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Succinic Acid

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that plays a key role in the Krebs cycle, a central metabolic pathway in living organisms.
It is widely used in the chemical industry as a precursor for the synthesis of various compounds, including pharmaceuticals, polymers, and food additives.
Succinic acid can be produced through fermentation of renewable feedstocks, making it an attractive alternative to petrochemical-derived succinic acid.
Researhers continue to explore ways to optimize the production and applications of this versatile compound, which holds promise for a more sustainable future.

Most cited protocols related to «Succinic Acid»

1
High-Throughput Phenotyping of Yeast Strains
Cited 16 times
Strains were subjected to high throughput phenotyping by micro-cultivation (n = 2) in an array of environments (Table S2) as described [19] (link). Briefly, strains were inoculated in 350 µl of Synthetic Defined (SD) medium (0.14% yeast nitrogen base, 0.5% ammonium sulfate and 1% succinic acid; 2% glucose; 0.077% Complete Supplement Mixture (CSM, ForMedium), pH set to 5.8 with NaOH or KOH) and incubated for 48 h at 30°C. Experiment-dependent variations in this protocol are described in Text S1. Pre-cultures were diluted 35× to an OD of 0.03–0.15 in 350 µL of SD medium and cultivated (n = 2) at 30.0° for 72 h in a Bioscreen analyzer C (Growth curves Oy, Finland). Optical density was measured every 20 minutes using a wide band (450–580 nm) filter. Flocculation, which is a serious problem in liquid cultivations of wild yeast cells in higher cultivation volumes, was not observed. The mitotic proliferation rate (population doubling time), lag (population adaptation time) and efficiency (total change in population density) were extracted from high density growth curves and log2 transformed. Relative fitness variable for each strain and trait, LSCij, were calculated as:
wtkj is the fitness variable of the k:th measurement of the wildtype for trait j, xij is the measure of strain i for trait j and r indicates the run. The measure for proliferation efficiency was inverted to maintain directionality between fitness components. Derived log2 relative proliferation variables were used for all statistical analysis, except where otherwise stated. The average coefficient of variation between replicates, considering all variables and environments, equalled 11.6%, (see Dataset S1).
Warringer J., Zörgö E., Cubillos F.A., Zia A., Gjuvsland A., Simpson J.T., Forsmark A., Durbin R., Omholt S.W., Louis E.J., Liti G., Moses A, & Blomberg A. (2011). Trait Variation in Yeast Is Defined by Population History. PLoS Genetics, 7(6), e1002111.
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Publication 2011
Acclimatization Cells Dietary Supplements Flocculation Glucose Nitrogen Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains Succinic Acid Sulfate, Ammonium
2
Yeast Growth and Metabolite Profiling
Cited 15 times
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, CEN.PK113-7D [50 (link)] and its tps1 derivative [51 (link)], and JLP48-3B (KT1112 context [24 (link)]), were grown at 30°C in a synthetic minimal medium containing 0.17% (w/v) yeast nitrogen base (DIFCO), 0.5% (w/v) ammonium sulfate and 2% (w/v) galactose (YNGal) or glucose (YNGlu). The use of prototroph strains did avoid amino acid complementation of the medium. The pH was adjusted to 5.0 with succinic acid and sodium hydroxide. Cell growth was followed by measurement of OD (600 nm) during at least 10 days. For real independency of duplicates, shake-flasks cultures were performed neither simultaneously, nor from the same inoculums. The residual extracellular carbon source was quantified by HPLC. Intracellular glycogen and trehalose were measured as described in [52 (link)]. Yeast samples for real-time PCR analysis (approx. 108 cells) were centrifuged (3,000 rpm, 4°C, 3 min), and the cell pellets were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until RNA extraction.
Teste M.A., Duquenne M., François J.M, & Parrou J.L. (2009). Validation of reference genes for quantitative expression analysis by real-time RT-PCR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Molecular Biology, 10, 99.
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Publication 2009
Amino Acids Batch Cell Culture Techniques Carbon Cells Freezing Galactose Glucose Glycogen High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Nitrogen Pellets, Drug Protoplasm Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sodium Hydroxide Strains Succinic Acid Sulfate, Ammonium Trehalose
3
Yeast Growth Profiling in Solid and Liquid Media
Cited 8 times
Solid media plates were cast with 50 ml of Synthetic Complete (SC) medium: 0.14% Yeast Nitrogen Base (YNB, CYN2210, ForMedium), 0.50% ammonium sulfate, 0.077% Complete Supplement Mixture (CSM, DCS0019, ForMedium), 2.0% (w/v) glucose and pH buffered to 5.8 with 1.0% (w/v) succinic acid, and 0.6% (w/v) NaOH. Media was supplemented with 20 g/L of agar. Where indicated, 2.0% glucose was replaced by 2.0% galactose and/or supplemented with salt to 0.85 M NaCl. Three strain layouts were used: 1) all colonies being diploid BY4743 reference strain (Brachmann et al. 1998 (link)) (Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3); 2) colonies corresponding to single yeast gene knockouts of the haploid BY4742 deletion collection (Giaever et al. 2002 (link)), with WT control colonies interleaved in every fourth position and n = 3 replicates of each strain in juxtaposition (Figure 4, A–D); 3) for the confirmation experiment (Figure 4, E and F) the same procedure was employed, but at high number of replicates (n = 24). The reference liquid media experiments (n = 6) (Figure 4, E and F) were performed as previously described (Warringer et al. 2011 (link)). See File S1, section 8, for a complete description of the wet-lab procedures.
Zackrisson M., Hallin J., Ottosson L.G., Dahl P., Fernandez-Parada E., Ländström E., Fernandez-Ricaud L., Kaferle P., Skyman A., Stenberg S., Omholt S., Petrovič U., Warringer J, & Blomberg A. (2016). Scan-o-matic: High-Resolution Microbial Phenomics at a Massive Scale. G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics, 6(9), 3003-3014.
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Publication 2016
Agar CD3EAP protein, human Deletion Mutation Diploidy Galactose Gene Knockout Techniques Glucose Nitrogen Salts Sodium Chloride Strains Succinic Acid Sulfate, Ammonium Yeast, Dried
4
Crystallization of mycobacterial LDT2 protein
Cited 8 times

