All metabolite reference standards underwent a two-step derivatization procedure. Therefore 1 mg of each standard was dissolved in a solution of 1 ml methanol:water:isopropanol (2.5:1:1 v/v). Then 10 μl of each standard solution were taken out and evaporated to dryness. First, methoximation was performed to inhibit the ring formation of reducing sugars, protecting also all other aldehydes and ketones. A solution of 40 mg/ml O-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride, (CAS: [593-56-6]; Formula CH5NO.HCl; Sigma-Aldrich No. 226904 (98%)) in pyridine (99.99%) was prepared. The dried standards and 10 μl of the O-methylhydroxylamine reagent solution were mixed for 30 s in a vortex mixer and subsequently shaken for 90 minutes at 30°C. Afterwards, 90μl of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) with 1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) (1 ml bottles, Pierce, Rockford IL) was added and shaken at 37°C for 30 min for trimethylsilylation of acidic protons to increase volatility of metabolites. A mixture of internal retention index (RI) markers was prepared using fatty acid methyl esters (FAME markers) of C8, C9, C10, C12, C14, C16, C18, C20, C22, C24, C26, C28 and C30 linear chain length, dissolved in chloroform at a concentration of 0.8 mg/ml (C8-C16) and 0.4 mg/ml (C18-C30). 2 μl of this RI mixture were added to the reagent solutions, transferred to 2 mL glass crimp amber autosampler vials. Data acquisition parameters are given in table 1 . Subsequent to data processing using the instrument manufacturer’s software programs, spectra and retention indices were manually curated into the new Leco FiehnLib (359-008-100) or automatically transferred by Agilent to the new Agilent FiehnLib (G1676AA).
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Sugars
Sugars
Sugars are a class of carbohydrates that serve as a primary source of energy for the body.
They can be found naturally in fruits, vegetables, and other foods, or added to processed foods.
Sugars include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, as well as disaccharides like sucrose and lactose.
Proper sugar intake is important for maintaining overall health, but excessive consumption can lead to weight gain and other metabolic issues.
Researhc optimiation in this area can help identify the best protocols for studying and understanding the role of sugars in human nutrition and disease.
They can be found naturally in fruits, vegetables, and other foods, or added to processed foods.
Sugars include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, as well as disaccharides like sucrose and lactose.
Proper sugar intake is important for maintaining overall health, but excessive consumption can lead to weight gain and other metabolic issues.
Researhc optimiation in this area can help identify the best protocols for studying and understanding the role of sugars in human nutrition and disease.
Most cited protocols related to «Sugars»
Acids
Aldehydes
Amber
Cardiac Arrest
Chloroform
Esters
Fatty Acids
Isopropyl Alcohol
Ketones
Methanol
methoxyamine
Protons
pyridine
Retention (Psychology)
Sugars
trimethylchlorosilane
Volatility
The use of a two-stage sulfuric acid hydrolysis for the analysis of lignin dates to the turn of the 20th century, although the use of concentrated acid to release sugars from wood dates to the early 19th century (7 ). Klason, in 1906, is often credited as the first to use sulfuric acid to isolate lignin from wood (7 −9 ). The method became named after Klason, and the insoluble residue from the test is known as “Klason lignin.” An English translation of a Klason paper, from this period (10 ), describes his attempt to determine the structure of spruce wood lignin. According to Brauns (7 ), Klason’s method originally used 72 wt % sulfuric acid; he later reduced this to 66 wt % to gelatinize the wood. He filtered the solids and subjected them to a second hydrolysis in 0.5 wt % hydrochloric acid.
Although Klason is generally credited as being the first to use sulfuric acid for lignin analysis, Sherrard and Harris (11 ) credit the use of sulfuric acid to Fleschsig in 1883, Ost and Wilkening in 1912, and König and Rump in 1913. According to Harris (12 ), Fleschsig, in 1883, dissolved cotton cellulose and converted it nearly quantitatively into sugars using strong sulfuric acid followed by dilution and heating. According to Browning (13 ), Ost and Wilkening introduced the use of 72 wt % sulfuric acid for lignin determinations in 1910. A translated paper by Heuser (14 ) credited König and Ost and Wilkening for the sulfuric acid lignin method. Dore (15 ) described several improved analytical methods (cellulose, lignin, soluble pentosans, mannan, and galactan) for the summative analysis of coniferous woods. The discrepancies in attribution may be due to differing definitions for the method cited (e.g., first to use acid to determine lignin, first to use sulfuric acid, first to use 72 wt % sulfuric acid, etc.) and to missed citations across continental distances in the early 20th century.
