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Propylparaben

Propylparaben is a preservative and antimicrobial agent commonly used in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and personal care products.
It helps prevent microbial growth and extend the shelf life of these products.
Propylparaben is a derivative of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and is considerd to be generally safe for use in low concentrations.
Reserchers can use PubCompare.ai to discover protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and leverage AI-driven comparisons to identify the best protocols and products for their Propylparaben studies, enhancing reproducibility and accuracy.

Most cited protocols related to «Propylparaben»

1
Maternal Exposure and Fetal Biomarker Study
Cited 6 times
Study population. The Study of Advanced Reproductive Age and Environmental Health (SARAEH) recruited 97 women who were referred for amniocentesis screening at the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York, New York (USA). Recruitment occurred between 2005 and 2008. Study eligibility requirements were fluency in English or Spanish, maternal age between 18 and 40 years, singleton pregnancy, and intent to deliver at Mount Sinai Hospital. Women were approached for participation in the waiting area before their amniocentesis. Those who consented to participate in the study provided a spot urine sample immediately following their procedure. Two additional spot urine samples were collected from each participant later in their pregnancy, with collections planned at least 2 weeks apart, and the final sample collected after the 27th week of gestation. The present study comprises 71 participants who provided all three urine samples, including 69 for whom an amniotic fluid sample also was available. Following delivery, medical records were abstracted for information pertaining to fetal health.
This study was approved by the Mount Sinai Program for the Protection of Human Subjects, and all women gave informed consent to be part of the study. The involvement of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) laboratory was determined not to constitute engagement in human subjects research.
Exposure assessment. Following collection, amniotic fluid was delivered to the Mount Sinai Medical Center clinical cytogenetics laboratory for standard clinical care processing, which includes centrifugation and cell separation. Before being released for research purposes, amniotic fluid supernatant was stored in polypropylene containers at –20°C (time range, 0–38 weeks). Once the samples were released, SARAEH research personnel thawed the amniotic fluid overnight at 4°C, and then aliquoted the supernatant into 2-mL cryovials for storage at –80°C. Urine and amniotic fluid samples were shipped overnight on dry ice to the CDC for measurements of total (free plus conjugated) concentrations of 2,4- and 2,5-dichlorophenols, bisphenol A, benzophenone-3, triclosan, and methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and butylparabens by using online solid phase extraction–high performance liquid chromatography–isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry (Ye et al. 2005 (link)). Specific gravity of urine was measured using a handheld refractometer in each thawed aliquot before shipment to the CDC, except for 11 urine samples that had specific gravity measured using an Atago PAL-10S refractometer (Atago, Bellevue, WA, USA) at the CDC. Urinary creatinine concentration was measured at CDC by an enzymatic reaction using a Roche Hitachi 912 chemistry analyzer (Hitachi, Pleasanton, CA, USA).
Statistical analyses. Analyses were conducted on natural-log (ln)–transformed concentrations. Amniotic fluid concentrations below the limit of detection (LOD) were replaced with the instrument reading values for phenols detected in at least 50% of the samples. Instrument reading values were not available for urine assays; therefore, urine phenol concentrations below the LOD were replaced with the LOD/√–2. The following formula was used to correct urinary concentrations for specific gravity: CSG = C × [(SGmean – 1)/(SG – 1)], where CSG is the specific gravity–corrected biomarker concentration, SGmean is the specific gravity arithmetic mean in our population, and C is the measured biomarker concentration. Creatinine-corrected concentrations (micrograms per gram) were calculated by dividing the phenol concentrations (micrograms per liter) by the creatinine concentration (milligrams per deciliter) and multiplying by 100.
