bepridil = plasma concentration of bepridil (ng/mL) / dose of bepridil (mg/day/kg body weight).
In this study, we defined the polypharmacy group as those who use six or more drugs, whereas the non-polypharmacy group was those who took fewer than six drugs. The relationship between plasma bepridil concentrations ≥800 ng/mL and baseline characteristics, including sex, age, height, body weight, body mass index, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance (Ccr), number of concomitant drugs used, typical inducers of CYPs (phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and rifampicin) [15 (link)], typical inhibitors of CYPs (erythromycin, clarithromycin, protease inhibitors, and azole antifungals) [15 (link)], aprindine, a competitive inhibitor of CYP2D6 [12 (link)], typical inhibitor of P-gp (amiodarone, diltiazem, nicardipine, nifedipine, propranolol, quinidine, cyclosporin, and tacrolimus) [16 (link)–18 (link)], and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), were examined. LVEF was measured using echocardiographic equipment provided at each hospital. Ccr was estimated using the Cockcroft–Gault formula [19 (link)].
The patient’s medical history and duration of bepridil treatment were collected from medical records.

Asai Y., Arihara H., Omote S., Tanio E., Yamashita S., Higuchi T., Hashimoto E., Yamada M., Tsuji H., Kondo Y., Hayashi M, & Yamamoto Y. (2023). Effect of polypharmacy on plasma bepridil concentration in patients with heart failure: a multicenter retrospective study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, 9, 10.

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Publication 2023

Amiodarone Antifungal Agents Aprindine Azoles Bepridil Body Weight Carbamazepine Clarithromycin Creatinine Cyclosporine Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors Cytochrome P450 Diltiazem Echocardiography Erythromycin Index, Body Mass inhibitors Nicardipine Nifedipine Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Phenobarbital Phenytoin Plasma Polypharmacy Propranolol Protease Inhibitors Quinidine Rifampin Serum Specimen Collection Tacrolimus Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Vitamin D Supplementation Pilot Study

Healthy adult participants of any Fitzpatrick skin type were recruited from March 2017 to June 2018 by IRB-approved advertisements (approved by IRB of Case Western Reserve University and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center [CASE 3416]) posted throughout the hospital and university and by referrals from other dermatologists. Ineligibility criteria included individuals aged < 17 years; individuals who were pregnant, nursing, or anticipate becoming pregnant within 3 months; individuals taking ketoconazole, colestipol, cholestyramine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, mineral oil, warfarin, aspirin, > 400 mg/day ibuprofen, > 220 mg/day naproxen sodium, ≥ 4,000 IU/day or 20,000 IU/week of VitD supplements, or illicit drugs; individuals undergoing treatment with chemotherapy, antibiotics, biologics, or immunosuppressants; or individuals with a BMI > 40. Thirty-one adults were screened for eligibility, and 28 were consented to participation. Given the pilot nature of the study design and the high level of involvement required of study participants, the sample size was determined primarily by recruitment constraints.
Participants were block randomized into either the VitD group (VitD[+]) or placebo group (VitD[–]) using a balanced assignment (Figure 1A). All participants who completed both phases of the study and received the study drug were included in the per-protocol analysis. Significance of the canonical pathways represents the likelihood that genes in the differentially expressed gene set map to a particular process or pathway more than expected by random chance alone. The Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was not utilized, given the small overall number of planned comparisons in the primary outcome analyses as well as the exploratory nature of the post hoc analyses performed to guide further investigation.

Ernst M.K., Evans S.T., Techner J.M., Rothbaum R.M., Christensen L.F., Onay U.V., Biyashev D., Demczuk M.M., Nguyen C.V., Honda K.S., McCormick T.S., Tsoi L.C., Gudjonsson J.E., Cooper K.D, & Lu K.Q. (2023). Vitamin D3 and deconvoluting a rash. JCI Insight, 8(2), e163789.