Although Klason is generally credited as being the first to use sulfuric acid for lignin analysis, Sherrard and Harris (11 ) credit the use of sulfuric acid to Fleschsig in 1883, Ost and Wilkening in 1912, and König and Rump in 1913. According to Harris (12 ), Fleschsig, in 1883, dissolved cotton cellulose and converted it nearly quantitatively into sugars using strong sulfuric acid followed by dilution and heating. According to Browning (13 ), Ost and Wilkening introduced the use of 72 wt % sulfuric acid for lignin determinations in 1910. A translated paper by Heuser (14 ) credited König and Ost and Wilkening for the sulfuric acid lignin method. Dore (15 ) described several improved analytical methods (cellulose, lignin, soluble pentosans, mannan, and galactan) for the summative analysis of coniferous woods. The discrepancies in attribution may be due to differing definitions for the method cited (e.g., first to use acid to determine lignin, first to use sulfuric acid, first to use 72 wt % sulfuric acid, etc.) and to missed citations across continental distances in the early 20th century.
Acids
Cellulose
Galactans
Gossypium
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrolysis
Lignin
Mannans
Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester
Picea
Sugars
sulfuric acid
Technique, Dilution
Tracheophyta
Xylose
The integrated plant was modeled assuming a 1G raw material loading of 360,000 tons dry grain per year and a 2G raw material loading of 180,000 tons dry wheat straw per year. These raw material loadings correspond to an estimated annual ethanol production of 200,000 m3, assuming C6 fermentation only. In some of the simulated cases, C5 fermentation was also considered, which increased the annual ethanol production to approximately 230,000 m3. It was assumed that the plant was in operation 8000 h per year, and could be managed by 28 people. One 1G case and six integrated 1G + 2G cases were modeled. In the integrated cases, ethanol, DDGS, and biogas production from the C5 sugars were investigated, as well as biogas upgrading to vehicle fuel quality. A sensitivity analysis was also performed for the six integrated cases to assess variations in the biogas yield which increased the investigated configurations to another six supplementary cases.
An overview of the process is shown in Fig.11 , and further details are provided in Section “Case description ” below.![]()
An overview of the process is shown in Fig.
Schematic overview of the 1G + 2G process and alternative configurations
Full text: Click here
Biofuels
Biogas
Cellulose
Cereals
Ethanol
Fermentation
Hypersensitivity
Lignin
Plants
Steam
Sugars
Triticum aestivum
The w3DNA server reports three sets of rigid-body parameters: (i) the six base-pair parameters describing the spatial arrangements of associated bases—three angles called Buckle, Propeller, and Opening and three displacements called Shear, Stretch, and Stagger; (ii) the six base-pair-step parameters specifying the configurations of spatially adjacent base pairs—two bending angles called Tilt and Roll, the dimeric rotation angle Twist, two in-plane dislocations termed Shift and Slide, and the vertical displacement Rise; and (iii) the six parameters that relate the positions of successive base pairs relative to a local helical frame—the angles Inclination and Tip and the distances x-displacement and y-displacement describing the orientation and translation of the base planes with respect to the helical axis, and the rotation about and displacement along the helical axis, referred to as Helical Twist and Helical Rise (1 (link),10 ). The numerical values describe the deviations of the base pairs in a given structure from the planar Watson–Crick base pairs in an ideal B-DNA helix, where the base-pair parameters, the dimeric bending components, and in-plane dislocations of adjacent base pairs are null (11 (link)). A fourth set of rigid-body variables—the dinucleotide Tilt, Roll, Twist, Shift, Slide, and Rise—specifies the arrangements of adjacent bases along individual strands. The computations of rigid-body parameters use the mathematical definitions of El Hassan and Calladine (5 (link)). The identification of the helical axis between adjacent base pairs follows the methodology introduced by Babcock et al. (13 (link)).
The reported output also includes the areas of overlap of adjacent bases and base pairs and the positioning of phosphorus atoms within each base-pair step. The former values quantify the stacking of neighboring base pairs, and the latter discriminate between A and B double-helical steps (17 (link)). The base-pairing information is complemented by more conventional structural data, such as the identities and lengths of hydrogen bonds, the distances and angles between atoms in hydrogen-bonded and adjacent nucleotides, the torsion angles along the chain backbone, the amplitude and phase angle of sugar pseudorotation (i.e. puckering geometry), the glycosyl torsions orienting the sugars and bases, and the widths of the major and minor grooves.