Relation between maternal urine and amniotic fluid biomarker concentrations. We compared amniotic fluid and urinary biomarker concentrations collected on the same day, and computed ratios of uncorrected urine to amniotic fluid concentrations. For benzophenone-3 and propylparaben, the two phenols detected in > 50% of the amniotic fluid samples, we computed Spearman correlation coefficients comparing concentrations in amniotic fluid and urinary samples (uncorrected and specific gravity corrected) collected on the same day. To explore the possible predictors of benzophenone-3 and propylparaben concentrations in amniotic fluid, we performed Tobit regression models for a left-censored dependent variable (Lubin et al. 2004 (link)). We regressed amniotic fluid biomarker concentrations on maternal urinary concentrations in samples collected on the same day, fetal sex, gestational age at amniocentesis (< 17, 17–18.9, ≥ 19 gestational weeks), maternal age (< 31, 31–35.9, ≥ 36 years), maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI; < 25 or ≥ 25 kg/m2), race/ethnicity (white non-Hispanic or other), pregnancy complications related to placental function (including preeclampsia, placenta previa, small placenta, oligohydroamnios, and chorioamnionitis), and the time between amniotic fluid collection and processing (≤ 4, 4 to 16, 16–20, or > 20 weeks). Models were simultaneously adjusted for all of these factors. We also performed sensitivity analyses excluding four women with abnormal amniotic fluid conditions (oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios).
Variability in urinary concentrations. We evaluated variability in measures of dilution in spot urine samples across pregnancy by plotting urinary creatinine concentrations and urine specific gravity as a function of gestational age. To assess variability in phenol concentrations across pregnancy, we computed intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) between concentrations measured in the three spot urine samples using random intercept linear mixed models (Rabe-Hesketh 2008 ). The ICC is the ratio of the between-women variability to the total variability (between- plus within-woman variability). We also computed Spearman correlations between pairs of phenol concentrations measured in the three spot urine samples from each woman. We classified the comparability of samples based on ICCs and Spearman correlation coefficients according to the following general guidelines: < 0.4, weak; 0.4–0.6, moderate; > 0.6, good. We performed analyses of urinary concentration variability using uncorrected, specific gravity–corrected, and creatinine-corrected concentrations. Creatinine concentrations were missing for 11 of the first spot urine samples. Thus, analyses based on creatinine-corrected concentrations were restricted to 60 women with complete creatinine and environmental phenol biomarker data.
In a secondary analysis, we computed Spearman correlations among pairs of urine samples collected within specific time intervals: < 4 weeks apart, 4–6 weeks apart, 6–10 weeks apart, 10–12 weeks apart, 12–14 weeks apart, 14–16 weeks apart, and > 16 weeks apart. Samples were not independent within a given category because multiple samples from an individual woman could be included in a single category if they were collected at equally spaced intervals.
Finally, we estimated associations between urinary phenol biomarker concentrations and collection conditions (gestational age at collection; hour, day, and season of sampling; urine specific gravity) using a random intercept linear mixed model simultaneously adjusted for each collection condition along with BMI, maternal age, year of collection, maternal education, and maternal race/ethnicity (modeled as indicated previously) (Mortamais et al. 2012 (link)). We used the measured urinary biomarker concentrations and the estimated effects of collection conditions on the measured urine concentrations (for conditions that predicted urine concentrations with p < 0. 2) to derive standardized concentrations—concentrations that would have been observed if all samples had been collected under the same conditions (Mortamais et al. 2012 (link)). We estimated ICCs based on concentrations standardized for collection conditions to determine whether standardization improved reliability across repeated spot urine samples.
All analyses were performed using STATA/SE, version 12 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).
Philippat C., Wolff M.S., Calafat A.M., Ye X., Bausell R., Meadows M., Stone J., Slama R, & Engel S.M. (2013). Prenatal Exposure to Environmental Phenols: Concentrations in Amniotic Fluid and Variability in Urinary Concentrations during Pregnancy. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(10), 1225-1231.
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Publication 2013
2
Racial Disparities in EDCs and Women's Health
Cited 5 times
To conduct a literature review of racial/ethnic disparities in environmental chemicals and the effects on women’s health outcomes in the U.S., we searched all English articles in PubMed and EMBASE from the inception of all databases to Jan 15, 2016. We pre-specified four major EDCs (phthalates, BPA, parabens and PBDEs) and specific women’s reproductive health outcomes (i.e. puberty, fibroids, pregnancy, and pregnancy complications). In article searching for chemical exposures from Pubmed, we combined the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and key words as follows: “phthalic acids,” “bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate,” “parabens,” or “halogenated diphenyl ethers,” as MeSH terms, and phthalic acid, phthalate, bisphenol A, methylparaben, butylparaben, propylparaben, polybrominated diphenyl ether, and organobromine compound as specific key words in texts.
For women’s health outcomes, the MeSH terms included “puberty,” “puberty, delayed,” “puberty, precocious,” “pregnancy,” “infertility, female,” “ovarian reserve,” “ovarian follicle,” “pregnancy complications,” “premature birth,” and “leiomyoma,” key words included menarche, thelarche, breast development, antral follicle count, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and preterm.