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Publication 2012
Chromatography, Affinity Crystallization Diffusion Ethylenediamines Gel Chromatography HEPES Iodine Methionine Proteins Sepharose Strains Succinic Acid
5
Optimizing Succinic Acid Production by Enterobacter sp.
Cited 7 times
After the isolation of Enterobacter sp. LU1, the effects of different physiological and nutritional parameters on succinic acid production were studied. The first parameter considered was the glycerol concentration (0–30 g l−1) because the strain produced succinic acid on the medium containing glycerol during the isolation and screening procedure (approximately 2 g l−1 SA). In another set of experiments, glycerol was supplemented with different substrates (Table S2). Fermentations were conducted at a glycerol concentration of 20 g l−1 and with 10 g l−1 additional carbon source. To investigate the effect of glycerol and lactose as a mixed carbon source on succinic acid production, five weight ratios of glycerol to lactose were chosen (15/0; 10/20; 15/15; 20/10; and 0/15). Once equivalent concentrations of glycerol and lactose were established as optimal (15 g l−1), the best nitrogen source for succinic acid production was investigated. The influences of inorganic ((NH4)2SO4; (NH4)2HPO4; NH4NO3; NH4Cl; KNO3; and urea) and organic nitrogen sources (yeast extract (BTL, Poland); peptone (BTL, Poland); and corn steep liquor (Sigma‐Aldrich, USA) were determined at the same level of nitrogen, 0.5 g l−1. The organic carbon load of N sources was not normalized during fermentations. Because conducting succinic acid fermentation in neutral conditions requires appropriate neutralizing agent usage, four different carbonate salts (CaCO3, MgCO3, Na2CO3 and NaHCO3) were investigated, all at the same concentration of 5 g l−1. Next, the optimal concentration of magnesium carbonate was studied in the range of 0–60 g l−1. Finally, the effect of temperature on succinic acid production was studied (27–44°C). For the bioreactor cultivations, the pre‐culture of Enterobacter sp. LU1 (200 ml) was inoculated into a Biostat A fermenter (Sartorius AG, Germany) containing 2 l of fermentation medium. The fermentation temperature was 34°C with stirring at 250 rpm. The pH value was adjusted automatically with solution of 5% NaOH (w/v) and 20% Na2CO3 (w/v). The initial substrate concentrations were 50 g l−1 glycerol and 25 g l−1 lactose; the solutions of the substrates were sterilized separately from the solution containing the nitrogen source. The other constituents of the medium were as follows (g l−1): YE 15; MgCO3 5; Na2HPO4 0.31; NaH2PO4 × H2O 1.16; MgCl2 × 6H2O 0.2; CaCl2 0.15; and NaCl 1. The succinate yield was calculated as gram product (succinate)/gram substrate(glycerol and lactose) consumed.
Podleśny M., Jarocki P., Wyrostek J., Czernecki T., Kucharska J., Nowak A, & Targoński Z. (2016). Enterobacter sp. LU1 as a novel succinic acid producer – co‐utilization of glycerol and lactose. Microbial Biotechnology, 10(2), 492-501.
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Publication 2016
Amniotic Fluid Bicarbonate, Sodium Bioreactors Carbon Carbon-10 Carbonate, Calcium Carbonates Enterobacter Fermentation Fermentors Glycerin isolation Lactose magnesium carbonate Magnesium Chloride Maize MLL protein, human Nitrogen Peptones physiology Salts Screening Sodium Chloride STEEP1 protein, human Strains Succinate Succinic Acid Urea Yeast, Dried