The reported output also includes the areas of overlap of adjacent bases and base pairs and the positioning of phosphorus atoms within each base-pair step. The former values quantify the stacking of neighboring base pairs, and the latter discriminate between A and B double-helical steps (17 (link)). The base-pairing information is complemented by more conventional structural data, such as the identities and lengths of hydrogen bonds, the distances and angles between atoms in hydrogen-bonded and adjacent nucleotides, the torsion angles along the chain backbone, the amplitude and phase angle of sugar pseudorotation (i.e. puckering geometry), the glycosyl torsions orienting the sugars and bases, and the widths of the major and minor grooves.
Carbohydrates
Dinucleoside Phosphates
Epistropheus
Helix (Snails)
Human Body
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Bonds
Joint Dislocations
Muscle Rigidity
Nucleotides
Phosphorus
Reading Frames
Sugars
Vertebral Column
The GMD uses a Microsoft SQL Server 2008™ as the relational database backend for relating the mass spectrum and retention behaviour to an analyte, i.e. the chemically modified compound, which is mapped to represent a metabolite (Fig. 1 ) (Hummel et al. 2008 ). Both analyte and metabolite have the properties of a chemical compound and are linked to structures archived as .mol-files and InChI™ codes (http://www.iupac.org/inchi/ ). A typical metabolite has one to two analytes, which are generated by the chemical derivatization process inherent to the GC-MS profiling technique. Each analyte has multiple technological versions of MSTs. These replicate mass spectra and RIs are empirically determined using different mass spectral technologies, e.g. time of flight, quadrupole or ion trap based mass detectors, and variations of gas chromatographic systems (Strehmel et al. 2008 (link)).![]()
Excerpt of the GMD scheme. MSTs (mass spectral tags, i.e. repeatedly observed mass spectra with retention behaviour) are linked to analytes via experiments and a supervised annotation process. Likewise, analytes are mapped to metabolites. Structural information has been added to both types of compounds, the metabolites and their respective analytes
Acids
Amino Acids
Chemical Processes
chemical properties
DNA Replication
Fatty Acids
Fatty Alcohols
Gas Chromatography
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Isomerism
Mass Spectrometry
Retention (Psychology)
Sugar Alcohols
Sugars
Most recents protocols related to «Sugars»
Example 7
Water solubility of aromatic compounds can be improved by introducing charged groups or atoms with lone pair electrons that can participate in hydrogen bonding. Such groups are, for example, —OH, —CH2OH, —OCH3, —COOH, —SO3H, —NH2, —NH3Cl, —ONa. Sugars, amino acids, and peptides can also improve water solubility of quinones. Synthetic macromolecules such as polyethyleneglycoles can be used as substituents as well.
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Amino Acids
Electrons
Peptides
Quinones
Sugars
Example 2
In the current invention, we have synthesized sugar and deoxy sugar-modified amphiphilic dendrimer hybrids. These amphiphilic molecules have hydrophobic units, thus should be able to self-assemble in solution whereas the hydrophilic sugar moieties should improve biocompatibility and loading capacity of the nucleic acid carrier.
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Amines
Dendrimers
Deoxy Sugars
Hybrids
Nucleic Acids
Sugars
The endoglucanase (EG) activity
was assessed by measuring the release of reducing sugars in a reaction
mixture containing the crude extract and carboxymethyl cellulose (0.5%
w/v) as a substrate in 50 mM Na acetate buffer (pH 5) at 50 °C
for 60 min (T. reesei) or 120 min (T. atroviride).27 (link) The
reducing sugars released were determined using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic
acid (DNS) method. One unit (U) of endoglucanase activity was defined
as the amount of enzymes that released 1 μmol of glucose equimolar
per minute under the assay conditions27 (link) and normalized by grams of the fermented substrate (U/g).
was assessed by measuring the release of reducing sugars in a reaction
mixture containing the crude extract and carboxymethyl cellulose (0.5%
w/v) as a substrate in 50 mM Na acetate buffer (pH 5) at 50 °C
for 60 min (T. reesei) or 120 min (T. atroviride).27 (link) The
reducing sugars released were determined using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic
acid (DNS) method. One unit (U) of endoglucanase activity was defined
as the amount of enzymes that released 1 μmol of glucose equimolar
per minute under the assay conditions27 (link) and normalized by grams of the fermented substrate (U/g).
