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SN 38

SN 38 is the active metabolite of the chemotherapeutic drug irinotecan, which is used to treat various types of cancer.
It is a topoisomerase I inhibitor that induces double-strand breaks in DNA, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
SN 38 has a higher potency than irinotecan and is associated with both anti-tumor effects and dose-limiting toxicities.
Optimizing SN 38 research using AI-driven protocol comparison tools, such as PubCompare.ai, can help researchers easily identify the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and enhance reproducibility through side-by-side analysis.
This AI-powered approach can streamline the SN 38 research journey and accelerate discoveries in this important area of cancer therapeutics.

Most cited protocols related to «SN 38»

BCRP Homology Modeling and Molecular Docking

Cited 6 times

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Publication 2017

Buffers Familial Mediterranean Fever Homo sapiens Ions Mitoxantrone Mutation Plant Roots Reading Frames SN 38 ZM323881

Delineating Midbrain Subregions Connectivity

Cited 5 times

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Publication 2014

Brain Brain Stem Contrast Media fMRI Head Leeches Mesencephalon Microtubule-Associated Proteins physiology SN-26 SN 38

Comparative Drug Sensitivity Assay

Cited 5 times

Drug sensitivity was analyzed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt/phenazine methosulfate (MTS/PMS) microtiter plate assay (CellTiter 96 Cell Proliferation Assay, Promega, Madison, WI). HEK-pcDNA3, HEK-MRP7-C17 and HEK293-MRP7-C18 were seeded in triplicate at 3000 cells per well in 96-well plates in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Parental vector-transduced MEF3.8 cells (TKO-pBabe) and MRP7-transduced MEF3.8 cells (TKO-MRP7-7-21) were seeded at 1500 cells per well in 10% DMEM. All other cell lines were seeded at 3000 cells per well in 10% DMEM. The following day, drugs were added at various concentrations to the growth medium. Cellular proliferation assays were performed after 72 h of incubation in the presence of drug. Vincristine, vinblastine, paclitaxel, daunorubicin, cisplatin, 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine, 5-fluoro-5′-deoxyuridine, 5-azacytidine, 5-fluorouracil, 6-thioguanine, 2′-chloro-2′ deoxythymidine, 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine, cytabarine, 6-mercaptopurine and buthionine sulfoximine were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO). SN-38 was generously provided by Pharmacia Corporation (Kalamazoo, MI). Etoposide (Bristol Meyers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.), gemcitabine (Eli Lilly) and docetaxel (Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Bridgewater, NJ.) were obtained from the pharmacy of the Fox Chase Cancer Center. MAC231, MST997 and HTI286 were kindly provided by Wyeth Research. Epothilone B, epothilone A and phomopsin A were obtained from Calbiochem (La Jolla, CA.). PMEA (9-(-phosphonylmethoxynyl)adenine) was kindly provided by Gilead (Forest City, CA).

Hopper-Borge E., Xu X., Shen T., Shi Z., Chen Z.S, & Kruh G.D. (2009). Human Multidrug Resistance Protein 7 (ABCC10) is a Resistance Factor for Nucleoside Analogs and Epothilone B. Cancer research, 69(1), 178-184.

Publication 2009

2'-chlorothymidine 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine Adenine Azacitidine Biological Assay Buthionine Sulfoximine Cell Lines Cell Proliferation Cells Cisplatin Cloning Vectors Culture Media Daunorubicin Docetaxel doxifluridine epothilone A epothilone B Etoposide Fetal Bovine Serum Fluorouracil Forests Gemcitabine HTI-286 Hypersensitivity Malignant Neoplasms Mercaptopurine Methylphenazonium Methosulfate MST 997 Paclitaxel Parent Pharmaceutical Preparations phomopsin Promega Salts SN 38 Tetrazolium Salts Thioguanine Vinblastine Vincristine Zalcitabine

Assay of Bacterial Glucuronidase Enzymes

Cited 4 times

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Publication 2015

Bacteria Biological Assay Catalysis Cell Motility Assays Cells enzyme activity Enzymes Glucuronides High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies inhibitors Kinetics Psychological Inhibition SN 38

