Rabeprazole

The PPIs available in Taiwan between 2000 and 2013 and considered in this study included esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole. Patients' prescription histories of PPIs and H2RAs were included in this study. Use of medications was defined as prescription any of the medications studied in this work before the index date. No use of medication was defined as no history of prescription of any of the medications studied in this work before the index date.

We retrospectively reviewed the data of 3,261 patients who were administered first- and second-line H. pylori eradication therapy at the Toyoshima Endoscopy Clinic between February 2002 and June 2016. H. pylori positivity in these patients was confirmed from the results of the ¹³C-urea breath test, stool antigen test, or the presence of H. pylori-specific IgG antibodies in the serum.^{(16 )}First-line triple therapy included 200 mg clarithromycin, 750 mg amoxicillin, and an antisecretory agent (30 mg lansoprazole, 10 mg rabeprazole, or 20 mg vonoprazan) twice daily for 1 week. Eradication was confirmed using the urea breath test at least 4 weeks after the treatment. The cut-off value for the urea breath test was 2.5%. Patients in whom first-line therapy failed to eradicate the pathogen received second-line triple therapy with 250 mg metronidazole, 750 mg amoxicillin, and an antisecretory agent (30 mg lansoprazole, 10 mg rabeprazole, or 20 mg vonoprazan) twice daily for 1 week. The antisecretory agent was chosen by the physician in charge. Favorable eradication data for vonoprazan were released in February 2015, and this has been the antisecretory agent of choice since March 2015.
The success rates of eradication were assessed using intention-to-treat (ITT) and per protocol (PP) analyses. Patients who did not return to the clinic to receive a urea breath test for evaluating the results of eradication therapy were excluded from the PP analysis.

HEK cells (400000 cells/well) were seeded into 24-well cell culture plates (Greiner Bio-One, Frickenhausen, Germany) and grown for 48 h. Cell adherence was improved by coating plates with poly-L-lysine (Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany) prior to cell plating. All uptake studies were carried out at 37°C as described [31] (link). For uptake measurements, cells were firstly washed with uptake buffer (145 mM NaCl, 5 mM hydroxyethylpiperazine ethanesulfonic acid, 3 mM KCl, 1 mM CaCl₂, 0.5 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM glucose, pH 7.4, [46] (link)) prewarmed to 37°C. Uptake was initiated by replacing this solution with uptake buffer containing 5 µM [¹⁴C]metformin, 100 µM [¹⁴C]TEA, 10 µM [¹⁴C]omeprazole, or 10 µM [¹⁴C]pantoprazole. Uptake was stopped at indicated time points by removing the uptake buffer and immediately washing the cells 3 times with ice-cold uptake buffer. Cells were lysed with 0.2% SDS and intracellular radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation counting (Hidex 300SL TDCR liquid scintillation counter, Turku, Finland). For measuring inhibition of OCT-mediated metformin uptake by PPIs, 5 µM [¹⁴C]metformin uptake was measured in the presence of different PPI concentrations and stopped after 5 min (OCT1, OCT3) or 5 sec (OCT2).
For determination of intracellular accumulation of unlabeled lansoprazole, rabeprazole, and tenatoprazole, cells were incubated for 1 or 5 min with 5 µM PPI at 37°C and then immediately washed three times with ice-cold uptake buffer and twice with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline. Cells were harvested by scraping them off in 500 µl 0.1 M sodium carbonate buffer (pH 9.3) : methanol 4∶1 (v/v) and then transferred into Eppendorf tubes. Cells were disrupted by three cycles of shock freezing/thawing (liquid nitrogen, 37°C water bath) and further by ultra-sonification, three times 3 sec, at 4°C. Disrupted cell solutions were centrifuged 5 min (15000 g) at 4°C and supernatants were transferred into Eppendorf tubes and stored at −20°C for analytic determination of the PPIs.
Protein content of lysed cells was determined in 25-µl aliquots using the bicinchoninic acid assay as described [31] (link).

Patients in study were observed closely after P-STER or ESD treatment for complications, including perforation, bleeding, and abdominal infection. Corresponding treatment was given once complications were encountered. Patients were kept fasting for 2 days after the procedure, and a liquid diet was followed for an additional 1 day if no complications or postoperative abdominal pain occurred. Diet was gradually restored to normal from the fourth day. Patients would be discharged on the fifth day if there were no complications or postoperative abdominal pain observed, otherwise the hospital discharge would be delayed at the discretion of the endoscopists. Postoperative medications mainly included proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and antibiotics. PPI, including esomeprazole (20 mg, twice a day), rabeprazole (20 mg, once a day), and so on, was required for at least 2 weeks. In terms of antibiotics, levofloxacin, sulperazon, or other third-generation cephalosporin could be administrated. All the 24 patients with prepyloric SMTs involved in this study were arranged with endoscopic follow-up in the local hospital or our hospital in April 2022.

The cohort included 687 patients and 2971 dental implants. The study group (PPIs users) comprised 17.3% (119) individuals and 18.7% (555) implants. Only subjects who continuatively used one of the PPI (ATC code A02BC, i.e., omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, dexlansoprazole, esomeprazole, rabeprazole, dexrabeprazole, or a combination of these)) for at least 1 year were included in the study group.
The remaining cohort (82.7% (568) individuals and 81.3% (2416) implants) served as control.
All the implants used were two-p, iece, internal hex, rough surface titanium (Tapered ^® Screw-Vent Implant System, Zimmer Dental, (Warsaw, IN, USA); Lance^®, MIS, (Bar Lev Industrial Park BAR-LEV, 2015600 Israel); MPI^®, Ditron Dental, 2 Haofe St. South ind. Zone P.O.B 5010 Ashkelon 7815001 Israel). All treatments were performed by experienced oral and maxillofacial surgeons and prosthodontists. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the Rabin Medical Center, Campus Beilinson, Israel (0674-19rmc). The present script complies with the STROBE guidelines [15 (link)]. Dental records of all individuals included were extracted and manually screened twice by 2 examiners (DM and LC).
The following information was collected: age, gender, physical status, systemic diseases, HbA1C values before and after implant-supported prosthesis delivery in cases of diabetes mellitus, smoking, implant location, number of implants per individual, bone augmentation, implant brand, length and width, and EIF.
EIF was defined as implant removal within a period of up to 12 months from loading.

We performed a retrospective analysis from the database of ¹³C‐urea breath test (UBT) in Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital from 1 April 2021 to 31 December 2021. Patients were deemed to have H. pylori infection through a positive rapid urease test, H. pylori stool antigen test, urea breath test (UBT), or pathology report showing H. pylori in tissues. Those with only positive anti‐H. pylori IgG or those referred from other medical facilities for H. pylori eradication without records of the diagnostic modalities were excluded. Patients with H. pylori infection and receiving first‐line therapy were recruited and divided into two groups according to their anti‐H. pylori regimen: the VAC‐7 group (vonoprazan 20 mg + amoxicillin 1000 mg + clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily for 7 days) and the S‐14 group (PPI [lansoprazole 30 mg/rabeprazole 20 mg/pantoprazole 40 mg] + amoxicillin 1000 mg twice daily for 7 days, followed by the same PPI + clarithromycin 500 mg + metronidazole 500 mg twice daily for 7 days).