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Polyethylene glycol 400

Polyethylene Glycol 400: A versatile and widely used chemical compound with a molecular weight around 400 daltons.
Commonly used as a solvent, humectant, and excipient in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and industrial applications.
Offers superior solubility, low toxicity, and ease of handling.
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Most cited protocols related to «Polyethylene glycol 400»

1
Structural Determination of CRISPR-Cas9 Complexes
Cited 31 times
Full details of experimental procedures are provided in the supplementary materials. SpyCas9 and its point mutants were expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta 2 strain and purified essentially as described (8 (link)). SpyCas9 crystals were grown using the hanging drop vapor diffusion method from 0.1 M tris-Cl (pH 8.5), 0.2 to 0.3 M Li2SO4, and 14 to 15% (w/v) PEG 3350 (polyethylene glycol, molecular weight 3350) at 20°C. Diffraction data were measured at beamlines 8.2.1 and 8.2.2 of the Advanced Light Source (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), and at beamlines PXI and PXIII of the Swiss Light Source (Paul Scherrer Institut) and processed using XDS (50 (link)). Phasing was performed with crystals of selenomethionine (SeMet)–substituted SpyCas9 and native Cas9 crystals soaked individually with 10 mM Na2WO4, 10 mM CoCl2, 1 mM thimerosal, and 1 mM Er(III) acetate. Phases were calculated using autoSHARP (51 (link)) and improved by density modification using Resolve (52 (link)). The atomic model was built in Coot (53 (link)) and refined using phenix.refine (54 (link)).
A. naeslundii Cas9 (AnaCas9) was expressed in E. coli Rosetta 2 (DE3) as a fusion protein containing an N-terminal His10 tag followed by MBP and a TEV (tobacco etch virus) protease cleavage site. The protein was purified by Ni-NTA (nickel–nitrilotriacetic acid) and heparin affinity chromatography, followed by a gel filtration step. Crystals of native and SeMet-substituted AnaCas9 were grown from 10% (w/v) PEG 8000, 0.25 M calcium acetate, 50 mM magnesium acetate, and 5 mM spermidine. Native and SeMet single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) data sets were collected at beamline 8.3.1 of the Advanced Light Source, processed using Mosflm (55 (link)), and scaled in Scala (56 (link)). Phases were calculated in Solve/Resolve (52 (link)), and the atomic model was built in Coot and refined in Refmac (57 (link)) and phenix.refine (54 (link)).
For biochemical assays, crRNAs were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies, and tracrRNA was prepared by in vitro transcription as described (8 (link)). The sequences of RNA and DNA reagents used in this study are listed in table S2. Cleavage reactions were performed at room temperature in reaction buffer [20 mM tris-Cl (pH 7.5), 100 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 5% glycerol, 1 mM dithiothreitol] using 1 nM radio-labeled dsDNA substrates and 1 nM or 10 nM Cas9:crRNA:tracrRNA. Cleavage products were resolved by 10% denaturing (7 M urea) PAGE and visualized by phosphorimaging. Cross-linked peptide-DNA heteroconjugates were obtained by incubating 200 pmol of catalytically inactive (D10A/H840A) Cas9 with crRNA:tracrRNA guide and 10-fold molar excess of BrdU containing dsDNA substrate for 30 min at room temperature, followed by irradiation with UV light (308 nm) for 30 min. S1 nuclease and phosphatase–treated tryptic digests were analyzed using a Dionex UltiMate3000 RSLCnano liquid chromatograph connected in-line with an LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer equipped with a nanoelectrospray ionization source (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
For negative-stain EM, apo-SpyCas9, SpyCas9: RNA, and SpyCas9:RNA:DNA complexes were reconstituted in reaction buffer, diluted to a concentration of ~25 to 60 nM, applied to glow-discharged 400-mesh continuous carbon grids, and stained with 2% (w/v) uranyl acetate solution. Data were acquired using a Tecnai F20 Twin transmission electron microscope operated at 120 keV at a nominal magnification of either ×80,000 (1.45 Å at the specimen level) or ×100,000 (1.08 Å at the specimen level) using low-dose exposures (~20 e− Å−2) with a randomly set defocus ranging from −0.5 to −1.3 μm. A total of 300 to 400 images of each Cas9 sample were automatically recorded on a Gatan 4k × 4k CCD (charge-coupled device) camera using the MSI-Raster application within the automated macromolecular microscopy software Leginon (58 (link)). Particles were preprocessed in Appion (45 (link)) before projection matching refinement with libraries from EMAN2 and SPARX (59 (link), 60 (link)) using RCT reconstructions (34 (link)) as initial models.
