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Sulfoxides

Sulfoxides are a class of organic compounds containing a sulfur atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.
They are widely used in various chemical and pharmaceutical applications, including as solvents, oxidizing agents, and intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds.
Sulfoxides exhibit unique chemical and physical properties, such as polarity, reactivity, and the ability to form hydrogen bonds.
They play a crucial role in diverse research areas, including organic synthesis, catalysis, and medicinal chemistry.
Exploring the properties and reactions of sulfoxides is an important field of study that can lead to the development of new and improved materials, pharmaceuticals, and other valuable products.

Most cited protocols related to «Sulfoxides»

Cross-linking and Digestion of Ribosomes

Cited 4 times

BSA (bovine serum albumin; 1 μg/μL; Sigma) was dissolved in PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) buffer. Ribosomes (13.3 μM; NEB) were diluted to 1 μg/μL with HEPES buffer. Freshly prepared 50 mM MS-cleavable cross-linker DSSO (disuccinimidyl sulfoxide, Thermo Scientific) dissolved in DMSO was added to a final concentration of 1 mM. After incubating at RT for 60 min, the reaction was quenched by adding Tris buffer to 40 mM. The samples were digested with a modified eFASP procedure as described.^{28 (link)} In brief, the cross-link reaction samples were washed with 8 M urea, 0.1% DCA using a 30 kDa cutoff Ultrafree filter (Millipore). The samples were reduced with 20 mM DTT for 30 min, alkylated with 20 mM iodoacetamide for 60 min, and digested with 1 μg trypsin per 40 μg protein overnight at 37 °C. The peptide digests were dried in vacuo, resuspended in 0.1% TFA, and desalted with C₁₈ OMIX ZipTip (Agilent). The final peptides were dissolved in 95:5 H₂O/ACN with 0.2% formic acid.

Lu L., Millikin R.J., Solntsev S.K., Rolfs Z., Scalf M., Shortreed M.R, & Smith L.M. (2018). Identification of MS-Cleavable and Noncleavable Chemically Cross-Linked Peptides with MetaMorpheus. Journal of proteome research, 17(7), 2370-2376.

Publication 2018

Buffers formic acid HEPES Iodoacetamide Peptides Phosphates Protein C PRSS1 protein, human Ribosomes Saline Solution Serum Albumin, Bovine Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Sulfoxides Tromethamine Urea

Microscopic Identification of Fungal Infections

Cited 4 times

For direct microscopy, the samples collected were screened for the presence of fungal elements using a 10% KOH with 40% Dimethyle sulphoxide (DMSO) mount mixed in equal proportion. Two to three drops of the KOH+DMSO mixture were kept on a clean, grease-free glass slide. The sample (skin scraping or hair plucking) was placed in the KOH+DMSO drops on the slide, and a clean cover slip was placed on the sample and pressed to prevent the formation of air bubbles. The sample was kept in KOH +DMSO and then observed after 5–8 minutes. DMSO increases the sensitivity of the preparation and softens keratin more quickly than KOH alone in the absence of heat. Each slide was thoroughly examined under low power (10X) and high power (40X) magnification for the presence of hyphae and/or arthroconidia. On the surface of the shaft of infected hairs, the mosaic arrangement of spores was seen (ectothrix infection) or hyphal fragments and arthroconidia was seen internally (endothrix infection) (Figure 1). After a direct microscopic examination, irrespective of the demonstration of fungal elements, hair or skin scraping specimens were inoculated in two sets of Petri dishes: one in a Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) base (Oxoid, UK) and the other in a Dermasel agar base (Oxoid, UK), both supplemented with chloramphenicol (acts as a broad spectrum antibiotic, which inhibits a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria) and cycloheximide (to inhibit saprophytic fungi). To prepare selective media, one vial of Dermasel Selective Supplement SR0075 (Oxoid, UK) was added, after being reconstituted as directed in the product insert, to each 500ml of medium, resulting in 0.4g/l of cycloheximide and 0.05g/l of chloramphenicol. Cultures were incubated aerobically at room temperature (25°C) for up to 4 weeks. Positive cultures were examined both macroscopically (color of the surface and reverse, topography, and texture) and microscopically (two types of conidia were formed by dermatophytes: small unicellular microconidia and larger septate macroconidia) for species identification. In the absence of any growth after 4 weeks, the culture was considered negative (Figures 2 and 3).
To obtain a sample for microscopic fungal identification, a small piece of clear acetate tape was gently touched to the surface of the fungal colony, and then the tape was carefully applied to a glass slide over of a drop of methylene blue stain; the slide was examined under 10X and 40X magnification to identify the characteristic dermatophyte conidia and fungal hyphae (Figures 4–7).

