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Ritonavir

Ritonavir is an antiviral medication used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
It belongs to a class of drugs called protease inhibitors, which work by blocking the action of an enzyme called HIV protease that is essential for the replication of the virus.
Ritonavir is often used in combination with other anti-HIV medications to improve their effectiveness and prevent the development of drug resistance.
It has been shown to be effective in reducing viral load and improving immune function in people living with HIV.
Ritonavir is generally well-tolerated, but can cause side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, and changes in cholestrol levels.
Reasearchers are continually working to optimize the use of Ritonavir and other HIV treatments to enhance reproducibility and accuracy of research findings.

Most cited protocols related to «Ritonavir»

Preventing HIV Transmission in Botswana

Cited 23 times

Between July 2006 and May 2008, we enrolled pregnant women with HIV-1 infection in the Mma Bana Study (meaning “mother of the baby” in Setswana) in southern Botswana. Women with CD4+ cell counts of 200 or more were randomly assigned (in permuted blocks stratified according to clinical site) to receive either 300 mg of abacavir, 300 mg of zidovudine, and 150 mg of lamivudine coformulated as Trizivir (GlaxoSmith-Kline) twice daily (the NRTI group) or 400 mg of lopinavir and 100 mg of ritonavir coformulated as Kaletra (Abbott) with 300 mg of zidovudine and 150 mg of lamivudine coformulated as Combivir (GlaxoSmithKline) twice daily (the protease-inhibitor group). Women with CD4+ cell counts of less than 200 cells per cubic millimeter or with an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)–defining illness received standard-of-care treatment for Botswana: 200 mg of nevirapine, 300 mg of zidovudine, and 150 mg of lamivudine twice daily (after a 2-week lead-in period of oncedaily nevirapine at a dose of 200 mg) (the observational group). Women in the randomized groups began to receive HAART between 26 and 34 weeks’ gestation and continued it through weaning or 6 months post partum (whichever occurred first), and women in the observational group began to receive HAART between 18 and 34 weeks’ gestation and continued treatment indefinitely. We report results for the primary end points at 6 months post partum.
Infants received single-dose nevirapine (6 mg) at birth and received zidovudine (4 mg per kilogram of body weight twice daily) from birth through 4 weeks. Women were counseled to exclusively breast-feed and to complete weaning 3 days before the 6-month study visit. Infants were provided free formula and foods from the time of weaning (whenever it occurred) through 12 months.
Study drugs were provided by GlaxoSmith-Kline (Trizivir and Combivir) and Abbott Pharmaceuticals (Kaletra), but these companies had no other role in the design of the study, the accrual or analysis of the data, the preparation of the manuscript, or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The Botswana government provided nevirapine, Combivir, additional medications, and some laboratory testing. The Health Research Development Committee of Botswana and the Human Subjects Committee of the Harvard School of Public Health approved the study protocol and amendments. An independent data and safety monitoring board reviewed safety and efficacy data approximately every 6 months. The full study protocol including the statistical-analysis plan, is available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org. All authors vouch for the completeness and veracity of the reported data and analyses and attest that the study as reported conforms with the protocol.

Shapiro R.L., Hughes M.D., Ogwu A., Kitch D., Lockman S., Moffat C., Makhema J., Moyo S., Thior I., McIntosh K., van Widenfelt E., Leidner J., Powis K., Asmelash A., Tumbare E., Zwerski S., Sharma U., Handelsman E., Mburu K., Jayeoba O., Moko E., Souda S., Lubega E., Akhtar M., Wester C., Tuomola R., Snowden W., Martinez-Tristani M., Mazhani L, & Essex M. (2010). Antiretroviral Regimens in Pregnancy and Breast-Feeding in Botswana. The New England journal of medicine, 362(24), 2282-2294.