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Publication 2023

Adult Antibiotics, Antitubercular Aspirin Biological Factors Colestipol Dermatologist Dietary Supplements Eligibility Determination Genes Healthy Volunteers Ibuprofen Illicit Drugs Immunosuppressive Agents Ketoconazole Malignant Neoplasms Naproxen Sodium Oil, Mineral Pharmacotherapy Phenobarbital Phenytoin Placebos Resin, Cholestyramine Skin Vitamin D Warfarin

Investigating NSAID Exposure Effects

As the etiologically relevant exposure window, the outcome assessment window, and the covariate assessment window differ by study outcome, we created two separate study cohorts. First, cohort 1 was constructed for the analysis of congenital malformations by setting the window of interest between the last menstrual period (LMP) to LMP+90 (hereafter, first trimester), and we excluded the following: (1) pregnancies with exposure to known teratogenic drugs (e.g., antineoplastic agent, warfarin, lithium, systemic retinoids, misoprostol, thalidomide, androgens, antiepileptic medications [valproate, topiramate, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin]); (2) infants with chromosomal abnormalities, genetic syndromes, and malformation syndromes with known causes; (3) pregnancies with no NSAID prescription during the first trimester, but with ≥1 NSAID prescription within 3 months before the LMP (LMP-90 to LMP-1); and (4) pregnancies with only 1 NSAID prescription during the first trimester to minimize potential for misclassification of exposure. Second, cohort 2 was constructed for the analysis of nonmalformation outcomes of low birth weight, antepartum hemorrhage, and oligohydramnios, by setting a broader window to evaluate the effects of exposure prior to the outcome assessment period (LMP to 19 week of gestation [hereafter, early pregnancy]), where we excluded (1) pregnancies with no NSAID prescription during early pregnancy, but with ≥1 NSAID prescription within 3 months before the LMP, and (2) pregnancies with only 1 NSAID prescription during early pregnancy.

Choi E.Y., Jeong H.E., Noh Y., Choi A., Yon D.K., Han J.Y., Sung J.H., Choe S.A, & Shin J.Y. (2023). Neonatal and maternal adverse outcomes and exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during early pregnancy in South Korea: A nationwide cohort study. PLOS Medicine, 20(2), e1004183.

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Publication 2023

Androgens Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal Antiepileptic Agents Antineoplastic Agents Carbamazepine Chromosome Aberrations Congenital Abnormality Hemorrhage Hereditary Diseases Infant Lithium Menstruation Misoprostol Oligohydramnios Oxcarbazepine Pharmaceutical Preparations Phenobarbital Phenytoin Pregnancy Retinoids Syndrome Teratogenesis Thalidomide Topiramate Valproate Warfarin

Antidepressant and Antiseizure Screening

In this study, the antidepressant activity was determined through the FST and TST model. The locomotor activity was evaluated using the open-field test. The antiseizure activity were screened by MES and sc-PTZ. A rotarod test was used to evaluate the neurotoxicity. Kunming mice (20 ± 2 g) were used in all of the animal experiments. Polyethylene glycol-400 was used as the vehicle. The procedures involving animals were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Jinggangshan University (Approval No. 20200910). On the premise of obtaining reliable data, as few animals as possible were used. The detailed procedures of the mentioned tests were described in the previous articles [29 (link),39 (link),40 (link)]. In the determination of Brain GABA and 5-HT, mice (ten in each group) were administrated (i.p.) with the vehicle phenytoin (25 mg/kg), FXT (25 mg/kg), and compound 3g (100 mg/kg), respectively. Once a day for three consecutive days, the mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The brains of the mice were taken out, washed with cooling physiological saline, and homogenized (5000× g) in six volumes (g/mL) of physiological saline at 4 °C for 10 min. The supernatant was subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA) to measure the content of the GABA and 5-HT in the mice brain. The level of GABA and 5-HT were indicated as μmol/L and pg/mL, respectively. The results were presented as means with standard error.

Zhao W., Song M., Hua Y., Zhu Y., Liu W., Xia Q., Deng X, & Huang Y. (2023). Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacology of New Triazole-Containing Quinolinones as CNS Active Agents. Molecules, 28(4), 1987.