Similarly, in our EMBASE search for chemical exposure, we combined Emtree terms and key words as follows: “phthalic acid derivative,” “phthalate,” “4,4 isopropylidenediphenol,” “4 hydroxybenzoic acid ester,” “propyl paraben,” “methyl paraben,” “ethyl paraben,” “butyl paraben,” “benzyl paraben,” and “polybrominated diphenyl ether” searched as Emtree terms; phthalate, BPA, paraben, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and PBDE as key words in text.
For women’s health outcomes, we used all the Emtree terms including “puberty,” “delayed puberty,” “precocious puberty,” “adrenarche,” “breast development,” “pregnancy diabetes mellitus,” “preeclampsia,” “premature labor,” “pregnancy complication,” “pregnancy rate,” “uterus myoma,” and “leiomyoma. After excluding in vitro studies, animal studies, studies conducted outside of the U.S., as well as studies that did not assess the outcomes of interests, the searching strategies yielded a total of 612 articles in Pubmed and EMBASE.
We reviewed these articles and identified 46 discrete studies examining the association between environmental EDCs and women’s reproductive health outcomes among women living in the U.S. We also documented whether race-specific measures of association were reported in the main findings.
James-Todd T.M., Chiu Y.H, & Zota A.R. (2016). Racial/ethnic disparities in environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals and women’s reproductive health outcomes: epidemiological examples across the life course. Current epidemiology reports, 3(2), 161-180.
Publication 2016
4-hydroxybenzoic acid Adrenarche Animals benzylparaben bisphenol A Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate Breast Brominated Diphenyl Ethers butylparaben Delayed Puberty Esters ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate Females Gestational Diabetes Graafian Follicle Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers Menarche methylparaben Ovarian Follicle Ovarian Reserve Parabens phthalate phthalic acid Phthalic Acids Pre-Eclampsia Precocious Puberty Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications Pregnancy in Diabetics Premature Birth Premature Obstetric Labor propylparaben Puberty Sterility, Reproductive Uterine Fibroids Woman
3
Cutaneous Distribution of Chemicals in Diverse Solvents
Cited 3 times
There were 56 chemicals tested in these studies, of which 49 were applied in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and six were tested in 100% ethanol (2‐acetyl aminofluorene, 4‐bromophenyl isocyanate, naphthalene, testosterone, tetramethyl thiuram disulfide and triclosan) and one was tested in acetone (benzyl bromide). Four chemicals were tested in PBS or in 100% ethanol: benzophenone, geraniol, hydrocortisone and propylparaben, i.e., two sets of experiments per chemical testing the effect of solvent on their cutaneous distribution. In addition, propylparaben was tested in two separate experiments to explore intralaboratory reproducibility.
The target solvent for the penetration studies was PBS because we wanted to avoid solvents, e.g., ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide, which may alter the lipid structure in the skin and thus the penetration characteristics. In addition, the majority of currently available in silico models have been trained on skin penetration data generated using aqueous vehicle and either lack the capability to include non‐aqueous vehicles (with exceptions: Gregoire et al., 2009; Riviere & Brooks, 2007) or have not been fully evaluated for this purpose due to a lack of data (Dancik, Miller, Jaworska, & Kasting, 2013; Selzer et al., 2013) and therefore require the solvent to be aqueous. The solvent used for each chemical is listed in column O of Table S3 (see Supporting Information). PBS was considered a suitable solvent because it is aqueous and has a buffering capacity to maintain the pH of the dosing solution near to neutral (6.0‐7.5). PBS with a phosphate concentration of 0.01 m, pH 7.4 was used for 31 chemicals. When the chemical caused the pH of the application solution to deviate outside the range pH 6‐7, a higher phosphate concentration of 0.1 m was used (13 chemicals). The exception to this was dimethyl fumarate, which was more stable when the pH was adjusted to pH 5. Some chemicals are prone to oxidation in aqueous solutions; therefore, in these cases, antioxidants (3% ascorbic acid and 0.4% sodium sulfite) were added (four chemicals with 0.01 m PBS and two chemicals with 0.1 m PBS). Six chemicals (2‐acetyl aminofluorene [2‐AAF], 4‐bromophenyl isocyanate [4‐BPI], naphthalene, testosterone, triclosan and tetramethyl thiuram disulfide) were not sufficiently soluble in water to be able to reach the required level of radioactivity and were therefore dissolved in 100% ethanol. One chemical (benzyl bromide) was dissolved in 100% acetone, as it was not chemically stable in PBS or ethanol.
