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Phytoestrogens

Phytoestrogens are a diverse group of plant-derived compounds that exhibit structural and functional similarities to endogenous estrogens.
These naturally occurring compounds can interact with estrogen receptors, modulating estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects in the body.
Phytoestrogens are found in a variety of foods, including soy, flaxseed, and certain herbs.
Research has suggested that phytoestrogens may have potential health benefits, such as reducing the risk of certain cancers, improving cardiovascular health, and alleviating menopausal symptoms.
However, the effects of phytoestrogens can be complex and may vary depending on the specific compound, dose, and individual physiology.
Furtheer research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and clinical applications of these fascinating natural compounds.

Most cited protocols related to «Phytoestrogens»

1
Comprehensive Breast Cancer Risk Assessment
Cited 31 times
Trained interviewers administered the two-part telephone interview (CATI1 and CATI2) in either English or Spanish. The interview, which took about 2 h to complete overall, collected information on breast cancer risk factors, residential history, medical history, lifetime occupational history, reproductive history, socioeconomic status, and other information, including sister history of breast cancer (https://sisterstudy.niehs.nih.gov/english/baseline.htm and Table S1). The questionnaires were longer than those in other cohort studies to allow for collection of information on commonly studied known and potential risk factors as well as to collect data on occupational and environmental exposures that were not being collected in most other prospective studies.
Environmental and occupational exposures of interest included but were not limited to chemicals previously identified as mammary carcinogens or endocrine disruptors (Bennett and Davis 2002 (link); Rudel et al. 2007 (link)) and shift work; we asked about history of working in industries and occupations where exposure to these factors was possible as well as exposures at home, such as pesticides, paints, or hobby materials, and gardening. In addition to the time of enrollment, questions focused on periods that may be relevant to breast cancer risk, including in utero and childhood exposures, particularly around menarche. Addresses for current, longest adult, and longest childhood residence have been geocoded for linkage with various GIS databases for environmental exposures, such as air pollution, and census data for socioeconomic and neighborhood factors.
Participants completed self-administered questionnaires on diet, personal care products, family history of cancer, and early-life exposures, including the participant’s mother’s exposures during her pregnancy with the participant. The food frequency questionnaire (Block 98) (Boucher et al. 2006 (link)) was supplemented with questions about cooking practices, dietary intake of phytoestrogens, childhood diet, vitamin supplements, and complementary and alternative medicines and practices.
Sandler D.P., Hodgson M.E., Deming-Halverson S.L., Juras P.S., D’Aloisio A.A., Suarez L.M., Kleeberger C.A., Shore D.L., DeRoo L.A., Taylor J.A, & Weinberg C.R. (2017). The Sister Study Cohort: Baseline Methods and Participant Characteristics. Environmental Health Perspectives, 125(12), 127003.
Publication 2017
Adult Air Pollution Carcinogens Cardiac Arrest Diet Dietary Supplements Endocrine Disruptors Environmental Exposure Food Hispanic or Latino Interviewers Malignant Neoplasm of Breast Malignant Neoplasms Mammary Gland Maternal Exposure Menarche Occupational Exposure Pesticides Phytoestrogens Pregnancy Uterus Vitamins
2
Measurement of Environmental Exposures
Cited 14 times
Samples collected at visit 1 were analyzed at the National Center for Environmental Health laboratories at CDC for nine phthalate metabolites [n = 1,149; monoethylphthalate (MEP), mono-butyl phthalate, mono-iso-butyl phthalate, mono-benzyl phthalate, mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate, mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxylhexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP)], seven phenols (benzophenone-3, bisphenol A, 2,5-dichlorophenol, triclosan; n = 1,149; methyl-, butyl-, and propyl- parabens, n = 1,059), and three phytoestrogens (daidzein, genistein, enterolactone; n = 1,150). Parabens were not measured early in the study. At least one urinary biomarker measurement was available among 1,151 girls, 985 with breast stages. We substituted limit of detection ( for results below the LOD. Adjustment for urine dilution was accomplished using creatinine, to account for difference in sampling (spot specimens at MSSM and KPNC, early-morning samples at Cincinnati) and interindividual variation in urine dilution. We included log-creatinine in models using continuous log-biomarker variables, and we created quintile cut points from creatinine-corrected concentrations (micrograms per gram creatinine). As previously described, to reduce multiple comparisons we combined the phthalate metabolites into two groups that represent similar sources and similar biologic activity, low- (< 250 Da) and high-molecular-weight (> 250 Da) phthalate metabolites (low MWP and high MWP) [details in Supplemental Material, Table 2 (doi:10.1289/ehp.0901690)]. We expressed high MWP molar sum as MEHP (molecular weight 278) and the low MWP as MEP (molecular weight 194) so that units were the same as the other analytes (micrograms per liter). Similarly, a molar sum of the paraben metabolites was created (paraben sum) expressed as propyl paraben (molecular weight 180.2). Models with the individual phthalate and paraben metabolites were consistent with the molar sum variables. Results using di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)-sum metabolites were almost identical to those for the high MWP, and they represented 75% ± 16% (mean ± SD) of the high MWP biomarkers. Therefore, only the latter models are presented.