Jinek M., Jiang F., Taylor D.W., Sternberg S.H., Kaya E., Ma E., Anders C., Hauer M., Zhou K., Lin S., Kaplan M., Iavarone A.T., Charpentier E., Nogales E, & Doudna J.A. (2014). Structures of Cas9 Endonucleases Reveal RNA-Mediated Conformational Activation. Science (New York, N.Y.), 343(6176), 1247997.
Publication 2014
2
Structural Basis of RCC1-Nucleosome Complex
Cited 25 times
The complex of Drosophila RCC1(2–422) and nucleosome core particles containing Xenopus core histones and the 147 bp Widom 601 sequence were purified by size exclusion chromatography and crystallized against 25 mM sodium acetate pH 5.5, 25 mM sodium citrate, 1 mM DTT and 6–7% polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2,000 (PEG MME 2,000) at 21°C. Crystals were soaked in 25 mM sodium acetate pH 5.5, 25 mM sodium citrate, 1 mM DTT, 5% ethanol, 10% PEG MME 2,000 containing increasing concentrations of polyethylene glycol 400 (0 to 24% in 2% increments) before flash cooling in liquid nitrogen. Diffraction data were collected using an ADSC Quantum 315 CCD detector at Advanced Photon Source’s NE-CAT beamline 24-ID-E, and the data was processed using the HKL-2000 program suite38 . The structure was solved by molecular replacement using Phaser software39 (link) and a search model containing Drosophila RCC1, the histone octamer with tails removed, and the 147 bp human αsatellite DNA, each treated as a rigid body. Crystallographic refinement was carried out using REFMAC540 (link) and PHENIX41 (link) together with manual model building in COOT42 (link). The structure was refined to 2.9 Å resolution with Rwork/Rfree of 17.49/21.55%. All molecular graphics were prepared using PyMOL43 .
Makde R.D., England J.R., Yennawar H.P, & Tan S. (2010). Structure of RCC1 chromatin factor bound to the nucleosome core particle. Nature, 467(7315), 562-566.
Publication 2010
Crystallography Drosophila Ethanol Histones Homo sapiens Human Body Molecular Sieve Chromatography monomethoxypolyethylene glycol Muscle Rigidity Nitrogen Nucleosomes Sodium Acetate Sodium Citrate Tail Xenopus laevis
3
Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity Assay
Cited 15 times
Zebrafish embryos of the AB wild-type strain (originally obtained from the Zebrafish International Resource Center, Eugene, Oregon, USA) were raised at 28°C. Zebrafish husbandry, embryo collection, and embryo and larva maintenance were performed as described [20] , [21] . Toxicity assays were standardly performed in 24-well microtiter plates (wrapped with Parafilm to limit solvent evaporation) using 10 embryos per well in 1 ml of 0.3× Danieau's medium (17 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 0.12 mM MgSO4, 1.8 mM Ca(NO3)2 and 1.5 mM HEPES, pH 7.6). Each experiment was repeated 3 times for a total of 30 embryos or larvae analyzed per solvent per developmental staged tested. Data were only recorded for experiments in which the percentage of normal embryos or larvae in the control group was at least 90%. Embryos and larvae were exposed to solvents and carriers at 2–4 cells, 4 hpf, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 dpf and evaluated for signs of toxicity 24 hours later. In determining the maximum tolerated concentration (MTC) for each solvent and carrier, all post-exposure embryos and larvae were allowed to develop in larva medium to 9 dpf, so as to detect any deleterious effects appearing after this 24-hour window. Solvents and carriers were obtained from the following suppliers: acetone (Chemlab, Zedelgem, Belgium), acetonitrile (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium), albumin (BSA, Sigma-Aldrich, Bornem, Belgium), butanone (Riedel-de Haën, Seelze, Germany), cyclodextrin (2- hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, Sigma-Aldrich), dimethyl formamide (Acros), DMSO (Agros), ethanol (Fisher Scientific, Doornik, Belgium), glycerol (Acros), isopropanol (Chemlab), methanol (Chemlab), polyethylene glycol-400 (Fluka, Bornem, Belgium), propylene glycol (Certa, Eigenbrakel, Belgium), solketal (Merck, Overijse, Belgium). Statistical analyses were done using chi-square in Microsoft Excel.