Full text: Click here
Acetate
Biological Assay
Buffers
Carboxymethylcellulose
Cellulase
Complex Extracts
Enzymes
Glucose
Sugars
Seeds of ETH3 and control were collected at the fruit mature stage of ‘Huashuo’. The soluble sugar content was determined using anthrone colorimetry (Liu et al., 2015 (link)). The contents of sucrose and reducing sugars were evaluated using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method (Yang et al., 2017 (link)). Endogenous ethylene content was evaluated by the ACC content (Hu et al., 2021 (link)). The grinded samples of 0.5 g were homogenized in phosphate-buffered saline, and then centrifuged at for 20 min (4°C, 12000 rpm). These supernatants were used to measure the ACC contents. The ACC contents of the seed and shell were measured according to the Plant 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid ACC kit (Shanghai Jingkang Bioengineering, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) instructions (Hu et al., 2021 (link)). The OD450 value was determined using a microplate reader (BioTek, Winooski, Vermont, USA).
Ten leaves from one tree were randomly selected to measure the chlorophyll content for each biological replicate. Leaves of ethephon treatment and control were cut into filaments. The filaments of 0.2 g were immersed in an acetone–ethanol mixture (2:1, v/v) for 24 h (4°C, darkness). The samples were shaken several times during the experiment. The absorbance indexes at 663 and 645 nm of the solution were assessed by a spectrophotometer (UV-1100, Mapada, China). The chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents were calculated, referring to the method of Zhang et al. (Zhang et al., 2021 (link)).
Ten leaves from one tree were randomly selected to measure the chlorophyll content for each biological replicate. Leaves of ethephon treatment and control were cut into filaments. The filaments of 0.2 g were immersed in an acetone–ethanol mixture (2:1, v/v) for 24 h (4°C, darkness). The samples were shaken several times during the experiment. The absorbance indexes at 663 and 645 nm of the solution were assessed by a spectrophotometer (UV-1100, Mapada, China). The chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents were calculated, referring to the method of Zhang et al. (Zhang et al., 2021 (link)).
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1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
Acetone
Acids
anthrone
Biopharmaceuticals
Carbohydrates
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll A
chlorophyll b
Colorimetry
Cytoskeletal Filaments
Darkness
DNA Replication
Ethanol
ethephon
Ethylenes
Fruit
Phosphates
Plants
Saline Solution
Sucrose
Sugars
Trees
For EPS extraction, 500 mL of commercial UHT low fat milk (La Serenisima, Mastellone Hnos S.A, Argentina) were individually inoculated with fresh pure cultures (1% v/v) and incubated at 20°C, 30°C or 37°C until the acid gels were formed. The fermented milks obtained were heated for 30 min at 100°C in order to favor the detachment and dissolution of the polysaccharide bound to the cells and allow enzymes denaturalization. Trichloroacetic acid 8% w/v (Ciccarelli, Argentina) was added to precipitate the proteins. Then, the samples were centrifuged at 10,000 g for 20 min at 20°C in an Avanti J25 centrifuge (Beckman Coulter Inc., USA) and two volumes of cold ethanol were added to the supernatant obtained. The samples were placed at-20°C overnight and centrifuged at 10,000 g for 20 min at 4°C. EPS pellets were dissolved in hot distilled water and dialyzed against bi-distilled water through a 1 kDa cut-off dialysis membrane (Spectra/Por, The Spectrum Companies, Gardena, CA) for 48 h at 4°C. Finally, the samples were lyophilized. EPS extraction was performed from two independent cultures. The absence of other sugars was determined by thin-layer chromatography and the absence of proteins was evaluated by the Bradford method (Rimada and Abraham, 2003 (link)). EPS amount was estimated by weight of crude EPS lyophilized and expressed as mg/L.
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Acids
Cells
Cold Temperature
Dialysis
Enzymes
Ethanol
Fat-Restricted Diet
Gels
Milk
Milk, Cow's
Pellets, Drug
Polysaccharides
Proteins
Sugars
Thin Layer Chromatography
Tissue, Membrane
Trichloroacetic Acid
Top products related to «Sugars»
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Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. It is commonly used as a laboratory reagent for various applications, serving as a standard reference substance and control material in analytical procedures.