Hewitt N.J., Grégoire S., Cubberley R., Duplan H., Eilstein J., Ellison C., Lester C., Fabian E., Fernandez J., Géniès C., Jacques‐Jamin C., Klaric M., Rothe H., Sorrell I., Lange D, & Schepky A. (2019). Measurement of the penetration of 56 cosmetic relevant chemicals into and through human skin using a standardized protocol. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 40(3), 403-415.
Publication 2019
2-Acetylaminofluorene Acetone Antioxidants Ascorbic Acid benzophenone benzyl bromide Dimethyl Fumarate Ethanol geraniol Hydrocortisone Isocyanates Lipids naphthalene Phosphates propylparaben Radioactivity Saline Solution Skin sodium sulfite Solvents Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Testosterone Thiram Triclosan
4
Evaluating EDCs-Induced Apoptosis Pathways
Cited 3 times
Chemicals and reagents: Minimum essential Medium (MEM), Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium, Fœtal Bovine Serum (FBS), 2 mM glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 µg/mL streptomycin, trypsin-EDTA 0.05% and Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) were provided by Gibco (Paisley, UK) and cell culture plastics such as flasks and microplates by Corning (Schiphol-Rijk, The Netherlands). Cell EventTM Caspase-3/7 green ReadyProbesTM, YO-PRO-1®, JC-1 and Hoechst 33342 probes were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) and Caspase-Glo® 8 Assay and Caspase-Glo® 9 Assay from Promega (Madison, WI, USA).
All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Quentin Fallavier, France). Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was dissolved in culture medium. Benzyl butyl phthalate and propylparaben were dissolved in absolute ethanol. Bisphenol A, diethylstilbestrol, 4-tert-amylphenol, 4-heptylphenol, triclosan and 3-benzylidene camphor were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxyde (DMSO). Stock solutions were stored at –20 °C and work solutions were obtained after a 1/1 000 dilution in culture medium. The final concentration of absolute ethanol and DMSO on cells was less than or equal to 0.1%.
Cells culture: Human placental JEG-3 cell line (ATCC HTB-36), human lung A549 cell line (ATCC CCL-185) and human keratinocytes HaCaT cell line (Cell lines service-CLS-Germany) were cultured under standard conditions (37 °C, saturated humidity and 5% CO2), in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) for JEG-3 cells and Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) for HaCaT and A549 cells, supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% L-glutamine, 0.5% penicillin and streptomycin in 75 cm2 polystyrene flasks. Confluent cells were detached by trypsin-EDTA incubation. Cells were seeded into 96-well culture microplates at a density of 80,000 cells/mL (200µL/wells for JEG-3 and HaCaT, 100µL/wells for A549) for analysis. Cultures were kept at 37 °C for 24 h.
Cell incubation: To study the P2X7 receptor and its relationship between apoptosis, the cells were preincubated with either PBS or P2X7 antagonist Brilliant Blue G (BBG) at 25 µM for 15 min [34 (link)]. After removal of PBS and BBG, the cells were incubated for 72 h with bisphenol A (5, 10 and 20 µM), diethylstilbestrol (3.75, 7.5 and 15 µM), 4-tert-amylphenol (1, 10 and 50 µM), 4-heptylphenol (1, 10 and 50 µM), triclosan (0.1, 1 and 10 µM), propylparaben (20, 50 and 100 µM), benzyl butyl phthalate (1, 10 and 50 µM), DEHP (1, 10 and 50 µM) and 3-benzylidene camphor (1, 10 and 50 µM) in MEM with 2.5% FBS according to Olivier et al.’s protocol that describes the JEG-Tox model [35 (link)] or DMEM with 2.5% FBS for the HaCaT and A549. Concentrations tested in placental cells were selected according to the literature and the same concentrations were used to study the lung and skin cells [6 (link),7 (link),9 (link),32 (link),36 (link),37 (link)].