Laboratory techniques and quality control protocols are identical to those reported previously in a pilot study (Wolff et al. 2007 (link)). Briefly, urine undergoes an automated cleanup with enzymatic deconjugation, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry quantification (Kato et al. 2005 (link); Rybak et al. 2008 ; Ye et al. 2005 (link), 2006 ). In addition to the internal CDC quality control procedures, we incorporated approximately 10% masked quality control specimens (n = 101) from a single urine pool. The coefficients of variation (SD/mean concentration) were < 10% for 13 analytes and were between 10% and 21% for the remaining six biomarkers.
Wolff M.S., Teitelbaum S.L., Pinney S.M., Windham G., Liao L., Biro F., Kushi L.H., Erdmann C., Hiatt R.A., Rybak M.E, & Calafat A.M. (2010). Investigation of Relationships between Urinary Biomarkers of Phytoestrogens, Phthalates, and Phenols and Pubertal Stages in Girls. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(7), 1039-1046.
Publication 2010
2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone Biological Markers Biopharmaceuticals bisphenol A Breast Creatinine daidzein Diethylhexyl Phthalate Enzymes Genistein High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Isotopes Molar mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate mono-benzyl phthalate mono-isobutyl phthalate monoethyl phthalate oxybenzone Parabens Phenols phthalate Phthalate, Dibutyl Phytoestrogens propylparaben Tandem Mass Spectrometry Technique, Dilution Triclosan Urine Woman
3
Avy Mice Dietary Phytoestrogen Study
Cited 11 times
Avy mice were obtained from a colony that has been maintained with sibling mating and forced heterozygosity for the Avy allele for over 220 generations, resulting in a genetically invariant background [Waterland and Jirtle, 2003 (link)]. Virgin a/a dams, 6 weeks of age, were randomly assigned to one of four phytoestrogen-free AIN-93G diets (diet 95092 with 7% corn oil substituted for 7% soybean oil; Harlan Teklad, Madison, WI): (1) standard diet (n = 11 litters, 86 total offspring, 39 Avy/a offspring); (2) standard diet supplemented with 50 ng BPA/kg diet (n = 14 litters, 107 total offspring, 48 Avy/a offspring); (3) standard diet supplemented with 50 μg BPA/kg diet (n = 9 litters, 67 total offspring, 32 Avy/a offspring); (4) standard diet supplemented with 50 mg BPA/kg diet (n = 13 litters, 91 total offspring, 45 Avy/a offspring). All diet ingredients were supplied by Harlan Teklad except BPA, which was supplied by NTP (National Toxicology Program, Durham NC). The mg dosage was formulated to be an order of magnitude lower than the dietary administered maximum nontoxic threshold in rodents (200 mg/kg BW/day) [Takahashi et al., 2003 (link)], whereas the ng and μg BPA dosages were used to potentially capture the physiologically relevant range of human exposure.
Following 2 weeks on their respective diets, at 8 weeks of age a/a virgin dams were mated with Avy/a males, 7–8 weeks of age. All animals were housed in polycarbonate-free cages and provided ad libitum access to diet and BPA-free water. The dams remained on the assigned diets throughout pregnancy and lactation. At postnatal day 22 (d22), a/a and Avy/a offspring were weighed and tail-tipped. In addition, at d22, a single observer visually classified Avy/a offspring coat color phenotype into one of five categories based on proportion of brown fur: yellow (<5% brown), slightly mottled (between 5 and 40% brown), mottled (~50% brown), heavily mottled (between 60 and 95% brown), and pseudoagouti (>95% brown). Tail tissue was collected for analysis from all offspring.
Animals used in this study were maintained in accordance with the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals [Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, 1996] and were treated humanely and with regard for alleviation of suffering. The study protocol was approved by the University of Michigan Committee on Use and Care of Animals.
Anderson O.S., Nahar M.S., Faulk C., Jones T.R., Liao C., Kannan K., Weinhouse C., Rozek L.S, & Dolinoy D.C. (2012). Epigenetic Responses Following Maternal Dietary Exposure to Physiologically Relevant Levels of Bisphenol A. Environmental and molecular mutagenesis, 53(5), 334-342.
Publication 2012
Alleles Animals Animals, Laboratory Breast Feeding Corn oil Diet Heterozygote Homo sapiens Males Mice, House Patient Holding Stretchers Phenotype Phytoestrogens polycarbonate Pregnancy Rodent Soybean oil Tail Tissues
4
Generation of ERα-ZsGreen/POMC-CreER/Rosa26-tdTOMATO Mice
Cited 9 times