Publication 2010

abacavir Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active Body Weight CD4+ Cell Counts Cells Childbirth Clinical Trials Data Monitoring Committees Combivir Cuboid Bone Food HIV-1 Homo sapiens Infant Infection Kaletra Lamivudine Lopinavir Mothers Nevirapine Pharmaceutical Preparations Pregnancy Pregnant Women Protease Inhibitors Ritonavir Trizivir Woman Zidovudine

Comparing HIV Antiretroviral Regimens

Cited 19 times

The AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5202 is an ongoing phase 3B, randomized, partially blinded study comparing four antiretroviral regimens for the initial treatment of HIV-1 infection. The planned study duration was 96 weeks after enrollment of the last patient. Baseline evaluations included a medical history, physical examination, CD4 cell count, and HIV-1 RNA level. At screening, a genotypic resistance test was required in patients with recent HIV-1 acquisition. Testing for the HLA-B*5701 allele was permitted but not required. Patients were randomly assigned to receive one of four oral once-daily regimens: 600 mg of efavirenz (Sustiva, Bristol-Myers Squibb) or 300 mg of atazanavir (Reyataz, Bristol-Myers Squibb) plus 100 mg of ritonavir (Norvir, Abbott Laboratories) given with either 600 mg of abacavir plus 300 mg of lamivudine (Epzicom, GlaxoSmithKline) or 300 mg of tenofovir DF plus 200 mg of emtricitabine (Truvada, Gilead Sciences). The study was double-blinded with regard to the NRTIs.
Randomization was stratified according to the screening HIV-1 RNA level obtained before study entry (≥100,000 vs. <100,000 copies per milliliter), with the use of a permuted-block design with dynamic balancing according to the main institution. Screening of HIV-1 RNA levels was performed at any laboratory certified under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments. Study evaluations were completed before entry, at entry, at weeks 4, 8, 16, and 24, and every 12 weeks thereafter for the duration of the study in all patients, regardless of any treatment modification. After screening, the level of HIV-1 RNA was measured (Roche Amplicor Monitor assay, version 1.5) at Johns Hopkins University. At the time of protocol-defined virologic failure, geno-typing for drug resistance was performed at Stanford University; the baseline samples obtained from the patients were genotyped retrospectively.
Abbott Pharmaceuticals, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, and GlaxoSmithKline provided the study medications and had input into the protocol development and review of the manuscript. All the authors participated in the trial design, data analysis, and preparation of the manuscript, and all the authors vouch for the completeness and accuracy of the reported data.

Sax P.E., Tierney C., Collier A.C., Fischl M.A., Mollan K., Peeples L., Godfrey C., Jahed N.C., Myers L., Katzenstein D., Farajallah A., Rooney J.F., Ha B., Woodward W.C., Koletar S.L., Johnson V.A., Geiseler P.J, & Daar E.S. (2009). Abacavir–Lamivudine versus Tenofovir–Emtricitabine for Initial HIV-1 Therapy. The New England journal of medicine, 361(23), 2230-2240.

Publication 2009

abacavir - lamivudine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Alleles Atazanavir AT protocol Biological Assay CD4+ Cell Counts Clinical Laboratory Services efavirenz Emtricitabine Epzicom HIV-1 HIV Infections Norvir Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physical Examination Resistance, Drug Reyataz Ritonavir Sustiva Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Testing, AIDS Treatment Protocols Truvada

Antiretroviral Regimens in Resource-Limited Settings

Cited 18 times

The Prospective Evaluation of Antiretrovirals in Resource Limited Settings
(PEARLS) study of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) evaluated two
hypotheses: (1) Antiretroviral regimens administered once daily are non-inferior
to twice-daily regimens; (2) A regimen containing ATV administered once daily
without ritonavir boosting is non-inferior to an EFV-based regimen. Study design
details are available at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00084136 and in the study
protocol provided in Text S1. The CONSORT checklist used for
preparation of this manuscript is provided in Text
S2.
Enrollment was limited to the following ACTG international sites: Instituto de
Pesquisa Clinica Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Hospital Nossa Senhora
da Conceicao-GHC, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Les Centres GHESKIO, Port-au-Prince,
Haiti; YRG Centre for AIDS Research & Education, Chennai, India; National
AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India; College of Medicine Clinical Research
Site, Blantyre, Malawi; Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; Asociacion
Civil Impacta Salud y Educacion - Miraflores and San Miguel Clinical Research
Site, Lima, Peru; Durban Adult HIV Clinical Research Site, Durban, South Africa;
University of Witwatersrand Clinical HIV Research Unit, Johannesburg, South
Africa; Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai, Thailand; and
Parirenyatwa Hospital Clinical Research Center, Harare, Zimbabwe. All ACTG sites
in the United States were also eligible to enroll participants. Enrollment in
the US was limited to no more than 18% of total; the remaining enrollment was
distributed equally across the international sites with an option for
international sites to request additional enrollment once their initial quota of
100 participants was filled.
Eligible participants were ≥18 y, had documented HIV-1 infection, CD4+
lymphocytes <300 cells/µl, and ≤7 d of cumulative antiretroviral therapy
prior to study entry. Persons with absolute neutrophils <750/µl, hemoglobin
<7.5 g/dl, calculated creatinine clearance <60 ml/min, or aspartate
transaminase or alanine transaminase greater than 5-fold above the upper limit
of normal were excluded. Women of reproductive potential were non-pregnant and,
if participating in sexual activity that could lead to pregnancy, agreed to use
contraception (two forms if taking EFV). Persons with serious chronic, acute, or
recurrent infections had completed ≥14 d of therapy and were clinically
stable.