Cell viability: Neutral Red assay. The Neutral Red solution at 0.4% (m/v in water) was diluted in cell culture medium to obtain a working concentration of 50 µg/mL. Neutral Red working solution was distributed in the plates for a 3 h incubation time at 37 °C. The cells were then rinsed with PBS and lysed with a solution of ethanol–water–acetic acid (50.6/48.4/1, v/v/v). After homogenization, the fluorescence signal was scanned (λex = 540 nm, λem = 600 nm) using a Spark® microplate reader (Tecan, Männedorf, Switzerland).
Cell death P2X7 receptor activation: YO-PRO-1® assay. P2X7 cell death receptor activation was evaluated using the YO-PRO-1® assay [38 (link)]. The YO-PRO-1® probe only enters into cells after pore opening induced by P2X7 receptor activation and binds to DNA, emitting fluorescence. A 1 mM YO-PRO-1 stock solution was diluted at 1/500 in PBS just before being used and distributed in the wells of the microplate. After a 10 min incubation time at room temperature, the fluorescence signal was read (λex = 485 nm, λem = 531 nm) using the Spark® microplate reader.
Caspase-8, -9 activity: Caspase-Glo® Assays. Caspase-8 and -9 activities were evaluated using the Caspase-Glo® 8 and 9 assay kits, respectively. The assay was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Luminescence was quantified using a Spark® microplate reader.
Caspase 3 activity: CellEventTM Caspase-3/7 Green Detection Reagent. Caspase-3 activity was evaluated using the CellEventTM Caspase3/7 Green Detection Reagent. Cell EventTM Caspase-3/7 Green Detection reagent was diluted in PBS with 2.5% FBS to a final concentration of 8µM. The cells were incubated with the reagent for 30 min and then rinsed with PBS. The cells were observed under fluorescence microscopy and pictures were captured under the same acquisition parameters by Evos FL fluorescence microscope (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
Mitochondrial membrane potential: To determine mitochondrial potential we used the membrane potential-sensitive probe JC-1, which forms J-aggregates (with red color) at higher potential and JC-1 monomers (with green color) at low membrane potential, and the ratio between the red and green signals is a measure of mitochondrial potential. The dye at 6.5µg/mL of PBS was added to living adherent cells. The microplate was incubated at 37 °C for 15 min and then read at λex = 485 nm and λem = 600 nm for the red fluorescence and λex = 485 nm and λem = 520 nm for the green fluorescence. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP, Sigma-Aldrich) was used as a positive control for mitochondrial depolarization.
Chromatin condensation: Hoechst 33342 assay. Chromatin condensation was evaluated using the Hoechst 33342 assay. The Hoechst 33342 fluorescent probe enters and intercalates into DNA in living and apoptotic cells. The fluorescent signal is proportional to chromatin condensation. A 0.5µg/mL Hoechst 33342 solution was distributed in the wells of the microplate. The fluorescence signal was read after a 30 min incubation time at room temperature (λex = 350 nm, λem = 450 nm) using a Spark® microplate reader.
Results exploitation and statistical analysis: Results are expressed in percentage or fold change compared with control cells and presented as means of at least three independent experiments ± standard errors of the mean. Statistical analysis was performed using Prism software (version 8, GraphPad software, La Jolla, CA, USA). The normal distribution of the data was confirmed by D’Agostino–Pearson test. Then, a one-way analysis of variance for repeated measures followed by a Dunnett’s test with risk α set at 5% was performed to compare EDCs incubation with control (p-value expressed as follows: *) and a t-test was used to compare results in the presence of BBG with results in its absence (p-value expressed as follows: #).
Fouyet S., Olivier E., Leproux P., Dutot M, & Rat P. (2022). Pregnant Women and Endocrine Disruptors: Role of P2X7 Receptor and Mitochondrial Alterations in Placental Cell Disorders. Cells, 11(3), 495.
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Publication 2022
5
Vaginally-Formulated UC781 Gel Preparation
Cited 2 times
Two concentrations of UC781 (0.1% or 0.25% w/w), Carbomer 974P, methylcellulose, glycerin, purified water and common preservatives (methlyparaben and propylparaben), adjusted to pH 5.2, were prepared in vaginally-formulated, aqueous gel formulations. The single dose, prefilled vaginal applicators (the same type of applicators as used in UC781 vaginal microbicide trials) were packaged, overwrapped and shipped directly to the study site pharmacy. Each applicator contained either a dose of 3.5 mg in 3.5 ml (1000 µg/ml) for the 0.1% gel, a dose of 8.75 mg in 3.5 ml (2500 µg/ml) for the 0.25% gel, or 3.5 g in 3.5 ml of aqueous HEC (hydroxyethyl cellulose) gel, adjusted to pH 4.4, as the placebo gel [53] .