Most recents protocols related to «Succinic Acid»

1
Purification of IL-2 Mutein Polymer Prodrug
Not available on PMC !

Example 6

Compound 3 was generated from the purification process of IL-2 mutein Ala-M1 polymer prodrug 5. During separation of compound 5 on a Capto MMC ImpRes resin the later eluting peak which contains 3 was collected. The collected fraction was diluted with 10 mM succinic acid, pH 5.0 to lower the conductivity to approx. 14 mS/cm and further purified on a Äkta system equipped with a HiScreen Capto Blue column using buffer A (20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.5), buffer B (20 mM sodium phosphate, 1 M NaCl, pH 7.5) and a gradient from 0 to 50% buffer B in 6 column volumes. The main peak was collected and concentrated using Amicon Ultra centrifugal device (3 kDa MWCO). The concentrated solution was buffer exchanged to 10 mM Hepes, 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, 0.05% polysorbate 20, pH 7.4 by using an Äkta system and a HiPrep 26/10 column and the concentration was adjusted to 0.25 mg/mL to give compound 3.

US11879001B2. Conjugate comprising an IL-2 moiety (2024-01-23). ASCENDIS PHARMA ONCOLOGY DIVISION A/S [DK]. Inventors: Nina Gunnarsson [DK], Matiss Maleckis [DK], David B. Rosen [US].
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Patent 2024
Buffers Edetic Acid Electric Conductivity HEPES interleukin-2, polyethylene glycol-modified Medical Devices mutein 2 mutein 5 Polymers Polysorbate 20 Prodrugs Resins, Plant Sodium Chloride sodium phosphate Succinic Acid
2
Varenicline Succinate Isolation from Impurities
Not available on PMC !

Example 18

A solution of Varenicline free base (25.0 g) in methylene dichloride (125 mL) was stirred with the aqueous solution of succinic acid (16.77 g, 1.2 eq in 125 mL of water). The aqueous layer containing Varenicline succinate was stirred with methylene dichloride to remove the nitrosamine impurity by solvent extraction. Thereafter, follow the general procedure for the isolation of Varenicline base from the aqueous layer. Yield 15.6 g

US11872234B2. Vareniciline compound and process of manufacture thereof (2024-01-16). Par Pharmaceutical, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Joseph Prabahar Koilpillai [IN], Sayuj Nath [IN], Satish Patil [IN], Somasundaram Muthuramalingam [IN], Selvakumar Viruthagiri [IN], Mohankumar Lakshmanan [IN].
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Patent 2024
isolation Methylene Chloride Nitrosamines Solvents Succinates Succinic Acid Varenicline
3
Salt Screening of Novel API Compound
Not available on PMC !

Example 4

First setup of salt screening was carried out with Sulfuric Acid, Phosphoric Acid, Toluene Sulfonic Acid and Succinic Acid.

Cooling crystallisations with stoichiometric 1:1 (base:acid) combinations in 2-Propanol, Toluene and THF/Water (0.5:1; v:v) were started. Approx. 20 mg API was dissolved at high temperature and the acid was dosed in the respective amount to the solution. Solid acids were weighed and added as solid into the API solution and liquid acids were dissolved in the respective solvent and given by a pipette to the API solution. In no case a spontaneous salt precipitation after dosage of acid could be observed. Then the solution was cooled down to 5° C. with a slow cooling rate, e.g. 1 K/min (in experiments with 2-PrOH 3-fold cycles heating→cooling were run). In cases where no crystallisation occurred, the vials were placed for further days in the fridge. From Acetone evaporation crystallisations were carried out at RT.