Evaluating UGT Inhibition by AB-PINACA

Cited 3 times

The effects of AB-PINACA on the UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 activities were measured in ultrapooled human liver microsomes [18 (link)]. Human liver microsomal mixture (100 μL) containing 50 mM Tris buffer (pH 7.4), ultrapooled human liver microsomes (0.2 mg/mL), 5 mM UDPGA, alamethicin (25 μg/mL), 10 mM MgCl₂, AB-PINACA (0.1–100 μM), and two sets of a cocktail of six UGT probes (set A: 2 μM chenodeoxycholic acid, 0.5 μM SN-38, and 0.5 μM trifluoperazine; set B: 1 μM N-acetylserotonin, 0.2 μM mycophenolic acid, and 1 μM naloxone). The incubation was continued for 60 min at 37 °C in a shaking water bath after addition of UDPGA, and the reactions were terminated by adding 50 μL of ice-cold propofol glucuronide and meloxicam in acetonitrile (ISs). After centrifugation, aliquots from supernatant from set A and set B (50 μL each) were mixed and 5 μL of the mixed supernatants were analyzed by SRM mode of LC-MS/MS as described in our previous report [19 (link)] and supplementary Table S1 and Figure S2. The linear ranges were 1–300 pmol for N-acetylserotonin β-d-glucuronide, chenodeoxycholic acid 24-acyl-β-glucuronide, mycophenolic acid glucuronide, naloxone 3-β-d-glucuronide, and SN-38 glucuronide, and 4–1200 pmol for trifluoperazine glucuronide. The accuracy and relative standard deviation values for six metabolites were 98.0–102.8% and 6.4–9.7%.

Park E.J., Park R., Jeon J.H., Cho Y.Y., Lee J.Y., Kang H.C., Song I.S, & Lee H.S. (2020). Inhibitory Effect of AB-PINACA, Indazole Carboxamide Synthetic Cannabinoid, on Human Major Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters. Pharmaceutics, 12(11), 1036.

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Publication 2020

7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin glucuronide acetonitrile Alamethicin Bath Centrifugation Chenodeoxycholic Acid Cold Temperature Glucuronides Homo sapiens Magnesium Chloride Meloxicam Microsomes, Liver Mycophenolic Acid mycophenolic acid glucuronide N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide Naloxone Propofol SN 38 Tandem Mass Spectrometry Trifluoperazine Tromethamine UGT1A1 protein, human UGT1A6 protein, human UGT1A9 protein, human Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid

Most recents protocols related to «SN 38»

High-throughput Drug Screening in HepG2 Cells

HepG2 or HB214 (1500 cells/well) was seeded on a 384 well plate in 30 μl. Drugs were added after 24 h. Cell Titer Glo (CTG) viability assay was conducted after 72 h of drug treatment. Briefly, CellTiter-Glo 2.0 (#G9243 Promega) was added to each well in a 1:1 v/v ratio. Plates were then covered to keep from light and incubated at RT on an orbital shaker at 150 RPM for 30 mins. After the incubation, plate was read on a synergy H4 plate reader for luminescence. Dose effect curves for each drug were calculated using Prism software, version 9 (GraphPad). For drug combinations, responses were analyzed using SynergyFinder2.0^{50 (link)}. Drugs used include cisplatin (#479036-5 G, Sigma Aldrich), gemcitabine (#AC456890010, Fisher Scientific), vincristine (#AAJ60907MA, Fisher Scientific), triapine (#50-136-4826, Fisher Scientific), MK1775 (#M4102, LKT laboratories, Saint Paul, Minnesota), doxorubicin (#BP25161, Fisher Scientific), sorafenib (#NC0749948, Fisher Scientific), SN-38 (#S4908-50MG, Selleck Chemicals, Harris County, Texas), deferoxamine mesylate (#AC461770010, Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium), KU60019 (#S1570, Selleck Chemicals). All concentrations were seeded in triplicate and the experiment was repeated three times. Significance was determined using the Extra Sum of Squares f test.

Brown A., Pan Q., Fan L., Indersie E., Tian C., Timchenko N., Li L., Hansen B.S., Tan H., Lu M., Peng J., Pruett-Miller S.M., Yu J., Cairo S, & Zhu L. (2023). Ribonucleotide reductase subunit switching in hepatoblastoma drug response and relapse. Communications Biology, 6, 249.

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Publication 2023

3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone Biological Assay Cells Cell Survival Cisplatin Doxorubicin Drug Combinations Gemcitabine KU 60019 Light Luminescence Mesylate, Deferoxamine MK-1775 Pharmaceutical Preparations prisma Promega SN 38 Sorafenib Vincristine

Silymarin and Irinotecan Formulation Study

Silymarin (80%) was purchased from Sanjaing (Jiaxing, China). Irinotecan hydrochloride and SN-38 were purchased from Scino Pharm (Tainan, Taiwan). SN38G was purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Rapamycin was purchased from Chunghwa Chemical Synthesis and Biotech (New Taipei City, Taiwan). Capryol-90 was purchased from Gattefosse (Lyon, France). Tween 80 and camptothecin were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Cremophor EL was procured from Wei Ming Pharmaceutical (Taipei, Taiwan). Ascomycin was purchased from MedChemExpress (South Brunswick, NJ, USA). Soybean lecithin (Lipoid S-100) was purchased from Lipoid GmbH (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, fetal bovine serum, and horse serum were purchased from Corning (New York, NY, USA). Reagents used for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) were of HPLC or MS grade, and other reagents were of analytical grade.