Anton P.A., Saunders T., Elliott J., Khanukhova E., Dennis R., Adler A., Cortina G., Tanner K., Boscardin J., Cumberland W.G., Zhou Y., Ventuneac A., Carballo-Diéguez A., Rabe L., McCormick T., Gabelnick H., Mauck C, & McGowan I. (2011). First Phase 1 Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Rectal Microbicide Trial Using UC781 Gel with a Novel Index of Ex Vivo Efficacy. PLoS ONE, 6(9), e23243.
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Publication 2011
carbomer Glycerin hydroxyethylcellulose Methylcellulose Microbicides Pharmaceutical Preservatives Placebos propylparaben UC-781 Vagina

Most recents protocols related to «Propylparaben»

1
Carbopol-Based Topical Formulation
Carbopol 934, methylparaben, and propylparaben of analytical grade and sodium hydroxide pellets were purchased from Adwic Co. (Cairo, Egypt). Propylene glycol, Jasmine oil, and absolute ethanol were purchased from Agitech Co. (Cairo, Egypt).
Hashem M.M., Attia D., Hashem Y.A., Hendy M.S., AbdelBasset S., Adel F, & Salama M.M. (2024). Rosemary and neem: an insight into their combined anti-dandruff and anti-hair loss efficacy. Scientific Reports, 14, 7780.
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Publication 2024
2
Melatonin-Rosuvastatin Transdermal Formulation
Melatonin was purchased from Vana Darou Gostar Pharmaceutical Company (Tehran, Iran) and rosuvastatin was purchased from Jalinous Pharmaceutical Company (Tehran, Iran). Stearic acid, cetyl alcohol, mineral oil, glycerin, triethanolamine, methylparaben, and propylparaben were gifted kindly from Haiyan Company (Zhejiang, China).
Mohammadi F., Harofteh F.Z., Sahebnasagh A., Ghaneei N., Ardakani M.E, & Saghafi F. (2024). Efficacy and safety of topical rosuvastatin & melatonin vs. placebo in patients with mild to moderate plaque psoriasis: A preliminary randomized double‐blinded clinical trial. Skin Research and Technology, 30(4), e13689.
Publication 2024
3
In Situ Gel Formulation Method
Not available on PMC !
The pH-triggered ionic gelation method was employed to prepare in situ gel. The required quantities of sodium alginate, gellan gum, calcium carbonate, trisodium citrate and propylparaben are weighed accurately, along with measured amounts of Tween 80 and liquid paraffin. Various concentrations of gelling polymer (sodium alginate and gellan gum) were dissolved in deionised water with a weighed amount of trisodium citrate on a magnetic stirrer at 70 °C. After this above solution had cooled to 40 °C, calcium carbonate was added. In another beaker, quantities of Tween 80 and liquid paraffin were added and kept for stirring in a magnetic stirrer. Water was then added drop by drop to form a uniform emulsion, followed by adding the extract solution with continuous stirring. Then, the polymeric solution was added to this drug solution, followed by a preservative, i.e. propylparaben. Finally, the volume was adjusted with deionised water, and the resultant solution was stirred well [15, (link)16] (link).
Vijayashree R., Priya S., Jyothi D., & James J.P. (2024). FORMULATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF GASTRORETENTIVE IN SITU GEL LOADED WITH GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA L. EXTRACT FOR GASTRIC ULCER. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics.
Publication 2024
4
Topical Skin Care Formulation
Not available on PMC !
The materials used in this research include Kelakai root extract, Tween 80 (Eralika-Indonesia), polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 (Eralika-Indonesia), propylene glycol, methylparaben (Eralika-Indonesia), propylparaben (Eralika-Indonesia), Natrium carboxyl methylcellulose (Na-CMC) (Eralika-Indonesia), and virgin coconut oil (VCO) (Eralika-Indonesia). All reagents and solvents used were of analytical grade.
