Salmeterol is a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
It works by relaxing and opening the airways, making it easier to breathe.
Salmeterol is typically taken by inhaltation and has a longer duration of action compared to other beta2-agonists.
Researchers can use PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform to optimize their Salmeterol reseach protocols by locating relevant protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and using AI-driven comparisons to identify the best protocols and prodcuts.
This can help streamline the reseach process and improve efficiency.
This 24-week, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, 3-arm, parallel-group trial (NCT03034915; GSK study: 201749) was conducted between June 2017 and June 2018 in 213 centres in Germany, USA, Argentina, Sweden, Canada, Italy, South Africa, Netherlands, Spain, Australia, France, and Mexico. Patients were randomised 1:1:1 to once-daily fixed-dose combination UMEC/VI (62.5/25 μg) via the ELLIPTA inhaler and twice-daily placebo via the DISKUS inhaler, once-daily UMEC (62.5 μg) via ELLIPTA inhaler and twice-daily placebo via DISKUS, or twice-daily salmeterol (50 μg) via DISKUS and once-daily placebo via ELLIPTA inhaler (Additional file 6: Figure S1). Salmeterol was selected as a comparator as no once-daily LABAs were approved at standard doses in all countries participating in the study; its use also allowed the LABA treatment to be easily blinded compared with the alternative twice-daily LABA, formoterol. UMEC was selected as it is a component of the dual bronchodilator and it has also demonstrated superior lung function benefits compared with tiotropium [17 (link)]. This study was performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki and received appropriate ethical approval. All patients provided written informed consent via a form signed at either the Pre-screening or Screening visit.
Maltais F., Bjermer L., Kerwin E.M., Jones P.W., Watkins M.L., Tombs L., Naya I.P., Boucot I.H., Lipson D.A., Compton C., Vahdati-Bolouri M, & Vogelmeier C.F. (2019). Efficacy of umeclidinium/vilanterol versus umeclidinium and salmeterol monotherapies in symptomatic patients with COPD not receiving inhaled corticosteroids: the EMAX randomised trial. Respiratory Research, 20, 238.
This 5-year model can be characterised as a Markov model [15 (link)]. It builds on our earlier work in which we constructed a fully probabilistic Markov model to assess the 1-year cost effectiveness of tiotropium, salmeterol and ipratropium [16 (link), 17 (link)]. All mathematical and technical details of this 1-year model have been published elsewhere [17 (link)]. In brief, all COPD patients were classified into three disease states of increasing severity, based on their pre-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1): moderate COPD (50% ≤ the percentage of the predicted value (FEV1 % pred.) < 80%), severe COPD (30% ≤ FEV1 % pred. < 50%) and very severe COPD (FEV1 % pred. < 30%). In pre-specified time intervals (Markov cycles) patients move between disease states and are at risk of experiencing an exacerbation, either severe or non-severe. All probabilities to move between disease states (transition probabilities) and to experience exacerbations that went into the 1-year model were obtained directly from six clinical trials comparing tiotropium with salmeterol, ipratropium or placebo (study codes: 205.114/205.117, 205.115/205.128, 205.122A/205.126A, 205.122B/205.126B, 205.130 and 205.137) [12 (link)–14 (link)]. Transition probabilities and exacerbation probabilities for tiotropium were based on the pooled patient-level data from all six clinical trials. To obtain the transition and exacerbation probabilities for the comparator arms, we applied the relative difference between tiotropium and the comparators in the individual trials to the probabilities of tiotropium that were derived from the pooled data [17 (link)]. All trials used similar inclusion and exclusion criteria. They enrolled patients with stable moderate-to-severe COPD who had an FEV1 < 65% (salmeterol-controlled trials < 60%) of predicted normal and FEV1 ≤ 70% of forced vital capacity. The duration of these trials was 1 year for the those that compared tiotropium with placebo and ipratropium and 6 months for the trials that compared tiotropium with salmeterol. In total, 1,308 patients were randomly allocated to receive tiotropium, and 771 patients, 405 patients, and 179 patients were randomly selected to receive placebo, salmeterol and ipratropium. In all trials the same definitions of an exacerbation and its severity were used. An exacerbation was defined as a new onset or worsening of more than one symptom, such as cough, sputum, dyspnoea or wheeze, lasting for at least 3 days. Exacerbations were distinguished into severe and non-severe exacerbations. A severe exacerbation was defined as ‘incapacitating or inability to do work or usual activity’. All other exacerbations were non-severe. Severity was assessed by the clinical investigator. The risk of experiencing an exacerbation varied by disease state and treatment group. Given treatment group and disease state, exacerbation probabilities were assumed to be constant over time [17 (link)]. The current model expanded the time horizon from 1 year to 5 years and aimed to assess the cost effectiveness of tiotropium, salmeterol and ipratropium for treating COPD patients in Spain. To reflect the progressive nature of COPD in the long run and to incorporate mortality, an additional ‘death state’ was added to the model. The base-case analysis was performed from the perspective of the Spanish National Health Service (NHS) and included all costs covered by the NHS budget in euros at the 2005 value. A graphical presentation of the 5-year model is given in Fig. 1. In addition, an analysis from the societal perspective was performed. The difference between the societal perspective and the NHS perspective was that the first additionally included patients’ co-payments for medications and the costs of lost production from day 1 of sick leave onwards; however, it excluded value added tax (VAT), as this does not represent a cost to society.