From cooling crystallisations either no solid residues, amorphous solid residues or parent form A1 were obtained. From evaporation crystallisations in Acetone only amorphous residues were obtained. These residues were further treated by dissolving in Ethanol and carrying out of vapour diffusion experiments with Diethyl ether. In no case a crystalline residue was obtained.

US11878967B2. Crystalline forms of 1-(4-{[6-amino-5-(4-phenoxy-phenyl)-pyrimidin-4-ylamino]-methyl}-4-fluoro-piperidin-1-yl)-propenone, salt forms thereof, and processes to obtain (2024-01-23). Merck Patent GmbH [DE]. Inventors: Michael Lange [DE], Clemens Kuehn [DE], Tobias Schlueter [DE], Werner Mederski [DE], David Maillard [DE], Edoardo Burini [IT].
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Patent 2024
1-Propanol Acetone Acids COOL-1 protein, human Crystallization Diffusion Ethanol Ethyl Ether Fever Hydrochloric acid Parent Phosphoric Acids Sodium Chloride Solvents Succinic Acid Sulfonic Acids Sulfuric Acids Toluene
4
PIXE Analysis of Poly(butylene succinate) Polymer
Not available on PMC !

Example 14

The elemental composition of the Succinic acid-1,4-Butanediol-Malic acid copolyester was analyzed by Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) at Elemental Analysis Inc. This method provides quantitative elemental composition of a material for inorganic elements sodium through uranium on the periodic table. The elements found are shown in Table 7. The polymer did not contain detectable heavy metals such as Tin, which is sometimes used in the manufacture of resorbable polymers such as poly-glycolide, polylactide and poly-glycolide-co-lactide. The following trace elements were detected: silicon 18.98 ppm, titanium 14.77 ppm, and zinc 5.967 ppm.

TABLE 7
PIXE Analysis of a Poly(butylene succinate) Polymer
ElementEnergyDet. LimitConcentration
Name(keV)95% Conf.MassError
Silicon1.7408.964 ppm18.980 ppm5.056 ppm
Titanium4.5112.362 ppm14.770 ppm2.057 ppm
Zinc8.6390.457 ppm 5.967 ppm0.544 ppm

US11878087B2. Oriented implants containing poly(butylene succinate) and copolymer, and methods of use thereof (2024-01-23). Tepha, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Simon F. Williams [US], Said Rizk [US], David P. Martin [US].
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Patent 2024
Butylene Glycols malic acid Metals, Heavy poly(butylene succinate) poly(lactide) Poly A Polymers PPM 18 Protons Roentgen Rays Silicon Sodium Succinic Acid Titanium Trace Elements Uranium Zinc
5
3D Printed Mesh from Biodegradable Copolyester
Not available on PMC !

Example 9

A 3D printed mesh was prepared from succinic acid-1,4-butanediol-malic acid copolyester (Tepha lot 180333), with weight average molecular weight of 184 kDa, Tm=115° C., using melt extrusion deposition according to the following method. The mesh was printed using an ARBURG Free-Former machine consisting of a horizontal extruder feeding into a vertical ram extruder fitted with motion controlled needle plunger, 200 micron spinneret nozzle and a movable stage table. The extruder hopper was charged with 1½×3 mm sized polymer pellets with a moisture content of less than 2,000 ppm. The pellets were purged with dry nitrogen in the extruder hopper to maintain dryness. The temperature profile of the extruder was set between 45°-180° C., and the residence time of the polymer in the extrusion system was maintained at less than 15 min/cm. The conditions resulted in the formation of very high quality printed mesh as shown in FIG. 1.

US11878087B2. Oriented implants containing poly(butylene succinate) and copolymer, and methods of use thereof (2024-01-23). Tepha, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Simon F. Williams [US], Said Rizk [US], David P. Martin [US].
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Patent 2024
Butylene Glycols Desiccation malic acid Needles Nitrogen Pellets, Drug Polymers Succinic Acid

Top products related to «Succinic Acid»