Liu Y.H., Chen L.C., Cheng W.T., Wei P.S., Hsieh C.M., Sheu M.T., Lin S.Y., Ho H.O, & Lin H.L. (2023). Synergistic Combination of Irinotecan and Rapamycin Orally Delivered by Nanoemulsion for Enhancing Therapeutic Efficacy of Pancreatic Cancer. Pharmaceutics, 15(2), 473.

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Publication 2023

Caimans Camptothecin capryol-90 cremophor EL Eagle Equus caballus Fetal Bovine Serum High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies immunomycin Irinotecan Hydrochloride Lecithin Liquid Chromatography Pharmaceutical Preparations Serum Silymarin Sirolimus SN 38 Soybeans Tandem Mass Spectrometry Tween 80

Plasma Extraction and Quantification Protocol

To extract irinotecan, SN-38, and SN38G from the plasma samples, 100 μL of the plasma sample was mixed with 200 µL of acetonitrile for 3 min by using a multitube vortexer to extract analytes. After 6000-rpm centrifugation for 10 min at 4 °C, 0.1 mL of the supernatant was transferred to another 1.5-mL microtube and stored at 4 °C (analyte A). Subsequently, to collect rapamycin, 200 μL of the extracted solution (methanol/0.1 M zinc sulfate solution = 7/3) was added to 100 µL of the blood sample and vortexed for 1 min. The mixture was centrifuged at 6000 rpm at 4 °C for 10 min, and 100 μL of the supernatant was mixed with analyte A and vortexed for 10 s (analyte B). Subsequently, 10 μL of camptothecin (1 µg/mL) and 10 μL of ascomycin (3 µg/mL) were added to analyte B and then diluted with the mobile phase and mixed thoroughly. The final sample solution was injected into the UPLC/MS/MS system for analysis.

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Publication 2023

acetonitrile BLOOD Camptothecin Centrifugation immunomycin Irinotecan Methanol Plasma Sirolimus SN 38 Tandem Mass Spectrometry Zinc Sulfate

Quantifying CPT-11 and SN-38 Levels

CPT-11 and SN-38 levels in plasma and tumor homogenates were determined via an exploratory liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry bioanalytical method (Supplementary methods).

Barbier S., Beaufils B., de Miguel R., Reyre M., Le Meitour Y., Lortie A., de Boisferon M.H., Chaumeron S., Espirito A., Fossati L., Lagarde P., Klinz S., Thiagalingam A., Lezmi S, & Meyer-Losic F. (2023). Liposomal Irinotecan Shows a Larger Therapeutic Index than Non-liposomal Irinotecan in Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Pancreatic Cancer. Oncology and Therapy, 11(1), 111-128.

Publication 2023

CPT-11 Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Neoplasms Plasma SN 38

Evaluating Therapeutic Index of CPT-11

The therapeutic index is a quantitative measurement of the relative safety of a drug. It was calculated per treatment, as the ratio of the highest exposure dose that produces the desired antitumor response for a maximum tolerated toxicity (i.e., the MTD) to the lowest dose that produces an effective antitumor response.
To evaluate therapeutic index, mice were assessed for BWL, TV, DNA damage within tumor cells, tumor regression, plasma and tumor CPT-11 and SN-38 levels (tumor CPT-11 data not shown), and toxicity within the jejunum and bone marrow.

Publication 2023

antitumor A Bone Marrow Cells CPT-11 DNA Damage Jejunum Mus Neoplasms Pharmaceutical Preparations Plasma Safety SN 38

Top products related to «SN 38»

Sn 38 by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Denmark, Poland, France, United Kingdom

SN-38 is a chemical compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is the active metabolite of the anti-cancer drug irinotecan. SN-38 is commonly used in research applications, but its core function is not to be extrapolated upon.

Cisplatin by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Sao Tome and Principe, Macao, Italy, France, Canada, Japan, Spain, Czechia, Poland, Australia, India, Switzerland, Sweden, Belgium, Portugal

Cisplatin is a platinum-based medication used as a chemotherapeutic agent. It is a crystalline solid that can be dissolved in water or saline solution for administration. Cisplatin functions by interfering with DNA replication, leading to cell death in rapidly dividing cells.

Sn 38 by Selleck Chemicals

Sourced in United States

SN-38 is a chemical compound used in laboratory research. It serves as an active metabolite of the anti-cancer drug irinotecan. SN-38 exhibits topoisomerase I inhibitory activity.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Macao, India, Canada, Switzerland, Japan, Australia, Spain, Poland, Belgium, Brazil, Czechia, Portugal, Austria, Denmark, Israel, Sweden, Ireland, Hungary, Mexico, Netherlands, Singapore, Indonesia, Slovakia, Cameroon, Norway, Thailand, Chile, Finland, Malaysia, Latvia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Uruguay, Bangladesh

DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.