Graphical presentation of the Markov model. Backward transitions, i.e. from very severe to severe COPD and from severe to moderate COPD, were allowed during the first year, but not thereafter. The circles on the top left of each COPD severity state indicate that the patients can stay in the same state
Rutten-van Mölken M.P., Oostenbrink J.B., Miravitlles M, & Monz B.U. (2007). Modelling the 5-year cost effectiveness of tiotropium, salmeterol and ipratropium for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Spain. The European Journal of Health Economics, 8(2), 123-135.
The multicenter cohort study COSYCONET (German COPD and Systemic Consequences—Comorbidities Network) investigates the phenotypes and progression of COPD and its comorbidities, as described [20 (link)]. In 31 study centers in Germany, 2741 patients with physician-diagnosed COPD were recruited between 2010 and 2013 (the study was approved by the ethics committees of the participating centers, all participants provided written informed consent) [20 (link)]. At baseline, structured interviews were performed to assess disease characteristics, comorbidities, medication and demographics. The severity of COPD was categorized spirometrically (GOLD grades 0–4) and clinically (GOLD groups A–D) [21 (link)]. COSYCONET comprises visits at baseline (visit 1), and after 6, 18, and 36 months (visit 4). Changes in lung function were determined between visit 1 and 4. WISDOM was a randomized trial in which patients with COPD received tiotropium, salmeterol, and fluticasone propionate daily for 6 weeks and were then randomly assigned to receive either continued ICS or bronchodilators only after a stepwise ICS withdrawal [18 (link), 19 (link)]. In contrast to COSYCONET, all patients from the WISDOM study had a history of exacerbations and a FEV1 < 50% predicted. Data from 2477 patients were available. The WISDOM database contains the information whether patients had elevated (≥ 100 IU/l) or normal (< 100 IU/l) serum IgE levels.
Lommatzsch M., Speer T., Herr C., Jörres R.A., Watz H., Müller A., Welte T., Vogelmeier C.F, & Bals R. (2022). IgE is associated with exacerbations and lung function decline in COPD. Respiratory Research, 23, 1.
The COPD severity score is based on responses to survey items that comprise five domains of COPD severity: [1] degree of respiratory symptoms, [2] prior systemic corticosteroid use, [3] other COPD medication use, [4] previous hospitalization or intubation for respiratory disease, and [5] home oxygen use (Table 1) (12 (link)). The possible COPD severity score range is 0 to 35, with higher scores reflecting more severe disease. The scoring algorithm takes into account both current respiratory symptoms and the therapy necessary to achieve this symptom status. For example, a person with few respiratory symptoms who is receiving albuterol, ipratropium and salmeterol for COPD would have a higher COPD severity score than another person with comparable symptoms who was only taking albuterol and ipratropium. In developing the COPD severity score in prior published analyses, each survey item was assigned an a priori weight based on clinical aspects of the disease and its expected contribution to overall COPD severity. This weighting scheme was validated by showing that it correlated very closely with a score whose alternative weighting was derived from factor analysis with orthogonal rotation (12 (link)). Prior analyses have also demonstrated internal consistency reliability and concurrent validity (correlation with pulmonary function, physical HRQL, physical disability, and respiratory-specific HRQL) (12 (link), 13 (link), 16 ).