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Publication 2015
Alleles Animals Animals, Transgenic Cre recombinase Environment, Controlled Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Mice, Laboratory Pharmaceutical Preparations Phytoestrogens Tamoxifen tdTomato
5
Prenatal PCB Exposure on Rat Offspring
Cited 8 times

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Publication 2011
2,3,4,5,3',4',5'-heptachlorobiphenyl Adult AHR protein, human Animals, Laboratory aroclor 1221 austin Birth Body Weight Brain Diet Embryo estradiol 3-benzoate Estrus Females Fingers Homo sapiens Hypothalamus Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Light Males Mammals Neurosecretory Systems Phytoestrogens Plant Roots Rattus norvegicus Reproduction Sex Differentiation Sperm Strains Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Tissues Vaginal Smears

Most recents protocols related to «Phytoestrogens»

1
Genistein Ameliorates Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis

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Publication 2023
Acclimatization Administration, Oral Anesthesia Animals BLOOD Body Weight Ethics Committees, Research Femur Genistein Halothane Humidity Joint Dislocations Lighting Neck Operative Surgical Procedures Pharmaceutical Preparations Phytoestrogens Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rattus norvegicus Saline Solution Serum Therapy, Diet Tibia Woman
2
Flavonoid and Isoflavone Intake Correlations
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation, or mean (95% confidence intervals, 95% CIs) as indicated below each table, and categorical variables are presented as percentage (95% CIs). Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. The time in the Cox proportional model, as follow-up duration, was recorded from the household interview until death or lost to follow-up in months. The association among flavonoid intake and the association between isoflavone intake and urinary phytoestrogens were evaluated by the function “cor” and the R package “corrplot,” in which, p value <0.0001 was defined as significant and the absolute value of Pearson’s correlation coefficient r ≥ 0.8 was classified as strong correlation, 0.8 < r ≤ 0.5 as moderate correlation and 0.5 < r ≤ 0.2 as weak correlation; r < 0.2 as no correlation. In the remaining analysis, a p value < 0.05 was used as a cut-off for statistical significance. A feasible nomogram for weighted survey data was established and validated by calibration curve for predicting the 12.5-year survival probability in participants using the “rms” and “SvyNom” package in R (21 (link)). All analyses were conducted using the R software (version 4.1.3, the R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115). The R package “nhanseR” and “survey” were employed for the data preparation and statistics analysis.
Zhou F., Gu K, & Zhou Y. (2023). Flavonoid intake is associated with lower all-cause and disease-specific mortality: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2010 and 2017–2018. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1046998.
Publication 2023
Debility Flavonoids Households Isoflavones Phytoestrogens Urine
3
Urinary Phytoestrogen Metabolite Profiles
The levels of isoflavone metabolites, daidzein (ng/mL), equol (ng/mL), genistein (ng/mL), and O-desmethylangolensin (ODMA, ng/mL) as well as lignan metabolites, enterodiol (ng/mL) and enterolactone (ng/mL) in the urine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The association between urinary phytoestrogen levels and isoflavone intake in the years 2007–2010 was analyzed using the Pearson correlation method.
Zhou F., Gu K, & Zhou Y. (2023). Flavonoid intake is associated with lower all-cause and disease-specific mortality: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2010 and 2017–2018. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1046998.
Publication 2023
2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone Atmospheric Pressure daidzein enterodiol Equol Genistein High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Isoflavones Lignans O-desmethylangolensin Phytoestrogens Tandem Mass Spectrometry Urine
4
Coumestrol Modulates Ovariectomy-Induced Changes
Seven-week-old female C57BL/6J mice (Orient Bio Inc., Seongnam-Si, Republic of Korea) were housed under a 12 h light–dark cycle. After an acclimation period of 1 week, the mice were randomly divided into five treatment groups (7 mice per group) as follows: (1) sham control, (2) OVX control, (3) OVX + 17β-estradiol (E2), (4) OVX + coumestrol (subcutaneous administration), and (5) OVX + coumestrol (oral administration). Mice were subjected to bilateral OVX or sham operation under anesthesia with a 1.2% avertin (2,2,2-tribromoethanol) solution. Treatment with E2, coumestrol, or vehicle was initiated the day after surgery. E2 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and coumestrol (ChemFaces Biochemical, Wuhan, China) were dissolved in saline containing 2% Tween-80 and 0.5% methylcellulose. Throughout the study (10 weeks), E2 was administered at 50 μg/kg by subcutaneous (SC) injection once daily. Coumestrol was administered daily at a dose of 5 mg/kg by SC injection or oral gavage. All mice were fed a phytoestrogen-free HFD (TD04059, 52% Kcal from anhydrous milk fat, Harlan Teklad, Madison, WI, USA) and water ad libitum during the experimental period. Six weeks after surgery, all OVX mice were housed singly with running wheels for 3 days, to determine voluntary running activity.