Maes J., Verlooy L., Buenafe O.E., de Witte P.A., Esguerra C.V, & Crawford A.D. (2012). Evaluation of 14 Organic Solvents and Carriers for Screening Applications in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae. PLoS ONE, 7(10), e43850.
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Publication 2012
2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin Acetone acetonitrile Albumins Biological Assay Cells Certa Cyclodextrins Dimethylformamide Embryo Ethanol Glycerin HEPES Isopropyl Alcohol Larva Methanol methylethyl ketone polyethylene glycol 400 Propylene Glycol Sodium Chloride Solvents Strains Sulfate, Magnesium Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Zebrafish
4
Isolation and Purification of Exosomes
Cited 11 times
Isolation of mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs and MSCs from human umbilical cord Wharton’s Jelly (hUC-MSCs) followed by immunoselection (Supplemental Figure 1) and collection of conditioned media (CM) is outlined in the Supplemental Material.
Concentrated conditioned media were applied on a column of 16/60 Hiprep Sephacryl S-400 HR (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ) that was pre-equilibrated with a buffer containing 20 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.4) and 300 mM NaCl using an ÄKTA purifier liquid chromatography system (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ). Fractions (1 ml) were collected at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. Polystyrene nanospheres of 50 nm diameter (Phosphorex, Fall River, MA) were used as a size reference and elution fractions corresponding to this standard’s retention volume were pooled and further analyzed.
For the isolation of exosomes from hUC-MSCs and human dermal fibroblasts, serum-free culture medium conditioned for 24 hours was filtered (0.2 μm) and concentrated by ultrafiltration device with 100 kDa cut-off (Millipore). Exosomes in CM were precipitated with 1/3 volume of polyethylene glycol (PEG) buffer (33.4% PEG 4000, 50 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 1 M NaCl) overnight at 4°C followed by centrifugation at 12,000 xg for 5 min and resuspension in PBS (pH7.4). Exosomes in PEG-precipitated fraction were further purified by S200 size-exclusion chromatography. Seventy-five μl sample was applied on a S200 column (Clontech, Mountain View, CA) preequilibrated with PBS by spinning at 700 xg for 5 min and the exosomal fraction was subsequently eluted in the flow-through by centrifugation at 700 xg for 5 min.
In some experiments, exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation at 100,000 xg for 2 hours and the pellet was subsequently washed with PBS followed by repeat ultracentrifugation for 2 hours at the same speed. Exosome pellet resuspended in PBS was measured for protein concentration by Bradford assay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Expression of exosomal markers between the two preparations was similar, as shown in Supplemental Figure 2.
Lee C., Mitsialis S.A., Aslam M., Vitali S.H., Vergadi E., Konstantinou G., Sdrimas K., Fernandez-Gonzalez A, & Kourembanas S. (2012). Exosomes Mediate the Cytoprotective Action of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension. Circulation, 126(22), 2601-2611.