Campbell T.B., Smeaton L.M., Kumarasamy N., Flanigan T., Klingman K.L., Firnhaber C., Grinsztejn B., Hosseinipour M.C., Kumwenda J., Lalloo U., Riviere C., Sanchez J., Melo M., Supparatpinyo K., Tripathy S., Martinez A.I., Nair A., Walawander A., Moran L., Chen Y., Snowden W., Rooney J.F., Uy J., Schooley R.T., De Gruttola V, & Hakim J.G. (2012). Efficacy and Safety of Three Antiretroviral Regimens for Initial Treatment of HIV-1: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Diverse Multinational Settings. PLoS Medicine, 9(8), e1001290.

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Publication 2012

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Adult Alanine Transaminase CD4 Positive T Lymphocytes Cells Chronic Infection Creatinine Hemoglobin HIV Infections Neutrophil Pregnancy Reproduction Ritonavir Therapeutics Treatment Protocols Woman

Hair-Based Antiretroviral Quantification

Cited 15 times

Efavirenz, lopinavir and ritonavir reference compounds, and internal standards (IS), ritonavir-d6 and celecoxib, were obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, Canada). Proteinase K was purchased from Sigma^™. Acetonitrile, methanol and other solvents or reagents were HPLC grade or analytical grade. Human hair samples were obtained from patients on lopinavir/ritonavir or efavirenz–based HAART in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). Blank human hair samples were obtained from healthy volunteers to serve as negative controls.

Huang Y., Gandhi M., Greenblatt R.M., Gee W., Lin E.T, & Messenkoff N. (2008). Sensitive analysis of anti-HIV drugs, efavirenz, lopinavir and ritonavir, in human hair by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM, 22(21), 3401-3409.

Publication 2008

acetonitrile Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active Celecoxib efavirenz Endopeptidase K Hair Healthy Volunteers High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Homo sapiens Lopinavir lopinavir-ritonavir drug combination Methanol Patients Ritonavir Solvents Woman

Switching to Efavirenz in HIV-infected Children

Cited 11 times

We conducted a randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial between June 2010 and December 2013 at Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa. Children were randomized to switch to efavirenz-based therapy or to continue on ritonavir-boosted lopinavir-based therapy and were followed for 48 weeks after randomization. The non-inferiority design was chosen as efavirenz was not expected to have better virologic outcomes than the standard regimen. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Columbia University and the University of the Witwatersrand. The child’s mother or legal guardian provided signed informed consent.
Children were eligible for enrollment if they had nevirapine exposure as part of PMTCT, were currently receiving ritonavir-boosted lopinavir-based therapy started <36 months of age provided for at least one year, and had an HIV RNA test <50 copies/ml. All children in the control arm of our prior trial^{10 (link),11 (link)} still in follow-up were screened for eligibility. In addition, clinicians responsible for the care of HIV-infected children at other clinics in the area were approached about referring children meeting our eligibility criteria. Random assignments were generated by the study statistician using a permuted block design with block sizes between 8 and 12 and were concealed in opaque envelopes opened on-site at the time of randomization. Children were followed at 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, and 48 weeks after randomization.

Coovadia A., Abrams E.J., Strehlau R., Shiau S., Pinillos F., Martens L., Patel F., Hunt G., Tsai W.Y, & Kuhn L. (2015). Efavirenz-Based Antiretroviral Therapy Among Nevirapine-Exposed HIV-Infected Children in South Africa: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 314(17), 1808-1817.

