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Quinolones

Quinolones are a class of synthetic antimicrobial agents with a broad spectrum of activity.
They work by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes essential for bacterial DNA replication and transcription.
Quinolones are commonly used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory, urinary tract, and gastrointestinal infections.
Key subclasses include fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.
Researchers continually investigate new quinolone compounds and optimized dosing strategies to enhance efficacy and overcome emerging resistance.
Discoveing the most effective quinolon therapies is critical for improving patient outcomes.

Most cited protocols related to «Quinolones»

1
Phylogenetic and Drug Resistance Markers for MTBC
Cited 15 times
We used known phylogenetic markers and drug resistance associated mutations of MTBC to validate and benchmark KvarQ when scanning genome sequences of clinical MTBC strains. Phylogenetically informative SNPs were selected from previous publications
[40 (link), 42 (link)]. For each of the seven main phylogenetic lineages of human-associated MTBC, plus the Mycobacterium bovis/M. caprae lineage, we included three redundant canonical SNPs as markers for the corresponding lineage. Previously published SNPs were complemented with SNPs obtained as described before
[40 (link)] for cases where less than three SNPs per phylogenetic clade were available. The extraction of these additional SNPs was based on 172 genomes described by
[41 (link)]. For Lineage 2, we additionally included known polymorphisms to discriminate the so-called “Beijing” lineage from non-Beijing Lineage 2 strains. An overview of the phylogenetically informative SNPs included in KvarQ is shown in Additional file
1. We included drug resistance-mutations obtained from the Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Database (TBDReaMDB)
[46 (link)], and additionally compensatory mutations from
[47 (link)]. High-confidence mutations for the most important anti-tuberculosis drugs were selected (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, streptomycin, fluoroquinolones and second-line injectable drugs). Pyrazinamide-resistance conferring mutations were excluded. Mutations in TBDReamDB are listed as codon changes, therefore we generated the corresponding nucleotide changes for inclusion in KvarQ. For rifampicin- and fluoroquinolone-resistance conferring mutations, we included the rifampicin-resistance determining region (RRDR)
[34 (link)] and the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR)
[48 (link)], respectively, rather than specific positions. The codon 315 of katG was also treated as a region of three base pairs. All included mutations and regions associated with drug resistance mutations are listed in Additional file
1. All genomic positions given in this study refer to the genome of the strain H37Rv (NC000962.3/AL123456.3)
[44 (link), 49 (link), 50 (link)].
Steiner A., Stucki D., Coscolla M., Borrell S, & Gagneux S. (2014). KvarQ: targeted and direct variant calling from fastq reads of bacterial genomes. BMC Genomics, 15(1), 881.
Publication 2014
Antitubercular Agents Codon Ethambutol Fluoroquinolones Genetic Polymorphism Genome Homo sapiens Isoniazid Mutation Mycobacterium bovis Nucleotides Pharmaceutical Preparations Pyrazinamide Quinolones Resistance, Drug Rifampin Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Strains Streptomycin Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant
2
Mycobacterium Drug Susceptibility Testing
Cited 11 times
Mycobacterium identification and testing of the drug susceptibility of these strains to four first-line anti-TB drugs (isonazid, rifampin, ethambutol and streptomycin) and two second-line anti-TB drugs (kanamycin and ofloxacin) were performed as recommended by WHO/IUATLD [33] . The concentrations of drugs in media were as following: isonazid 0.2 µg/mL, rifampin 40 µg/mL, ethambutol 2 µg/mL, streptomycin 4 µg/mL, kanamycin 30 µg/mL and ofloxacin 2 µg/mL. Strains resistance to isoniazid and rifampin were defined as MDR-TB. The strains was declared resistant to the specific drug when the growth rate was >1% compared to the control. In addition, XDR-TB was defined as isolates resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid, as well as any member of the quinolone family and at least one of the following second-line anti-TB injectable drugs. Media supplied separately with paranitrobenzoic acid (500 mg/mL) and thiophen-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide (5 mg/mL) was used to perform Mycobacterium species identification. All the drugs were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Pang Y., Zhou Y., Zhao B., Liu G., Jiang G., Xia H., Song Y., Shang Y., Wang S, & Zhao Y.L. (2012). Spoligotyping and Drug Resistance Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains from National Survey in China. PLoS ONE, 7(3), e32976.
Publication 2012
Acids Ethambutol Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Family Member Isoniazid Kanamycin Mycobacterium Ofloxacin Pharmaceutical Preparations Quinolones Rifampin Strains Streptomycin Susceptibility, Disease thiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide
3
Enteric Fever Study in Nepal
Cited 9 times