Publication 2012
Biological Assay Bone Marrow Buffers Centrifugation Culture Media Culture Media, Conditioned Exosomes Fibroblasts Gel Chromatography HEPES isolation Liquid Chromatography Medical Devices Mus polyethylene glycol 4000 Polyethylene Glycols Polystyrenes Proteins Retention (Psychology) Rivers Serum Skin Sodium Chloride sodium phosphate Ultracentrifugation Ultrafiltration Umbilical Cord Wharton Jelly
5
Pharmacokinetics of Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitors
Cited 8 times
Male CFW mice (7 week old, 24-30 g) were purchased from Charles River Laboratories. All the experiments were performed according to protocols approved by the Animal Use and Care Committee of University of California, Davis. Inhibitors (1 mg each) were dissolved in 1 mL of oleic ester-rich triglyceride containing 20% polyethylene glycol (average molecular weight: 400) to give a clear solution for oral administration. Since many of these compounds are high melting and relatively water insoluble, it is important that they are in true solution to study their pharmacokinetics. The 20% PEG 400 in oleic ester rich triglyceride gave true solutions for all compounds reported. To avoid ill defined levels of linoleate esters (18:2) in the vehicle we used the synthetic triglyceride of oleic esters (18:1) or triolein for vehicle. Cassette 1 contained compounds 2, 24, 25, and 27, cassette 2, compounds 12, 13, and 14, cassette 3 compounds 3, 4 and AUDA, cassette 4 compounds 2, 15, and 35 and cassette 5 compounds 40 and 52. Each cassette was orally administered to 3 or 4 mice at a dose of 5 mg/kg in 120-150μl of vehicle depending on animal weight. Blood (10 μL) was collected from the tail vein using a pipette tip rinsed with 7.5% EDTA(K3) at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24 hours after oral dosing with the inhibitor. The blood samples were prepared according to the methods detailed in our previous study.24 (link) Blood samples were analyzed using an Agilent 1200 Series HPLC equipped with a 4.6 mm X 150 mm Inertsil ODS-4 3 μm column (GL Science Inc., Japan) held at 40 °C and coupled with an Applied Biosystems 4000 QTRAP hybrid, triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. The instrument was equipped with a linear ion trap and a Turbo V ion source and was operated in positive ion MRM mode (see Table S1). The solvent system consisted of water/acetic acid (999/1 v/v, solvent A) and acetonitrile/acetic acid (999/1 v/v; solvent B). The gradient was begun at 30% solvent B and was linearly increased to 100% solvent B in 5 min. This was maintained for 3 min, then returned to 30% solvent B in 2 min. The flow rate was 0.4 mL/min. The injection volume was 10 μL and the samples were kept at 4 °C in the auto sampler. Optimized conditions for mass spectrometry are in Table S1.
For clarity standard deviation is not included in Figure S1. There is less than 5% variation in compound levels in replicate blood samples from the same mice. Thus the standard deviation shown in Figure S2A-F represents variation among mice treated with the same compound. The PK parameters of individual mice were calculated by fitting the time dependent curve of blood inhibitor concentration (Figure S2) to a non-compartmental analysis with the WinNonlin software (Pharsight, Mountain View, CA). Parameters determined include the time of maximum concentration (Tmax), maximum concentration (Cmax), half-life (t1/2), and area under the concentration–time curve to terminal time (AUCt). In separate studies to determine dose linearity of selected compounds, pharmacokinetic parameters determined by cassette dosing were found to be predictive of results from dosing individual compounds.24 (link),50 (link)Figure S3 compares the pharmacokinetics of compound 52 with that of the bridging compound APAU.24 (link),25 (link),32 (link) Graphs of exposure as a function of potency are shown in Figures S4 and 5.
Rose T.E., Morisseau C., Liu J.Y., Inceoglu B., Jones P.D., Sanborn J.R, & Hammock B.D. (2010). 1-Aryl-3-(1-acylpiperidin-4-yl)urea Inhibitors of Human and Murine Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase: Structure-Activity Relationships, Pharmacokinetics and Reduction of Inflammatory Pain. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 53(19), 7067-7075.