Omachi T.A., Yelin E.H., Katz P.P., Blanc P.D, & Eisner M.D. (2008). The COPD Severity Score: A Dynamic Prediction Tool for Health-Care Utilization. COPD, 5(6), 339-346.
Right atrium (RA) samples were obtained from patients undergoing open-heart surgery with coronary artery bypass grafts and electrically stimulated in organ baths as described previously (Gergs et al., 2008 (link); Gergs et al., 2013 (link); Gergs et al., 2018 (link)). Patients were treated with the following drugs: acetyl salicylic acid (ASS), clopidogrel, bisoprolol, thyroxine, atorvastatin, pantoprazole, olmersartan, amlodipine, frusemide, metformin, rivaroxaban, ipratropiumbromide, fenoterol, simvastatin, torasemide, esomeprazole, flucatison, salmeterol, ramipril, and hydrochlorothiazide. Patients were in CCS (Canadian Cardiovascular Society, angina classification) scale from III to IV and NYHA (New York Heart Association, heart failure classification) class II–III. Left ventricular ejection fraction ranged from 40 to 55%. This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local ethics committee (hm-bü 04.08.2005). All patients gave informed consent.
Boknik P., Drzewiecki K., Eskandar J., Gergs U., Hofmann B., Treede H., Grote-Wessels S., Fabritz L., Kirchhof P., Fortmüller L., Müller F.U., Schmitz W., Zimmermann N., Kirchhefer U, & Neumann J. (2019). Evidence for Arrhythmogenic Effects of A2A-Adenosine Receptors. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10, 1051.
All available EMRs were searched to document the details of any type or combination of airway directed inhaled pharmacotherapy prescribed, more specifically—SABA (salbutamol); SAMA (ipratropium); LABA (formaterol, indacaterol, olodaterol, salmeterol, vilanterol); LAMA (aclidinium, glycopyronium, tiotropium, umeclidinium) and ICS (beclomethasone, budesonide, fluticasone). If the patients were identified to have been prescribed multiple/change in similar class of inhaled pharmacotherapy during the study period, the most recent/last prescribed type of therapy was included in the analysis. Patients inhaled pharmacotherapy use was defined as:
Heraganahally S., Howarth T.P., Issac S., Lloyd A., Ravichandran S.J., Abeyaratne A, & Patel B. (2023). Exploring the appropriateness of prescribing practice of inhaled pharmacotherapy among Aboriginal Australians in the Top End Northern Territory of Australia: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open Respiratory Research, 10(1), e001508.
Male homozygous transgenic mice over-expressing human A53T mutant α-syn (B6.C3-Tg [Prnp-SNCA*A53T] 83 Vle/J) and male CX3CR-1GFP mice (B6.129P2(Cg)-Cx3cr1tm1Litt/J) were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME). Housing and breeding of animals were performed humanely with regard to the alleviation of suffering following the National Institutes of Health’s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, 2011). A single i.p. injection of DSP-4 (50 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) or vehicle (saline, 5 ml/kg, i.p.) was administered to 8-week-old male SNCA mice to deplete NE in the peripheral. Two days later, DSP-4-treated SNCA mice received either salmeterol at 10 μg/kg/day or DPI at 10 ng/kg/day for 4 weeks via an Alzet osmotic pump implanted subcutaneously. The dosage of salmeterol (28 (link)) or DPI (24 (link)) was selected based on our previous studies. Mice were housed on a 12 h:12 h light: dark schedule with lights on at 7 AM. All behavioral testing was conducted during the light phase of the light/dark cycle. All the experimental mice are transferred to the behavior testing room 30 min prior to beginning the first trial to habituate to the condition of the behavior testing room. Testing was conducted under fluorescent laboratory lighting (180-205 lx for the Morris water maze; 320-340 lx for elevated plus maze and 3-chamber social choice test). All procedures were approved by the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences Animal Care and Use Committee.
Song S., Tu D., Meng C., Liu J., Wilson B., Wang Q., Shih Y.Y., Gao H.M, & Hong J.S. (2023). Dysfunction of the noradrenergic system drives inflammation, α-synucleinopathy, and neuronal loss in mouse colon. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1083513.