The study physicians enrolled patients who presented to the outpatient or emergency department of Patan Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal from May 2, 2006, to August 30, 2008. Patients with fever for more than 3 days who were clinically diagnosed to have enteric fever (undifferentiated fever with no clear focus of infection on preliminary physical exam and laboratory tests) whose residence was in a predesignated area of about 20 km2 in urban Lalitpur and who gave fully informed written consent were eligible for the study. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy or lactation, age under 2 years or weight less than 10 kg, shock, jaundice, gastrointestinal bleeding, or any other signs of severe typhoid fever, previous history of hypersensitivity to either of the trial drugs, or known previous treatment with chloramphenicol, quinolone antibiotic, third generation cephalosporin, or macrolide within 1 week of hospital admission. Patients who had received amoxicillin or co-trimoxazole were included as long as they did not show evidence of clinical response. Ethical approval was granted by both Nepal Health Research Council and Oxford Tropical Research Ethics Committee.
Arjyal A., Basnyat B., Koirala S., Karkey A., Dongol S., Agrawaal K.K., Shakya N., Shrestha K., Sharma M., Lama S., Shrestha K., Khatri N.S., Shrestha U., Campbell J.I., Baker S., Farrar J., Wolbers M, & Dolecek C. (2011). Gatifloxacin versus chloramphenicol for uncomplicated enteric fever: an open-label, randomised, controlled trial. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases, 11(6), 445-454.
Publication 2011
Amoxicillin Antibiotics Breast Feeding Cephalosporins Chloramphenicol Emergencies Ethics Committees, Research Fever Focal Infection Hypersensitivity Icterus Macrolides Outpatients Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physical Examination Physicians Pregnancy Quinolones Shock Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination Typhoid Fever
4
Antibiotic Susceptibility of E. coli
Cited 7 times
The antibiotic susceptibility test was done using the disk diffusion method of Bauer et al. [15 (link)] after the confirmation of the isolates by PCR. The test was done to determine the antibiotic resistance of E. coli against the following antibiotics (classes); Ceftriaxone (Cro) 30 µg (Cephalosporins), Chloramphenicol (C) 30 µg (Chloramphenicol), Gentamicin (Gm) 10 µg (Aminoglycosides), Suphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Sxt) 22 µg (Sulfonamides), Ciprofloxacin (Cip) 5 µg (Quinolones), Tetracycline (Te) 30 µg (Tetracyclines), Imipenem (Imi) 10 µg (Carbapenem), Amoxycillin (A) 30 μg (Penicillins), Azithromycin (Azm) 15 µg (Macrolides), and Teicoplanin (Tec) 30 µg (Glycopeptides). Purified cultures of E. coli were grown in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) (Oxoid Limited, Basingstoke, UK) at 37 °C overnight and the concentration was adjusted to 0.5 MacFarland turbidity. It was then spread plated on Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) (Oxoid Limited, Basingstoke, UK), and the antibiotic disks were placed on the surface of the inoculated plate at a distance to avoid the overlapping of inhibition zones. Plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h, and the results were interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute [16 ]. The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index was calculated and interpreted as a/b, where “a” represents the number of antibiotics to which the isolate was resistant, and “b” represents the number of antibiotics to which the isolate was exposed [17 (link)].
Adzitey F., Yussif S., Ayamga R., Zuberu S., Addy F., Adu-Bonsu G., Huda N, & Kobun R. (2022). Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli Recovered from Milk and Related Samples. Microorganisms, 10(7), 1335.
Publication 2022
Agar Aminoglycosides Amoxicillin Antibiotic Resistance, Microbial Antibiotics Antibiotics, Antitubercular Azithromycin Carbapenems Ceftriaxone Cephalosporins Chloramphenicol Ciprofloxacin Diffusion Escherichia coli Gentamicin Glycopeptides Imipenem Macrolides Penicillins Psychological Inhibition Quinolones Sulfonamides Susceptibility, Disease Teicoplanin Tetracycline Tetracyclines Trimethoprim tryptic soy broth
5
Genomic Surveillance of S. Typhi
Cited 7 times
Reads from 4632 S Typhi genomes (details in Supplementary Table S3 and Supplementary Methods) were mapped to the reference sequence of S Typhi CT18 (GenBank accession number AL513382) with RedDog (vbeta0.11; available at https://github.com/katholt/RedDog). Sequences were assigned to genotypes, and quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) and acrB mutations associated with AMR were detected, using GenoTyphi (v1.9.1; available at https://github.com/katholt/genotyphi), which is permanently archived by Zenodo [12 (link)]. Recombinant regions were removed from the whole-genome SNV alignment using Gubbins (v2.4.1; available at https://github.com/sanger-pathogens/gubbins) and a maximum-likelihood phylogeny inferred with RAxML (v8.2.9; available at https://github.com/stamatak/standard-RAxML). An interactive annotated phylogeny is available at https://microreact.org/project/vBoskUuenEVmfVzrcAMx8R. Further details are provided in Supplementary Methods.
Dyson Z.A, & Holt K.E. (2021). Five Years of GenoTyphi: Updates to the Global Salmonella Typhi Genotyping Framework. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 224(Suppl 7), S775-S780.
Publication 2021
Genome Genotype Mutation Pathogenicity Quinolones