Forestryana D., Ramadhan H., & Maulida P. (2024). The photoprotective effectiveness of microemulsion gel made from an ethanol extract of kelakai root (Stenochlaena palustris (Brum. f) bedd.). Pharmacy Education, 24(6), 134-143.
Publication 2024
5
In Situ Raft Formulation Development
Not available on PMC !
The literature survey was carried out to identify various polymers to prepare formulation. From the survey, it was found that gelling polymer SA is one of the key components to prepare in situ raft system. Sodium bicarbonate was used as a gas-generating agent. Sodium ethylparaben and sodium propylparaben were used as a preservative [10] .
BHOSALE M.M., & SHIROTE P.J. (2024). DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF RAFT-FORMING FORMULATION OF H2BLOCKERS. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research.
Publication 2024

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Propylparaben by Merck Group
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Propylparaben is a preservative used in various laboratory products to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. It is a colorless, crystalline solid with a mild odor. Propylparaben is commonly used in the formulation of buffers, reagents, and other laboratory solutions to ensure their stability and prevent contamination.
2
Methylparaben by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States, United Kingdom, China
Methylparaben is a preservative commonly used in various laboratory and pharmaceutical products. It functions as an antimicrobial agent, helping to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and yeast in formulations. Methylparaben is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol.
3
Ethanol by Merck Group
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Ethanol is a clear, colorless liquid chemical compound commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a key component in various scientific applications, serving as a solvent, disinfectant, and fuel source. Ethanol has a molecular formula of C2H6O and a range of industrial and research uses.
4
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group
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Ethylparaben by Merck Group
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Ethylparaben is a preservative used in various laboratory and pharmaceutical products. It is a white crystalline solid that helps prevent the growth of microorganisms, thereby extending the shelf life of the products it is used in. As a laboratory equipment product, Ethylparaben serves as an important component in maintaining the integrity and stability of various solutions, samples, and reagents.
6
Butylparaben by Merck Group
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Butylparaben is a preservative commonly used in personal care and pharmaceutical products. It functions as an antimicrobial agent, helping to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and mold. Butylparaben is a synthetic chemical compound that is colorless and odorless.
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Tween 80 by Merck Group
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Tween 80 is a non-ionic surfactant and emulsifier. It is a viscous, yellow liquid that is commonly used in laboratory settings to solubilize and stabilize various compounds and formulations.
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Sodium hydroxide (naoh) by Merck Group
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Sodium hydroxide is a chemical compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and is a strong base. It is commonly used in various laboratory applications as a reagent.
9
Triethanolamine by Merck Group
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Triethanolamine is a clear, viscous liquid chemical compound. It is a primary function is to serve as a pH adjuster and emulsifier in various laboratory applications.
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Acetonitrile by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States, Italy, India, China, United Kingdom, France, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, Brazil, Sao Tome and Principe, Ireland, Belgium, Macao, Japan, Singapore, Mexico, Austria, Czechia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Egypt, Denmark, Chile, Malaysia, Israel, Croatia, Portugal, New Zealand, Romania, Norway, Sweden, Indonesia
Acetonitrile is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid. It is a commonly used solvent in various analytical and chemical applications, including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and other laboratory procedures. Acetonitrile is known for its high polarity and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds.

More about "Propylparaben"

Propylparaben is a widely used preservative and antimicrobial agent in a variety of cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and personal care products.
It helps prevent microbial growth and extend the shelf life of these products.
Propylparaben is a derivative of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and is generally considered safe for use in low concentrations.
Researchers investigating Propylparaben can leverage PubCompare.ai to discover relevant protocols from the scientific literature, preprints, and patents.
The AI-driven comparison capabilities of PubCompare.ai can help identify the optimal protocols and products for their Propylparaben studies, enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of their research.
When studying Propylparaben, researchers may also encounter related terms and compounds, such as Methylparaben, Ethanol, DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide), Ethylparaben, Butylparaben, Tween 80, Sodium hydroxide, and Triethanolamine.
These substances may be used in formulations or serve as solvents, co-solvents, or adjuvants in Propylparaben-related experiments.
By leveraging the insights and capabilities provided by PubCompare.ai, researchers can streamline their Propylparaben research, leading to more efficient and reliable results.
The AI-powered platform helps navigate the vast amount of scientific information, enabling researchers to make informed decisions and enhance the overall quality of their Propylparaben studies.
One typo: 'Reserchers' should be 'Researchers'.