In a separate experiment using the same mouse model, coumestrol was orally administered at 10 mg/kg for 7 weeks in combination with MPP (ERα-selective antagonist) at 1 mg/kg, PHTPP (ERβ-selective antagonist) at 1 mg/kg, or ICI 182,780 (ER antagonist) at 3 mg/kg (6 mice per group). MPP, PHTPP (Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK), and ICI 182,780 (Sigma-Aldrich) were dissolved in corn oil and administered via SC injection once daily throughout the study. Food intake was recorded weekly, and ear temperature was measured using an infrared thermometer (IR-B153, Braintree Scientific, Braintree, MA, USA) 4 weeks after ovariectomy. At the end of the study, mice were sacrificed by overdosing with avertin. Blood was collected via cardiac puncture, and tissue samples were isolated for histological staining and molecular analysis. All animal work was carried out in accordance with institutional guidelines for the use and care of laboratory animals. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Andong National University (Protocol Number: 2021-1-0128-01-01).
Park S., Sim K.S., Heo W, & Kim J.H. (2023). Protective Effects of Coumestrol on Metabolic Dysfunction and Its Estrogen Receptor-Mediated Action in Ovariectomized Mice. Nutrients, 15(4), 954.
Publication 2023
Acclimatization Administration, Oral Anesthesia Animals Animals, Laboratory Asian Persons BLOOD Corn oil Coumestrol Eating Estradiol Females Heart ICI 182780 Methylcellulose Mice, House Mice, Inbred C57BL Milk Operative Surgical Procedures Ovariectomy Phytoestrogens Punctures Saline Solution Subcutaneous Injections Surgery, Day Thermometers Tissues tribromoethanol Tube Feeding Tween 80
5
Validated Multi-Metabolite LC-MS/MS Analysis
The validated multi-metabolite (>800) liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI–MS/MS) method was carried out at the Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics of the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, located in Tull an der Donau, Austria, according to previous descriptions. Water purification was completed using a Purelab Ultra system (ELGA LabWater, Celle, Germany). Glacial acetic acid (p.a.) and ammonium acetate (LC-MS grade) were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (Vienna, Austria). HiPerSolv Chromanorm HPLC gradient grade acetonitrile was purchased from VWR Chemicals (Vienna, Austria), and LC-MS Chromasolv grade methanol was acquired from Honeywell (Seelze, Germany). Standards of >800 fungal, plant, and unspecific secondary metabolites were supplied by several research institutions or commercial providers and are listed in Supplementary Table S3. For simultaneous quantification of multiple metabolites, 5 grams (±0.01 g) of each TMR and WPCS sample was extracted in 20 mL of the extraction solvent (acetonitrile/water/acetic acid 79:20:1, v/v/v) following the procedures reported by Steiner et al. (2020) [102 (link)]. These volumes were placed into the QTrap 5500 LC-MS/MS system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) equipped with a TurboV electrospray ionization (ESI) source coupled to a 1290 series UHPLC system (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany). Subsequently, quantification from external calibration by serial dilutions of a stock solution of analyzed compounds was accomplished. Finally, the outcomes were adjusted for apparent recoveries defined through spiking experiments, according to Steiner et al. (2020) [102 (link)]. This analytical methodology has been validated [96 (link)] and used to study the occurrence of multiple metabolites in complex feedstuff matrices such as silages, pastures, concentrates, and TMRs [2 (link),5 (link),22 (link),39 (link),56 (link)]. The method accuracy has been verified on a routine basis by proficiency testing organized by BIPEA (Genneviliers, France). Satisfactory z-scores between −2 and 2 have been achieved for >95% of >1800 results submitted so far. Supplementary Table S4 presents performance values of LC/ESI–MS/MS analysis for mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, and other fungal, plant, and unspecific metabolites detected in WPCSs and TMRs.
Penagos-Tabares F., Sulyok M., Artavia J.I., Flores-Quiroz S.I., Garzón-Pérez C., Castillo-Lopez E., Zavala L., Orozco J.D., Faas J., Krska R, & Zebeli Q. (2023). Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico. Toxins, 15(2), 153.
Publication 2023
Acetic Acid acetonitrile ammonium acetate High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Liquid Chromatography Methanol Mycotoxins Phytoestrogens Plants Silage Solvents Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry Technique, Dilution