Shalaby M.F., El-din A.N, & El-Hamd M.A. (2016). Isolation, Identification, and In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Dermatophytes from Clinical Samples at Sohag University Hospital in Egypt. Electronic Physician, 8(6), 2557-2567.

Publication 2016

Acetate Agar Antibiotics Arthrodermataceae Cardiac Arrest Chloramphenicol Conidia Cycloheximide Cytokeratin Dietary Supplements Fungi Glucose Gram Negative Bacteria Hair Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hypersensitivity Hyphae Infection Methylene Blue Microscopy SERPINA3 protein, human Skin Spores Sulfoxides Vision

Spectroscopic Analysis of Lignin and Bitumen

Cited 3 times

FTIR is the most commonly used tool to detect the chemical compounds in bitumen [23 (link)] and lignin [18 (link),24 ]. Different functional groups have a different light-absorption spectrum. Wavenumbers of typical bands of lignin and bitumen are listed in Table 2. In this study, attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR was performed to collect spectral data of lignin and bitumen samples. The Spectrum 100 FTIR Perkin Elmer spectrometer with a single-point ATR fixture (Waltham, MA, USA) was used. The wavenumber ranged from 600 to 4000 cm⁻¹ with a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹. Before scanning, the lignin samples were dried at 140 °C for 30 min to remove any volatiles from samples. For the bitumen samples, the prism was cleaned with methylene chloride after each scan. Nine replicates per material were analyzed.
The functional group absorbance index (AI) was used for the main absorption bands of lignin to compare the changes of functional groups with the changes in spectra, and it was determined as follows:

A I = \frac{A_{a b}}{\sum A},

where A_ab is the integral area of absorption band ab, and ∑A is the sum of the integral areas of several characteristic functional group peaks. The range of chemical functional groups to be calculated and considered is summarized in Table 2.
Conventional aging indices of bitumen are the carbonyl (C=O) and sulfoxide (S=O) indices [25 ]. The effect of lignin as an anti-oxidant can be estimated by measuring the changes in the carbonyl and sulfoxide groups. Lignin is a combination of organic substances, and it contains carbonyl groups as well. The question of whether the aging of lignin has an impact on the aging index during the aging process should be strictly verified. Two aging indices were used to evaluate the anti-oxidation effect of lignin in bitumen, based on changes in carbonyl and sulfoxide groups, as follows:

I_{C = o} = \frac{A_{S = O}}{\sum A}, I_{S = o} = \frac{A_{S = O}}{\sum A},

where A_C=O and A_S=O are the integrated areas of carbonyl (C=O) and sulfoxide (S=O) groups, and ∑A is the sum of the integrated areas of several characteristic functional group peaks as summarized in Table 2.

Zhang Y., Liu X., Apostolidis P., Gard W., van de Ven M., Erkens S, & Jing R. (2019). Chemical and Rheological Evaluation of Aged Lignin-Modified Bitumen. Materials, 12(24), 4176.