Publication 2015

Child efavirenz Eligibility Determination Ethics Committees, Research Legal Guardians Lopinavir lopinavir-ritonavir drug combination Mothers Nevirapine Ritonavir Testing, AIDS Therapeutics Treatment Protocols

Most recents protocols related to «Ritonavir»

Tracking Cascade of HCV Care in Healthcare System

The number of patients in each step of the care cascade was determined: screening and confirmatory testing, linkage to care, initiation of DAA, SVR. Laboratory results for HCV antibody and HCV viral tests (i.e., ribonucleic acid [RNA] and genotype) were used to determine screening and confirmatory testing, and respectively. This healthcare system has employed reflex testing for HCV RNA since 2012. Although the clinical test for HCV screening is the HCV antibody, this study assumed that anyone with test results for HCV RNA or genotype was previously screened with an HCV antibody test even if 1 was not recorded, accounting for patients who may have had HCV antibody testing before 2014 and then had confirmatory testing during the study period. This criterion also accounted for patients who received HCV screening at outside facilities and entered the healthcare system for follow-up care.
It was determined which screened patients did not have chronic HCV, were lost to follow-up, or needed linkage to care according to results of HCV antibody and viral tests (Fig. 1). HCV RNA test results of < 15 International Units per liter were considered undetectable. Seronegative patients, those with nonreactive HCV antibody tests, did not have HCV and did not need confirmatory testing or HCV care. Seropositive patients had reactive HCV antibody tests. Seropositive patients with undetectable HCV RNA did not need further HCV care, and seropositive patients with missing HCV RNA testing were considered to have incomplete HCV testing. Seropositive patients with detectable HCV RNA had chronic HCV and needed HCV care. If a patient had a recorded HCV genotype but no recorded RNA, it was assumed that the patient had detectable RNA and thus needed HCV care. This study used the HCV genotype test as a proxy for determining linkage to care (i.e., meeting with a medical professional who provides HCV treatment and management). However, if a patient had a record of initiating antiviral treatment without a recorded genotype, it was assumed that the patient was linked to care.
Initiation of antiviral treatment was defined as the presence of any of the following in the patient’s medication history: boceprevir, daclatasvir, dasabuvir, elbasvir, glecaprevir, grazoprevir, interferon alfacon-1, interferon alpha-2a, interferon alpha-2b, ledipasvir, ombitasvir, paritaprevir, pegylated interferon, pegylated interferon alpha-2b, pibrentasvir, ribavirin, ritonavir, simeprevir, sofosbuvir, telaprevir, velpatasvir, and voxilaprevir. Date of initiation of antiviral treatment was considered the first date that any of the medications were recorded. While treatment durations can vary from 8 to 24 weeks, this study defined SVR as the presence of undetectable HCV RNA at least 20 weeks after initiation of antiviral treatment and on any subsequent test.
Differences in the number of patients between steps indicated drop-offs between steps. For instance, patients who had been linked to care but did not initiate antiviral treatment were considered to have dropped off in the care cascade after the linkage to care step. Additionally, recorded deaths in the EHR were considered in determining progress through the care cascade.

Nakayama J., Hertzberg V.S., Ho J.C., Simpson R.L, & Cartwright E.J. (2023). Hepatitis C care cascade in a large academic healthcare system, 2012 to 2018. Medicine, 102(10), e32859.

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Publication 2023

Aftercare Antiviral Agents boceprevir daclatasvir dasabuvir elbasvir Follow-Up Care Genotype glecaprevir grazoprevir Hepatitis C Antibodies IFNA2 protein, human Interferon alfa 2a interferon alfacon-1 Interferons ledipasvir ombitasvir paritaprevir Patients peginterferon alfa-2b Pharmaceutical Preparations pibrentasvir Reflex Ribavirin Ritonavir RNA Simeprevir Sofosbuvir telaprevir velpatasvir voxilaprevir

Antiretroviral Therapy in Suppressed HIV

We selected four study subjects enrolled in the Northwestern University Clinical Research Site for the MWCCS. The four men were well-suppressed patients who had received antiretroviral drugs for at least 5 years. Subject A received stavudine, tenofovir, lamivudine, and nevirapine; subject B received efavirenz, lopinavir, and tenofovir; subject C received ritonavir, amprenavir, and lamivudine/zidovudine; and subject D received indinavir and lamivudine at the sampling visits. We obtained PBMCs from cryostorage more than 5 years after starting antiretroviral therapy and undetectable plasma HIV-1 (<50 copies/ml). Laboratory procedures for clinical sample management are described elsewhere (82 (link)). The Institutional Review Board of Northwestern University approved the study (STU00022906-CR0008) with most recent approval date of 16 May 2022. All participants provided written informed consent.