Paclitaxel by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, China, Macao, Japan, Sao Tome and Principe, Canada, Poland, Spain, Israel, Australia, Switzerland, Italy

Paclitaxel is a pharmaceutical compound used in the production of various cancer treatment medications. It functions as a microtubule-stabilizing agent, which plays a crucial role in the development and regulation of cells. Paclitaxel is a key ingredient in the manufacture of certain anti-cancer drugs.

Doxorubicin by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, China, India, Italy, Poland, Macao, Japan, Sao Tome and Principe, Canada, Spain, Brazil, Australia, Belgium, Switzerland, Singapore, Israel

Doxorubicin is a cytotoxic medication that is commonly used in the treatment of various types of cancer. It functions as an anthracycline antibiotic, which works by interfering with the DNA replication process in cancer cells, leading to their destruction. Doxorubicin is widely used in the management of different malignancies, including leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors.

Verapamil by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, France, United Kingdom, China, Japan, Spain, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, Switzerland, Australia, Ireland, Belgium

Verapamil is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a calcium channel blocker that inhibits the movement of calcium ions through cell membranes, which can affect various physiological processes. The core function of Verapamil is to serve as a research tool for the study of calcium-dependent mechanisms in biological systems.

Vincristine by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Sao Tome and Principe, France

Vincristine is a laboratory reagent used in various research and analytical applications. It is a naturally-derived compound extracted from the Catharanthus roseus plant. Vincristine exhibits anti-tumor and anti-mitotic properties, making it a valuable tool for researchers studying cell biology and cancer-related processes. The core function of Vincristine is to inhibit microtubule formation, which is essential for cell division and proliferation.

7 ethyl 10 hydroxycamptothecin sn 38 by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Macao, Sao Tome and Principe, Italy

7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) is a chemical compound that serves as an active metabolite of the antitumor agent irinotecan. It functions as a topoisomerase I inhibitor, which is a key mechanism in its anticancer activity.

Oxaliplatin by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Argentina, China, France, Macao, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Italy, Sweden

Oxaliplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of various types of cancer. It functions as a DNA crosslinking agent, disrupting cellular division and leading to cell death.

What is SN 38 and how is it used in cancer treatment?

How can PubCompare.ai help optimize SN 38 research?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocol comparison tool can help streamline your SN 38 research journey. The platform allows you to screen protocol literature more efficiently, leveraging AI to pinpoint critical insights. By helping researchers identify the most effective protocols related to SN 38 for their specific research goals, PubCompare.ai's AI analysis can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling you to choose the best option for reproducibility and acuracy.

What are some common challenges in working with SN 38?

One of the key challenges in working with SN 38 is managing its potency and dose-limiting toxicities. Researchers must carefully optimize protocols and dosing regimens to balance the anti-tumor effects of SN 38 with its potential for adverse side effects. Additionally, ensuring reproducibility in SN 38 research can be difficult due to the complexity of the compound and its interactions with various biological systems.

Are there different variations or types of SN 38?

While SN 38 is the primary active metabolite of irinotecan, there may be other derivatives or analogues of SN 38 that have been developed or are under investigation. These could include structural modifications or prodrug formulations designed to improve pharmacokinetics, stability, or targeting. Researchers should be aware of the potential variations in SN 38 compounds and their specific properties and applications.

What are some key applications of SN 38 in cancer research and treatment?

SN 38 is a critical component in the treatment of various cancer types, including colorectal, lung, and ovarian cancers. It is often used in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents or targeted therapies to enhance the anti-tumor efficacy. Additionally, SN 38 and its derivatives may have potential applications in other areas, such as radiosensitization or combination with immunotherapies, which researchers are actively exploring.

More about "SN 38"

SN-38, the active metabolite of the chemotherapeutic drug irinotecan, is a powerful anticancer agent used to treat various types of cancer.
As a topoisomerase I inhibitor, SN-38 induces DNA double-strand breaks, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
With its higher potency compared to irinotecan, SN-38 exhibits both potent anti-tumor effects and dose-limiting toxicities.
Optimizing SN-38 research is crucial, and the use of AI-driven protocol comparison tools, such as PubCompare.ai, can greatly enhance this process.
These AI-powered platforms enable researchers to easily identify the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and improve reproducibility through side-by-side analysis.
This streamlined approach can accelerate discoveries in the field of SN-38-based cancer therapeutics.
Other related terms and compounds, such as cisplatin, DMSO, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, verapamil, vincristine, and 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), are also important considerations in cancer research.
Leveraging the insights gained from these compounds can further advance the understanding and optimization of SN-38-based therapies.
By utilizing AI-driven tools and incorporating a comprehensive understanding of SN-38 and related compounds, researchers can streamline their research journey, enhance reproducibility, and accelerate the discovery of more effective cancer treatments.