Publication 2010

Most recents protocols related to «Polyethylene glycol 400»

1
Synthesis of PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles
PEGylated Au NPs were prepared by sputtering of gold into liquid medium. A starting material for synthesis of Au NPs was Au target (of 99.99 % purity, Safina, a. s., CZ). As for liquid media, which served as stabilizing agents as well, we used two types of polyethylene glycols (both supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Corp., US): (i) polyethylene glycol (PEG, Mw = 400 g/mol) and (ii) polyethylene glycol methyl ether amine (PEG-NH2, Mw = 500 g/mol). Amine terminated polyethylene glycol was mixed with pure PEG in weight ratio 20:1 (PEG:PEG-NH2).
Nguyenova H.Y., Hubalek Kalbacova M., Dendisova M., Sikorova M., Jarolimkova J., Kolska Z., Ulrychova L., Weber J, & Reznickova A. (2024). Stability and biological response of PEGylated gold nanoparticles. Heliyon, 10(9), e30601.
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Publication 2024
2
Fatty Acid and Glycol Synthesis
Acids (propanoic, heptanoic, octanoic, and valeric acids) were acquired from Aldrich Chemical Co. Ltd. (UK). Ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG), and butylene glycol (BG) were acquired from VEB LABORCHEMIE APOLDA. Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) was maintained from Morgan Chemical Ind. Co. Other chemical reagents and organic solvents were of analytical quality and acquired from Carlo Erba Reagenti. Amberlyst 15 used came from Alfa Aesar Co. with CAS no. 6192-52-5.
Shazly R.I., El-Sheshtawy H.S., Ahmed N.S, & Nassar A.M. (2024). Synthesis and biodegradation testing of some synthetic oils based on ester. Scientific Reports, 14, 3416.
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Publication 2024
3
Passage Rates of Extruded Flaxseed and Salmate® in Cows
Solid passage rates for extruded flaxseed, Salmate®, and control cows were estimated using chromium oxide (Cr2O3) [31 (link)]. Each cow was administered 14 g of Cr2O3 in a single dose through a ruminal fistula. Fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum after dosing with Cr2O3 dose. Fecal samples were dried in an oven at 55.0°C (72:0 h), milled (1.0 mm), and stored for analysis of Cr2O3 content using spectrophotometry at 400:0 μm and calculated from a standard curve [32 ].
Liquid passage rates for extruded flaxseed, Salmate®, and control cows were estimated using polyethylene glycol. Each cow was administered 100 g of polyethylene glycol through a ruminal fistula (diluted in 200 mL of distilled water). Polyethylene glycol concentrations in the samples were determined in ruminal fluids using gas chromatography.
Al-Saiady M., Al-Shaheen T., El-Waziry A, & Mohammed A.E. (2024). Effects of extruded flaxseed and Salmate® inclusion in the diet on milk yield and composition, ruminal fermentation and degradation, and kinetic flow of digesta and fluid in lactating dairy cows in the subtropics. Veterinary World, 17(3), 540-549.
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Publication 2024
4
Curcumin Nano Emulsion Formulation

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Publication 2024
5
Preparation and Characterization of Sorbitan Monooleate Formulations
Not available on PMC !
The sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) was acquired from LobaChemie (Mumbai, Maharashtra, India). Xanthan gum (Rheocare ® XGN) and polyethylene glycol hydrogenated castor oil (CREMOPHOR ® RH 40), were obtained from BASF (Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany). Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Liquid paraffin, potassium monohydrogen phosphate, and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate were purchased from El Nasr Pharmaceutical Chemicals (Cairo, Egypt). Trypticase soy broth and Mueller-Hinton agar were obtained from BBL (Darmstadt, Germany). Malt extract agar was obtained from Merck (Merck, St. Louis, MO, USA, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The standard plate count agar was obtained from Hach (Ames, IA, USA). All reagents were used as received.