Soliman S.H., Cisneros W.J., Iwanaszko M., Aoi Y., Ganesan S., Walter M., Zeidner J.M., Mishra R.K., Kim E.Y., Wolinsky S.M., Hultquist J.F, & Shilatifard A. (2023). Enhancing HIV-1 latency reversal through regulating the elongating RNA Pol II pause-release by a small-molecule disruptor of PAF1C. Science Advances, 9(10), eadf2468.

Publication 2023

amprenavir Clinical Laboratory Techniques efavirenz Ethics Committees, Research HIV-1 Indinavir Lamivudine lamivudine, zidovudine drug combination Lopinavir Nevirapine Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Plasma Ritonavir Specimen Handling Stavudine Tenofovir Therapeutics

Monitoring Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir Adverse Events

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Publication 2023

nirmatrelvir Ritonavir

Antiretroviral Therapy in Murine Colitis

At 4 weeks of age, male wild type (WT; n = 17) and IL-10^−/− mice (n = 40) were randomly assigned to either a placebo or combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) for 12 weeks ± 1 week. The chosen cART regimen using repurposed HIV nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors had been evaluated for activity in antagonizing MMTV in vitro and demonstrated antiviral activity in vivo corresponding with improvement of inflammatory disease in prior studies [21 (link)]. Animals were fed ad libitum with cART added to the drinking water, freshly prepared every second day for 12 weeks, to achieve a daily dose of 1 mg emtricitabine and 1.5 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors as well as 4 mg lopinavir boosted with 1 mg ritonavir protease inhibitors, as described previously [21 (link)]. Control treatment group mice received ground placebo tablets in their drinking water. Water consumption was monitored daily and mouse weights measured weekly.

Armstrong H., Rahbari M., Park H., Sharon D., Thiesen A., Hotte N., Sun N., Syed H., Abofayed H., Wang W., Madsen K., Wine E, & Mason A. (2023). Mouse mammary tumor virus is implicated in severity of colitis and dysbiosis in the IL-10−/− mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. Microbiome, 11, 39.

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Publication 2023

Animals Antiviral Agents Emtricitabine HIV Reverse Transcriptase IL10 protein, human Inflammation inhibitors Lopinavir Males Mouse mammary tumor virus Mus Nucleosides Nucleotides Placebos Protease Inhibitors Psychotherapy, Multiple Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Ritonavir SERPINA1 protein, human Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Treatment Protocols Water Consumption

HCC Risk After HCV Treatment in Japan

Studies were identified through PubMed as of April 5, 2022, using the following search terms determined a priori: (interferon or daclatasvir or asunaprevir or sofosbuvir or ledipasvir or ombitasvir or paritaprevir or ritonavir or elbasvir or grazoprevir or beclabuvir or glecaprevir or pibrentasvir or velpatasvir or direct acting antiviral) AND (hepatitis c) AND (hepatocellular carcinoma or liver cancer or liver neoplasm) AND (Japan or Japanese). Two investigators (YY and KT) independently screened all article titles and abstracts, and conducted full-text assessment to determine eligibility, according to criteria determined a priori. Inclusion criteria were (1) studies on Japanese populations, (2) examination of HCC incidence related to SVR and non-SVR and/or non-IFN treatment as chronic hepatitis C therapy, and (3) follow-up duration of 2 or more years. The exclusion criteria were (1) examination of HCC recurrence, (2) examination of continuing therapy for chronic hepatitis C, (3) studies including participants with liver transplantation, (4) studies including participants with co-infection by human immunodeficiency virus, and (5) studies with less than 20 total participants or with less than 10 participants with SVR or non-SVR. For overlapping study populations identified by study period and institute, studies that included a more comprehensive population and more complete data were selected. Inconsistencies in study selection between the reviewers were solved by discussion.

Yamagiwa Y., Tanaka K., Matsuo K., Wada K., Lin Y., Sugawara Y., Mizoue T., Sawada N., Takimoto H., Ito H., Kitamura T., Sakata R., Kimura T., Tanaka S, & Inoue M. (2023). Response to antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence in Japan: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Scientific Reports, 13, 3445.