Animals Animals, Laboratory Behavior Disorders DSP 4 Elevated Plus Maze Test Homo sapiens Homozygote Light Males Mice, House Mice, Transgenic Morris Water Maze Test Osmosis Saline Solution Salmeterol SNCA protein, human
Bronchial smooth muscle cells (BSMC, Lonza CC-2576), small airway epithelial cells (SAEC, Lonza CC-2547), or HepG2 cells (ATCC HB-8065) were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 25,000 per well. Culture of these cells throughout the protocol utilized incubation at 37 °C, 5% CO2 in a humidified atmosphere, with BSMC and SAEC cells cultured in cell-specific media (Lonza) and HepG2 cells cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing Glutamax (Gibco) and 10% fetal bovine serum. Plates containing BSMC cells were collagen coated to assist with cell adhesion. Following an overnight settling period, media was replaced with fresh media, with, or without, compound. Compound concentrations tested were 1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 μM, in duplicate. The cells were incubated with compound for 24 h. Control (1% DMSO) and positive standards terfenadine- and salmeterol-treated groups were included for both cell lines. Following the 24 h compound incubation period, 10 μL of MTS reagent (Promega G5421) was added to 50 μL cell media and adhered cells, and the plates were incubated for 45 min at 37 °C, 5% CO2 in a humified atmosphere. The reaction was stopped with 12.5 μL of 10% SDS, plates briefly shaken, and absorbance (490 nm) read using a Spectramax M5e plate reader (Molecular Devices). Percentages of viable cells were calculated as: (test sample Abs 490 nM-mean blank Abs 490 nm)/(mean control Abs 490 nM-mean blank Abs 490 nm) × 100.
Everett M.J., Davies D.T., Leiris S., Sprynski N., Llanos A., Castandet J.M., Lozano C., LaRock C.N., LaRock D.L., Corsica G., Docquier J.D., Pallin T.D., Cridland A., Blench T., Zalacain M, & Lemonnier M. (2023). Chemical Optimization of Selective Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasB Elastase Inhibitors and Their Impact on LasB-Mediated Activation of IL-1β in Cellular and Animal Infection Models. ACS Infectious Diseases, 9(2), 270-282.
We did not prescribe the medicines ourselves but we gave advice, so the final responsibility remained with the prescribing physician. Many patients had been prescribed mirtazapine, nortriptyline or quetiapine to help them sleep. All three increase—like SSRIs—the QTc interval, the first two of which also carry a risk of a serotonergic syndrome. We recommended first phase out those three. The SSRI often helps people sleep better. If not, we recommend promethazine syrup (first generation phenothiazine), a sedative Histamine1 (H1) antagonist instead. To avoid a possible slightly improvement of the effect of the SSRI40 (link), we kept the doses as low as possible (5 mg to 15 mg at night). Many people used desloratadine (H1 antagonist) because of allergies and theoretically that may also improve the effect of an SSRI. Omeprazole (CYP2C19 inhibitor) increases the serotonin level. But we stopped increasing the SSRI if there were too many side effects and backed off if necessary. People who used omeprazole (n = 5), received: venlafaxine 37.5 mg; paroxetine 10 mg; citalopram 2 × 20 mg; escitalopram 5 mg. Aspirin and diclofenac (increasing risk of bleeding) were also advised to greatly reduce or phase out. Use of solifenacin and salmeterol (fluticasone) (both increase QTc interval) could not be tapered and were combined with fluvoxamine 100 mg and 75 mg, respectively.
Rus C.P., de Vries B.E., de Vries I.E., Nutma I, & Kooij J.J. (2023). Treatment of 95 post-Covid patients with SSRIs. Scientific Reports, 13, 18599.
Salmeterol (cat. MB1325, Meilune, Dalian, China) was stored at −20°C and dissolved in PBS before oral gavage administration (10 mg/kg).49 (link) α-Methyl-L-tyrosine (α-MLT; cat. M107878, Aladdin, Shanghai, China) was formulated into a 3-mg/mL suspension in sterile PBS and then administered by means of oral gavage (300 mg/kg/d, 2.5-mL solution).50 (link) Sterile PBS was used as the vehicle. For Ly6Chi monocyte depletion, mice were IP injected with 2 mg/kg of a CCR2 antagonist (cat. 227016, Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).51 (link) Mice pretreated with CCR2 antagonist for 24 hours were used to create a corneal abrasion model. For blocking β2-adrenergic receptors, butaxamine (cat. B1385, Sigma-Aldrich) was administered via intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg.52 (link)
He S., Liu J., Xue Y., Fu T, & Li Z. (2023). Sympathetic Nerves Coordinate Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing by Controlling the Mobilization of Ly6Chi Monocytes From the Spleen to the Injured Cornea. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 64(12), 13.