Ibrahim F., Shalaby E.S., El‐Liethy M.A., Abd‐Elmaksoud S., Mohammed R.S., SHALABY S., Rodrigues C.V., Pintado M., & Habbasha E.S.E. (2024). Formulation and Characterization of Non-Toxic, Antimicrobial, and Alcohol-Free Hand Sanitizer Nanoemulgel Based on Lemon Peel Extract. Cosmetics, 11(2), 59-59.
Publication 2024

Top products related to «Polyethylene glycol 400»

1
Polyethylene glycol 400 by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, India, China
Polyethylene glycol 400 is a clear, colorless, and odorless liquid. It is a widely used chemical compound in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and laboratory settings. Polyethylene glycol 400 is primarily used as a solvent, humectant, and plasticizer, owing to its low toxicity and versatile properties.
2
Tween 80 by Merck Group
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Tween 80 is a non-ionic surfactant and emulsifier. It is a viscous, yellow liquid that is commonly used in laboratory settings to solubilize and stabilize various compounds and formulations.
3
Peg400 by Merck Group
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PEG400 is a polyethylene glycol product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a clear, colorless, and odorless liquid with a viscosity range of 105-135 mPa·s at 20°C. PEG400 is commonly used as a solvent, plasticizer, and surfactant in various applications.
4
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group
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DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.
5
Polyethylene glycol 400 peg 400 by Merck Group
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Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) is a colorless, viscous liquid with a molecular weight of approximately 400 g/mol. It is a widely used laboratory reagent and industrial chemical. PEG 400 serves as a solvent, plasticizer, and humectant in various applications.
6
Ethanol by Merck Group
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Ethanol is a clear, colorless liquid chemical compound commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a key component in various scientific applications, serving as a solvent, disinfectant, and fuel source. Ethanol has a molecular formula of C2H6O and a range of industrial and research uses.
7
Polyethylene glycol peg 400 by Merck Group
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Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 is a water-soluble, non-toxic, and colorless liquid. It is commonly used as a solvent, dispersant, and plasticizer in various industries. PEG 400 has a wide range of applications, including in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and chemical industries.
8
Methanol by Merck Group
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Methanol is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid that is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It serves as a solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate. Methanol has a simple chemical formula of CH3OH and a boiling point of 64.7°C. It is a versatile compound that is widely used in the production of other chemicals, as well as in the fuel industry.
9
Propylene glycol by Merck Group
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Propylene glycol is a clear, colorless, and odorless liquid that is commonly used as a solvent and humectant in various industries. It has a wide range of applications, including in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products. Propylene glycol exhibits low toxicity and is generally recognized as safe for certain applications.
10
Polyethylene glycol by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, China, India, Japan, Portugal, Spain, Macao, Italy, Malaysia, France, Switzerland
Polyethylene glycol is a water-soluble and nontoxic synthetic polymer. It is commonly used as a lubricant, solvent, and dispersing agent in various laboratory and industrial applications.

More about "Polyethylene glycol 400"

Polyethylene Glycol 400 (PEG 400), also known as Macrogol 400, is a versatile and widely used chemical compound with a molecular weight around 400 daltons.
This clear, odorless, and viscous liquid is commonly employed as a solvent, humectant, and excipient in a variety of pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and industrial applications.
PEG 400 is prized for its superior solubility, low toxicity, and ease of handling, making it a popular choice across numerous industries.
It is frequently combined with other ingredients like Tween 80, DMSO, Ethanol, Methanol, and Propylene Glycol to create effective formulations.
Researchers and formulators can optimize their Polyethylene Glycol 400 projects by leveraging the power of AI-driven tools like PubCompare.ai.
This platform enables users to easily locate relevant protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and then compare them to identify the most suitable approaches and products.
By harnessing the power of artificial intelligence, scientists can enhance their research efficiency and improve the reproducibility of their PEG 400-based studies.