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Publication 2023

Antiviral Agents asunaprevir beclabuvir Cancer of Liver Coinfection daclatasvir elbasvir Eligibility Determination glecaprevir grazoprevir Hepatitis C, Chronic Hepatitis C virus HIV Interferons Japanese ledipasvir Liver Transplantations Neoplasms, Liver ombitasvir paritaprevir pibrentasvir Recurrence Ritonavir Sofosbuvir Therapeutics velpatasvir

Top products related to «Ritonavir»

Ritonavir by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

Ritonavir is a pharmaceutical product developed by Merck Group. It is a protease inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV infection. The core function of Ritonavir is to prevent the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from multiplying in the body by inhibiting the activity of the HIV protease enzyme.

Ritonavir by LGC

Sourced in Canada, United States

Ritonavir is a pharmaceutical compound that functions as a protease inhibitor. It is commonly used as a booster in combination with other antiretroviral medications to treat HIV infection. Ritonavir works by inhibiting the activity of certain enzymes, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of the co-administered antiretroviral drugs.

Lopinavir by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

Lopinavir is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a protease inhibitor used in research applications.

Indinavir by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

Indinavir is a lab equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a protease inhibitor used in the treatment and management of HIV/AIDS. The core function of Indinavir is to inhibit the activity of the HIV protease enzyme, which is essential for the replication of the virus.

Ritonavir by Selleck Chemicals

Sourced in Germany

Ritonavir is a chemical compound used as a laboratory tool. It serves as a protease inhibitor, a class of molecules that can inhibit the activity of certain enzymes. The core function of Ritonavir is to act as a research tool for scientific investigations.

Ritonavir by Abbott

Sourced in United States

Ritonavir is a laboratory diagnostic equipment used for the detection and quantification of the antiviral drug Ritonavir. It is designed to provide accurate and reliable measurements of Ritonavir levels in various biological samples, supporting clinical research and therapeutic monitoring.

Ritonavir by MedChemExpress

Sourced in United States

Ritonavir is a pharmaceutical ingredient used in the production of antiviral medications. It is a protease inhibitor that can be utilized in the development of various therapeutic products. The core function of Ritonavir is to inhibit the activity of certain enzymes, which can be beneficial in the treatment of viral infections.

Atazanavir by Bristol-Myers Squibb

Sourced in United States

Atazanavir is a protease inhibitor drug used in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It is a prescription medication developed and manufactured by Bristol-Myers Squibb.

Darunavir by MedChemExpress

Sourced in United States

Darunavir is a laboratory product that functions as a protease inhibitor. It is used in scientific research and development.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Macao, India, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Australia, Spain, Poland, Belgium, Brazil, Czechia, Portugal, Austria, Denmark, Israel, Sweden, Ireland, Hungary, Mexico, Netherlands, Singapore, Indonesia, Slovakia, Cameroon, Norway, Thailand, Chile, Finland, Malaysia, Latvia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Uruguay, Bangladesh

DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.

More about "Ritonavir"

Ritonavir is an antiviral medication used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
It belongs to a class of drugs called protease inhibitors, which work by blocking the action of an enzyme called HIV protease that is essential for the virus replication.
Ritonavir is often used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs, such as Lopinavir, Indinavir, Atazanavir, and Darunavir, to improve their effectiveness and prevent the development of drug resistance.
This combination therapy has been shown to be effective in reducing viral load and improving immune function in people living with HIV.
Ritonavir can cause side effects like nausea, diarrhea, and changes in cholesterol levels, but it is generally well-tolerated.
Researchers are continually working to optimize the use of Ritonavir and other HIV treatments to enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of research findings.
PubCompare.ai, an AI-powered platform, can help users effortlessly locate the optimal protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, allowing them to compare products and find the best solutions with ease.
This can enhance Ritonavir research by improving the quality and consistency of the data.
In addition to its use in HIV treatment, Ritonavir has also been investigated for its potential use in other applications, such as the treatment of COVID-19.
Researchers have explored the use of Ritonavir in combination with other drugs, like Lopinavir and DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide), to develop effective therapies for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
The ongoing efforts to optimize the use of Ritonavir and other HIV and COVID-19 treatments highlight the importance of enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of research findings in these fields.