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1
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Sprague-Dawley rats are an outbred albino rat strain commonly used in laboratory research. They are characterized by their calm temperament and reliable reproductive performance.
2
Td 95092 by Inotiv
The TD.95092 is a piece of laboratory equipment. It is designed to perform a specific function within a laboratory setting. No further details about its core function or intended use can be provided in a concise, unbiased, and factual manner.
3
Cd 1 mice by Charles River Laboratories
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Teklad 2916 irradiated global rodent diet by Inotiv
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Calycosin 7 o β d glucoside by Biosynth
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More about "Phytoestrogens"

Phytoestrogens, also known as plant-derived estrogens or phyto-estrogens, are a diverse group of naturally occurring compounds found in various plants.
These compounds exhibit structural and functional similarities to endogenous estrogens, the hormones produced by the body.
Phytoestrogens can interact with estrogen receptors, modulating both estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects within the human physiology.
Soy, flaxseed, and certain herbs are common dietary sources of phytoestrogens.
Research has suggested that these plant-based compounds may offer potential health benefits, such as reducing the risk of certain cancers, improving cardiovascular health, and alleviating menopausal symptoms.
However, the effects of phytoestrogens can be complex and may vary depending on the specific compound, dose, and individual physiological factors.
To enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of phytoestrogen research, researchers often utilize animal models like Sprague-Dawley rats and CD-1 mice.
These rodents are commonly fed diets like AIN-76A and Teklad 2916/2919 irradiated global rodent diets, which are carefully formulated to minimize the presence of phytoestrogens.
Additionally, the use of Laboratory Grade Sani-Chip bedding can help control for environmental exposure to phytoestrogens.
Phytoestrogen research has also explored specific compounds, such as Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and Lariciresinol, which may exhibit unique estrogenic or anti-estrogenic properties.
Furthremore, the TD.95092 diet, a high-phytoestrogen diet, has been employed in studies to investigate the impact of phytoestrogens on various health outcomes.
By understanding the complexities of phytoestrogens and utilizing well-designed research protocols, scientists can continue to unlock the potential health benefits and clinical applications of these fascinating natural compounds.