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D-glucose is a type of monosaccharide, a simple sugar that serves as the primary source of energy for many organisms. It is a colorless, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and other polar solvents. D-glucose is a naturally occurring compound and is a key component of various biological processes.
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Galactose is a monosaccharide that serves as a core component in various laboratory analyses and experiments. It functions as a fundamental building block for complex carbohydrates and is utilized in the study of metabolic processes and cellular structures.
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Xylose is a monosaccharide that can be used in laboratory equipment and procedures. It is a key component in various biochemical and analytical applications.
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Fructose is a type of monosaccharide sugar that is commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a naturally occurring carbohydrate found in fruits, honey, and certain vegetables. Fructose serves as a key component in various experimental and analytical procedures, particularly in the fields of biochemistry, food science, and nutrition research.
Sourced in United States, Germany
The CarboPac PA1 column is a high-performance anion-exchange chromatography column designed for the analysis of carbohydrates. It features a polymer-based packing material that provides excellent resolution and peak shape for a wide range of carbohydrate species.
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Cellic® CTec2 is a commercial enzyme product developed by Novozymes. It is a cellulase enzyme complex designed for the hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass. The product contains a blend of cellulolytic enzymes that work synergistically to break down cellulose into fermentable sugars.
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Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a common laboratory reagent derived from bovine blood plasma. It is a protein that serves as a stabilizer and blocking agent in various biochemical and immunological applications. BSA is widely used to maintain the activity and solubility of enzymes, proteins, and other biomolecules in experimental settings.
Sourced in United States
The ICS-3000 is an ion chromatography system designed for the separation and analysis of ionic species. It provides precise and reliable ion detection and quantification for a variety of applications.
More about "Sugars"
Carbohydrates, the fundamental macronutrients, are a diverse class of organic compounds comprising sugars, starches, and fibers.
Sugars, a subcategory of carbohydrates, serve as a primary source of energy for the human body.
These sweet-tasting molecules can be found naturally in fruits, vegetables, and other whole foods, or added to processed products as sweeteners.
Monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, as well as disaccharides such as sucrose (table sugar) and lactose, are the basic building blocks of sugars.
Glucose, the most important monosaccharide, is essential for cellular metabolism and is readily available from the breakdown of complex carbohydrates.
Fructose, another common monosaccharide, is found in many fruits and honey.
Sucrose, a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose, is a widely used sweetener extracted from sugarcane or sugar beets.
Lactose, the primary sugar in milk, is a disaccharide of glucose and galactose.
Proper sugar intake is crucial for maintaining overall health, as sugars provide necessary energy and are involved in various biological processes.
However, excessive consumption of added sugars, especially from processed foods, can lead to weight gain, insulin resistance, and other metabolic issues.
Researching the optimal protocols for studying and understanding the role of sugars in human nutrition and disease is an area of ongoing scientific investigation.
Analytical techniques like the CarboPac PA1 column and Cellic® CTec2 enzyme cocktail are used to separate, identify, and quantify different sugars and carbohydrates.
Additionally, the use of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a standard and the ICS-3000 ion chromatography system contribute to the accurate analysis and characterization of sugars and related compounds.
Sugars, a subcategory of carbohydrates, serve as a primary source of energy for the human body.
These sweet-tasting molecules can be found naturally in fruits, vegetables, and other whole foods, or added to processed products as sweeteners.
Monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, as well as disaccharides such as sucrose (table sugar) and lactose, are the basic building blocks of sugars.
Glucose, the most important monosaccharide, is essential for cellular metabolism and is readily available from the breakdown of complex carbohydrates.
Fructose, another common monosaccharide, is found in many fruits and honey.
Sucrose, a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose, is a widely used sweetener extracted from sugarcane or sugar beets.
Lactose, the primary sugar in milk, is a disaccharide of glucose and galactose.
Proper sugar intake is crucial for maintaining overall health, as sugars provide necessary energy and are involved in various biological processes.
However, excessive consumption of added sugars, especially from processed foods, can lead to weight gain, insulin resistance, and other metabolic issues.
Researching the optimal protocols for studying and understanding the role of sugars in human nutrition and disease is an area of ongoing scientific investigation.
Analytical techniques like the CarboPac PA1 column and Cellic® CTec2 enzyme cocktail are used to separate, identify, and quantify different sugars and carbohydrates.
Additionally, the use of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a standard and the ICS-3000 ion chromatography system contribute to the accurate analysis and characterization of sugars and related compounds.