Seretide is a combination medication that contains fluticasone propionate, an inhaled corticosteroid, and salmeterol xinafoate, a long-acting beta2-agonist. Seretide is used for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adults and children.
The 96-well glass sandwich plates are a type of laboratory equipment designed for a variety of applications. These plates feature a glass substrate and a defined well structure, allowing for the containment and processing of small sample volumes. The core function of these plates is to provide a structured platform for various experimental procedures.
The Space Device is a compact, specialized laboratory instrument designed for use in microgravity environments, such as aboard space stations or spacecraft. It is engineered to perform precise scientific measurements and analyses in the unique conditions of space. The core function of the Space Device is to facilitate research and experimentation in the space environment.
Salbutamol is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a bronchodilator medication used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. The core function of Salbutamol is to relax and open up the airways, making it easier to breathe.
Salmeterol is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Bio-Techne. It is a selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for research purposes.
Cytoscint is a scintillation cocktail designed for liquid scintillation counting. It is a non-hazardous, biodegradable, and non-flammable solution that can be used to measure radioactive samples.
The LS6000TA scintillator is a laboratory instrument designed for the detection and measurement of radioactive emissions. It utilizes scintillation technology to convert radiation energy into light pulses, which are then detected and quantified. The LS6000TA provides accurate and reliable data for applications requiring the analysis of radioactive samples.
The Fluorolog instrument is a fluorescence spectrometer designed for research and analytical applications. It measures the fluorescence properties of samples, including emission spectra, excitation spectra, and lifetime measurements. The Fluorolog provides accurate and reliable data to support scientific investigations and analyses.
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, United Kingdom
ICI-118,551 is a laboratory research compound produced by Merck Group. It functions as a selective β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist. The core purpose of this product is for use in scientific research applications.
Salmeterol is a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It works by relaxing and opening the airways, making it easier to breathe. Salmeterol is typically taken by inhalation and has a longer duration of action compared to other beta2-agonists.
Salmeterol is typically available in two main forms: Salmeterol xinafoate and Salmeterol hydroxynaphthoate. These different formulations may have slight variations in their pharmacological properties, but they both work as long-acting beta2-agonists to provide bronchodilation.
Salmeterol is widely used in research to study the mechanisms and effects of long-acting beta2-agonists. Common applications include investigating its use in the treatment of asthma and COPD, evaluating its safety and efficacy profiles, and exploring potential new indications or combinations with other therapies. Researchers may also use Salmeterol as a reference compound when developing and testing novel bronchodilators.
One key consideration with Salmeterol is the potential for cardiovascular side effects, such as increased heart rate or blood pressure. Proper dosing and monitoring are important to mitigate these risks, especially in patients with underlying cardiovascular conditions. Additionally, some patients may experience tolerance or decreased responsiveness to Salmeterol over time, necessitating dose adjustments or the use of combination therapies.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help researchers optimize their Salmeterol research protocols in several ways. First, it allows you to efficiently screen the literature and identify the most relevant protocols from published studies, preprints, and patents. Second, the platform's AI-driven analysis can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling you to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy. This can help streamline the research process and improve efficiency when working with Salmeterol and other bronchodilators.
More about "Salmeterol"
Salmeterol is a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist, a type of bronchodilator medication used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
It works by relaxing and opening the airways, making it easier to breathe.
Salmeterol is typically administered via inhalation and has a longer duration of action compared to other beta2-agonists like Salbutamol.
Researchers can utilize PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform to optimize their Salmeterol research protocols.
The platform allows them to locate relevant protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and use AI-driven comparisons to identify the best protocols and products.
This can help streamline the research process and improve efficiency.
In addition to Salmeterol, other related terms and topics include Seretide (a combination of Salmeterol and Fluticasone), 96-well glass sandwich plates (used in research experiments), Space devices (used in drug delivery), Cytoscint (a scintillation fluid), LS6000TA scintillator (a radiation detection device), Fluorolog instrument (a fluorescence spectrometer), and ICI-118,551 (a beta-blocker).
By leveraging the insights and tools provided by PubCompare.ai, researchers can enhance their Salmeterol-related studies, leading to more efficient and effective research outcomes.