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Publication 2023

Animals Antidepressive Agents Brain Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Ethics Committees gamma Aminobutyric Acid Joint Dislocations Kunming mice Locomotion Mice, House Neck Neurotoxicity Syndromes Open Field Test Phenytoin physiology polyethylene glycol 400 Saline Solution

Top products related to «Phenytoin»

Phenytoin by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Poland, India, United Kingdom

Phenytoin is a laboratory reagent used in the analysis and identification of pharmaceutical and biological samples. It is a crystalline solid compound that is commonly used as a standard for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and other analytical techniques. Phenytoin is a widely recognized and well-characterized compound that is often used as a reference material in the pharmaceutical and scientific research industries.

Carbamazepine by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Poland, Switzerland, Italy, Spain

Carbamazepine is a chemical compound used as a reference standard in analytical testing procedures. It is a white, crystalline powder that is commonly used to verify the accuracy and precision of analytical equipment and methods.

Euthasol by Virbac

Sourced in United States, France

Euthasol is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Virbac. It is a solution used for euthanasia of animals. The core function of Euthasol is to provide a humane and painless method of euthanasia for animals.

Ethosuximide by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

Ethosuximide is a pharmaceutical compound used as an anticonvulsant medication. It is primarily utilized in the treatment of absence seizures, a type of epileptic seizure. The compound functions by suppressing the spread of seizure activity within the brain.

Tween 80 by Merck Group

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Tween 80 is a non-ionic surfactant and emulsifier. It is a viscous, yellow liquid that is commonly used in laboratory settings to solubilize and stabilize various compounds and formulations.

Phenobarbital by Merck Group

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Phenobarbital is a pharmaceutical product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a barbiturate compound commonly used as a sedative and anticonvulsant medication. The core function of Phenobarbital is to depress the central nervous system and induce a calming effect.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group

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DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.

Levetiracetam by Merck Group

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Levetiracetam is a pharmaceutical active ingredient manufactured by Merck Group. It is a synthetic derivative of the naturally occurring amino acid piracetam. Levetiracetam is used as a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug.

Pentylenetetrazole by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, India, Germany, Switzerland

Pentylenetetrazole is a chemical compound used in research laboratories as a convulsant agent. It is primarily employed as a tool to study the mechanisms of seizures and the effects of anticonvulsant drugs.

Lamotrigine by Merck Group

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Lamotrigine is a laboratory instrument used for the detection and quantification of various molecules, compounds, or analytes in a sample. It operates on the principle of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology.

More about "Phenytoin"

Phenytoin is a widely used anticonvulsant medication, also known as diphenylhydantoin or Dilantin.
It is primarily prescribed for the treatment of epilepsy and other neurological disorders, such as seizures, neuropathic pain, and bipolar disorder.
Phenytoin works by stabilizing the neuronal membrane and preventing the spread of seizure activity, effectively controlling and managing seizures.
In addition to phenytoin, other commonly used antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) include carbamazepine, ethosuximide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and phenobarbital.
These medications target different mechanisms of action in the brain to provide seizure control.
Phenytoin is often used in combination with other AEDs, such as Euthasol (a euthanasia solution containing pentobarbital), to enhance its effectiveness and manage more complex epileptic conditions.
When conducting research on phenytoin, it is crucial to optimize study protocols and compare research materials to ensure reproducibility and accuracy.
PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform, can assist researchers in this process by providing comprehensive comparisons of protocols, products, and methods from the literature, preprints, and patents.
This data-driven approach helps researchers identify the best research methodologies and materials for their phenytoin investigations, ultimately enhancing the quality and reliability of their findings.
In addition to phenytoin, PubCompare.ai can also provide insights and comparisons for other related compounds, such as Tween 80 (a surfactant used in drug formulations) and DMSO (a versatile solvent with various applications in research).
By leveraging the power of data analytics and artificial intelligence, PubCompare.ai empowers researchers to make informed decisions and optimize their phenytoin studies, leading to more reproducible and accurate results.