Most recents protocols related to «Quinolones»

1
Synthesis of Quinolone-based Urea Derivative
Not available on PMC !

Example 24

[Figure (not displayed)]

To a solution of 2-(piperidin-4-ylmethyl)quinolone (171 mg, 0.76 mmol) was dissolved in THF (10 mL) was added 4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl isocyanate (142 mg, 0.95 mmol). The solution was allowed to stir overnight and the reaction was quenched by addition of 1 N HCl (5 mL). The reaction was neutralized by adding to sat. NaHCO3, the product was extracted with EtOAc, dried over NaSO4 and evaporated. The product was purified by flash chromatography on a column of 1:1 Hex:EtOAc to 100% EtOAc to provide the product as a clear oil that crystallized to a white solid (69 mg, 0.18 mmol, 24% yield). MP=103.9-108.8° C. (105.4° C.) 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.25 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.92 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.77-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.53 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.78 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (q, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 2.85 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.71 (t, J=12.6 Hz, 2H), 2.15-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.60 (d, 2H), 1.19 (qd, J=12.5, 3.5 Hz, 2H).

US11873288B2. Inhibitors for soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) (2024-01-16). The Regents of the University of California [US]. Inventors: Bruce Hammock [US], Sean Kodani [US].
Patent 2024
1H NMR Bicarbonate, Sodium Chromatography Isocyanates piperidine Quinolones Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
2
Synthesis of Quinolone Derivative
Not available on PMC !

Example 23

[Figure (not displayed)]

3-pyridinyl isocyanate (85 mg, mmol) was added to a solution of 3-(piperidin-4-ylmethyl)quinolone (150 mg, mmol) dissolved in THF (10 mL) and stirred overnight. The reaction was quenched with 1 N HCl (10 mL) and stirred for 5 minutes. The reaction was neutralized by addition of Na2CO3 and extracted three times with EtOAc. The product was run on a column of 9:1 DCM:MeOH yielding the product as an off-white solid (mg, mmol, %). MP=181.4-190.9° C. (188.2° C.) 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.78 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.67-8.59 (m, 2H), 8.12 (dd, J=4.6, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 7.99 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (ddd, J=8.4, 2.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (ddd, J=8.4, 6.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (ddd, J=8.1, 6.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J=8.0, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (d, J=13.6 Hz, 2H), 2.74 (dd, J=8.8, 4.6 Hz, 4H), 1.96-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.62 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 2H), 1.18 (qd, J=12.2, 3.9 Hz, 2H).