1
Succinic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, Japan, Sao Tome and Principe, India, Switzerland, China
Succinic acid is a laboratory chemical used as a reagent in various scientific applications. It is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula C₄H₆O₄. Succinic acid is a naturally occurring substance found in many organisms and is commonly used in the production of pharmaceuticals, food additives, and other chemical compounds.
2
Citric acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, China, India, France, Spain, Canada, Switzerland, Brazil, Poland, Sao Tome and Principe, Australia, Macao, Austria, Norway, Belgium, Sweden, Mexico, Greece, Cameroon, Bulgaria, Portugal, Indonesia, Ireland
Citric acid is a commonly used chemical compound in laboratory settings. It is a weak organic acid that can be found naturally in citrus fruits. Citric acid has a wide range of applications in various laboratory procedures and analyses.
3
Malic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, France, China
Malic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that occurs naturally in various fruits and vegetables. It is a common laboratory reagent used in various applications, such as pH adjustment, food and beverage production, and chemical synthesis.
4
Fumaric acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Italy, Switzerland, France
Fumaric acid is a dicarboxylic acid found naturally in many plant and animal tissues. It is a white, crystalline solid that is used as a food additive and in various industrial applications.
5
Lactic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, China, Poland, Sao Tome and Principe, Japan
Lactic acid is a chemical compound that is produced naturally in the body as a byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis. It can also be produced synthetically for industrial applications. Lactic acid is a colorless, odorless, and water-soluble organic acid.
6
Acetic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, India, China, France, Spain, Switzerland, Poland, Sao Tome and Principe, Australia, Canada, Ireland, Czechia, Brazil, Sweden, Belgium, Japan, Hungary, Mexico, Malaysia, Macao, Portugal, Netherlands, Finland, Romania, Thailand, Argentina, Singapore, Egypt, Austria, New Zealand, Bangladesh
Acetic acid is a colorless, vinegar-like liquid chemical compound. It is a commonly used laboratory reagent with the molecular formula CH3COOH. Acetic acid serves as a solvent, a pH adjuster, and a reactant in various chemical processes.
7
Oxalic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, India, Poland, China, Belgium, United Kingdom, Italy
Oxalic acid is a chemical compound with the formula H2C2O4. It is a colorless crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. Oxalic acid is commonly used in various industrial and laboratory applications.
8
Formic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States, Italy, United Kingdom, France, Spain, China, Poland, India, Switzerland, Sao Tome and Principe, Belgium, Australia, Canada, Ireland, Macao, Hungary, Czechia, Netherlands, Portugal, Brazil, Singapore, Austria, Mexico, Chile, Sweden, Bulgaria, Denmark, Malaysia, Norway, New Zealand, Japan, Romania, Finland, Indonesia
Formic acid is a colorless, pungent-smelling liquid chemical compound. It is the simplest carboxylic acid, with the chemical formula HCOOH. Formic acid is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications.
9
Methanol by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States, Italy, India, United Kingdom, China, France, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, Sao Tome and Principe, Brazil, Ireland, Japan, Belgium, Portugal, Singapore, Macao, Malaysia, Czechia, Mexico, Indonesia, Chile, Denmark, Sweden, Bulgaria, Netherlands, Finland, Hungary, Austria, Israel, Norway, Egypt, Argentina, Greece, Kenya, Thailand, Pakistan
Methanol is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid that is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It serves as a solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate. Methanol has a simple chemical formula of CH3OH and a boiling point of 64.7°C. It is a versatile compound that is widely used in the production of other chemicals, as well as in the fuel industry.
10
Tartaric acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, France, China, Australia, India
Tartaric acid is a chemical compound that is commonly used as a lab equipment product. It is a naturally occurring organic acid found in various fruits, particularly grapes. Tartaric acid is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and has a sour taste.

More about "Succinic Acid"

Succinic acid, also known as butanedioic acid or amber acid, is a dicarboxylic acid that plays a crucial role in the Krebs cycle, a central metabolic pathway in living organisms.
This versatile compound is widely used in the chemical industry as a precursor for the synthesis of various compounds, including pharmaceuticals, polymers, and food additives.
Succinic acid can be produced through fermentation of renewable feedstocks, making it an attractive alternative to petrochemical-derived succinic acid.
Researchers continue to explore ways to optimize the production and applications of this versitale compound, which holds promise for a more sustainable future.
Aside from its role in the Krebs cycle, succinic acid is often compared to other dicarboxylic acids, such as citric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, and formic acid.
These acids share similarities in their chemical structures and metabolic functions, and researchers are constantly investigating the interplay between them and their applications.
Additionally, succinic acid is sometimes associated with methanol and tartaric acid, as these compounds can be used in the production or derivation of succinic acid.
The ongoing research and development in this field aim to unlock the full potential of succinic acid and its related compounds, contributing to a more environmentally-friendly and efficient chemical industry.