US11873288B2. Inhibitors for soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) (2024-01-16). The Regents of the University of California [US]. Inventors: Bruce Hammock [US], Sean Kodani [US].
Patent 2024
1H NMR Isocyanates piperidine Quinolones Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
3
Synthesis of 2-Fluorophenyl Quinolone Derivative
Not available on PMC !

Example 20

[Figure (not displayed)]

2-fluorophenyl isocyanate (85 mg, 0.62 mmol) was added to a solution of 3-(piperidin-4-ylmethyl)quinolone (151 mg, 0.67 mmol) dissolved in THF (10 mL) and stirred overnight. The reaction was quenched with 1 N HCl (10 mL) and stirred for 5 minutes. The reaction was neutralized by addition of Na2CO3 and extracted three times with EtOAc. The product was run on a column of 100% EtOAc yielding the product (93 mg, 0.26 mmol, 41%). MP=114.1-116.8° C. (114.8° C.) 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.80 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 8.15 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (dd, J=8.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (td, J=7.0, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (td, J=8.0, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.05 (m, 3H), 4.08 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 2H), 2.84-2.69 (m, 4H), 1.88 (dt, J=7.3, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 1.63 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 2H), 1.20 (qd, J=12.6, 11.9, 3.6 Hz, 2H).

US11873288B2. Inhibitors for soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) (2024-01-16). The Regents of the University of California [US]. Inventors: Bruce Hammock [US], Sean Kodani [US].
Patent 2024
1H NMR Isocyanates piperidine Quinolones Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
4
Synthesis of 4-Methoxyphenyl Quinolone Derivative
Not available on PMC !

Example 22

[Figure (not displayed)]

4-methoxyphenyl isocyanate (85 mg, 0.57 mmol) was added to a solution of 3-(piperidin-4-ylmethyl)quinolone (140 mg, 0.62 mmol) dissolved in THF (10 mL) and stirred overnight. The reaction was quenched with 1 N HCl (10 mL) and stirred for 5 minutes. The reaction was neutralized by addition of Na2CO3 and extracted three times with EtOAc. The product was run on a column of 100% EtOAc yielding the product (173 mg, 0.46 mmol, 81%). MP=150.2-151.8° C. (150.9° C.) 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.78 (s, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.00 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=8.2 Hz. 1H), 7.70 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.80 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 2.74-2.66 (m, 4H), 1.88-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.60 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 2H), 1.16 (q, J=11.9 Hz, 2H).

US11873288B2. Inhibitors for soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) (2024-01-16). The Regents of the University of California [US]. Inventors: Bruce Hammock [US], Sean Kodani [US].
Patent 2024
1H NMR Isocyanates piperidine Quinolones Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
5
Synthesis of 4-Fluorophenyl Quinolone Derivative
Not available on PMC !

Example 18

[Figure (not displayed)]

4-fluorophenyl isocyanate (73 mg, 0.53 mmol) was added to a solution of 3-(piperidin-4-ylmethyl)quinolone (Ahn et al. (2007) Biochemistry, 13:13019, 140 mg, 0.62 mmol) dissolved in THF (10 mL) and stirred overnight. The reaction was quenched with 1 N HCl (10 mL) and stirred for 5 minutes. The reaction was neutralized by addition of Na2CO3 and extracted three times with EtOAc. The product was run on a column of 100% EtOAc yielding the product (165 mg, 0.45 mmol, 86%). MP=160.9-164.3° C. (162.2° C.) 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.77 (s, 1H), 8.47 (s, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J=9.1, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (t, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 4.08 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 2H), 2.73-2.67 (m, 4H), 1.87-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.59 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 2H), 1.15 (q, J=12.3, 11.7 Hz, 2H).

US11873288B2. Inhibitors for soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) (2024-01-16). The Regents of the University of California [US]. Inventors: Bruce Hammock [US], Sean Kodani [US].
Patent 2024
1H NMR Isocyanates piperidine Quinolones Sulfoxide, Dimethyl

Top products related to «Quinolones»

1
Ciprofloxacin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Australia, Italy, Spain, Poland, Switzerland, India, Canada, Sao Tome and Principe, China, Ireland, Czechia, Japan, Macao, Israel, Belgium, Portugal
Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that belongs to the fluoroquinolone class of antimicrobial agents. It is used in the treatment of various bacterial infections. Ciprofloxacin functions by inhibiting the activity of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are essential enzymes for bacterial DNA replication and transcription.
2
Mueller hinton agar (mha) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States, Italy, Germany, France, India, Spain, China
Mueller-Hinton agar is a microbiological growth medium used for the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria. It is a standardized agar formulation that supports the growth of a wide range of bacteria and allows for the consistent evaluation of their susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents.
3
Etest by bioMérieux
Sourced in France, Sweden, United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Denmark, Italy, Australia, Spain, Switzerland, Japan
Etest is a quantitative antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) method developed by bioMérieux. It provides minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for specific antimicrobial agents. Etest utilizes a predefined antimicrobial gradient on a plastic strip to determine the MIC of a tested microorganism.
4
Vitek 2 system by bioMérieux
Sourced in France, United States, Germany, Italy, Macao, United Kingdom, Sweden, Belgium, India, Japan, Brazil
The Vitek 2 system is an automated microbiology platform designed for the rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of microorganisms. The system utilizes miniaturized biochemical testing to provide accurate results for a wide range of bacterial and yeast species.
5
Qiaamp dna mini kit by Qiagen
Sourced in Germany, United States, France, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Spain, Japan, China, Italy, Canada, Switzerland, Australia, Sweden, India, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark
The QIAamp DNA Mini Kit is a laboratory equipment product designed for the purification of genomic DNA from a variety of sample types. It utilizes a silica-membrane-based technology to efficiently capture and purify DNA, which can then be used for various downstream applications.
6
Nalidixic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Spain, Switzerland, New Zealand, India
Nalidixic acid is a synthetic organic compound used as a laboratory reagent. It functions as a bactericidal agent, specifically inhibiting the DNA gyrase enzyme in certain bacteria. Nalidixic acid is primarily used in research and development applications within the pharmaceutical and life sciences industries.
7
Levofloxacin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, China, Switzerland, Belgium, Australia
Levofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that belongs to the fluoroquinolone class of drugs. It is a synthetic antimicrobial agent that functions by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, thereby interfering with bacterial DNA replication and transcription.
8
Ciprofloxacin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Ireland, India
Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic antibiotic that belongs to the fluoroquinolone class. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
9
Tetracycline by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Australia, Italy, China, Switzerland, Denmark, India, Czechia, Poland, Sao Tome and Principe, Japan, Sweden
Tetracycline is a type of antibiotic used for laboratory testing and research. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of bacteria. Tetracycline is commonly used in microbiological studies and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
10
Vitek 2 by bioMérieux
Sourced in France, United States, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, Canada, Poland, Macao
The Vitek 2 is a compact automated microbiology system designed for the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinically significant bacteria and yeasts. The system utilizes advanced colorimetric technology to enable rapid and accurate results for clinical decision-making.

More about "Quinolones"

Quinolones are a class of synthetic antimicrobial agents that have a broad spectrum of activity, commonly used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.
They work by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes essential for DNA replication and transcription.
Key subclasses include fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.
Ciprofloxacin is a widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic, effective against a range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
It can be used to treat respiratory, urinary tract, and gastrointestinal infections.
The Mueller-Hinton agar is commonly used to test the susceptibility of bacteria to ciprofloxacin and other antibiotics using the Etest or Vitek 2 system.
Researchers are continuously investigating new quinolone compounds and optimized dosing strategies to enhance efficacy and overcome emerging resistance.
The QIAamp DNA Mini Kit can be used to extract DNA from bacterial samples for genetic analysis and resistance testing.
Nalidixic acid, the first quinolone antibiotic, and levofloxacin, another fluoroquinolone, are also important members of this drug class.
Quinolones are often used in combination with other antibiotics, such as tetracyclines, to improve treatment outcomes.
Optimizing quinolone therapies is critical for improving patient outcomes and reducing the burden of antibiotic resistance.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help researchers identify the most effective quinolone products and strategies, saving time and enhancing their research efforts.