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Publication 2019

Antioxidants asphalt Light Lignin Methylene Chloride prisma Radionuclide Imaging Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Sulfoxides

THP-1 and MCF-7 Cell Culture and Macrophage Differentiation

Cited 3 times

Human acute monocytic leukemia THP-1, breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell lines were used throughout the experiments.
Cell lines were grown in Ham’s F-12 medium supplemented with 7 % fetal bovine serum (FBS, both from GIBCO, Invitrogen) at 37 °C in a humidified 5 % CO2 atmosphere. Trypsinization of MCF-7 cells was performed using 0,05 % Trypsin in PBS 1× (154 mM NaCl, 3,88 mM H₂NaPO₄, 6,1 mM HNaPO₄, pH 7,4). Subculture of THP-1 was performed without trypsinization depending on cell density. For differentiation, THP-1 cells were plated in 6-well dishes and induced to differentiate into macrophages using 1–3 ng/ml (~5 nM) phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) dissolved in dimetyl sulfoxide (DMSO). After PMA induction, THP-1 cells changed morphology and adhered to the culture dish. To determine macrophage differentiation, non-adherent cells were removed and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) and macrophage surface markers (CD14 and Mcl-1) were measured by qRT-PCR at various time points.

Bener G., J. Félix A., Sánchez de Diego C., Pascual Fabregat I., Ciudad C.J, & Noé V. (2016). Silencing of CD47 and SIRPα by Polypurine reverse Hoogsteen hairpins to promote MCF-7 breast cancer cells death by PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells. BMC Immunology, 17, 32.

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Publication 2016

Acute Monocytic Leukemia Adenocarcinoma Atmosphere Breast Cell Lines Cells Cytokine Homo sapiens Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Inflammation Interleukin-1 beta interleukin 18 protein, human Macrophage MCF-7 Cells PRSS1 protein, human RNA, Messenger Sodium Chloride Sulfoxides Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate THP-1 Cells Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Ethanol-Induced Neuronal Death Assay

Cited 3 times

Ethanol (95%), diluted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), was added directly to the culture media to achieve final alcohol concentrations of either 200, 400, or 800 mg/dl (43, 87, or 174 mM ethanol) in dose-response experiments, or 400 mg/dl in all other experiments. For the ethanol-free culture groups, PBS replaced the alcohol. The following agents were individually tested for their effectiveness in preventing alcohol-induced neuronal death: 1) BAPTA acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA/AM, a membrane-permeable Ca²⁺ chelator); 2) 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB, a membrane-permeable inositol-triphosphate receptor, IP₃R, inhibitor); 3) PBS with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, vehicle control). Since both BAPTA/AM and 2-APB were initially dissolved in DMSO, vehicle control groups received identical DMSO exposure (0.003% for BAPTA/AM; 0.006% for 2-APB). Solutions containing either a test agent or a vehicle control were added directly to the culture media utilizing two experimental protocols. With the pretreatment paradigm, the test agent or the matching vehicle control was added 30-minutes prior to alcohol addition. With the concurrent addition paradigm, alcohol was added to the test agent solution, and an aliquot of this mixture was immediately added to the culture media. Tissue culture trays containing ethanol-exposed cultures were placed in sealed containers with 5% CO₂ and an alcohol bath (ethanol concentration in the bath was equal to that in the culture media). For all experiments, matching ethanol-free culture groups were established concurrently, and these were similarly treated except the ethanol bath in the sealed containers was replaced with water.
All culture groups (ethanol-treated and ethanol-free) were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C prior to cell counting. Viable cell numbers were determined on a hemocytometer utilizing a dye-exclusion method (trypan-blue is only taken up by dead cells). This method is straight-forward and yields very reliable results. We did not use commercially available cell counting kits, since we were concerned that the alcohol-induced changes in [Ca²⁺]_i could interefere with these kits. Following the 24-hour ethanol exposure, CGN were triturated into a 0.2% trypan blue solution and viable cell numbers were determined on a hemocytometer utilizing a phase-contrast microscope. Cell numbers were determined in quadruplicate. For calculation of percent cell loss, the difference in viable cell number between the ethanol-exposed and the matching ethanol-free culture was calculated, and this difference was divided by the viable cell number of the ethanol-free culture, deriving a percent cell loss.

Kouzoukas D.E., Li G., Takapoo M., Moninger T., Bhalla R.C, & Pantazis N.J. (2012). INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE ALCOHOL-MEDIATED DEATH OF CEREBELLAR GRANULE NEURONS. Journal of neurochemistry, 124(3), 323-335.

Publication 2012

1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate Bath Cell Culture Techniques Cell Membrane Permeability Cells Chelating Agents Culture Media dimethyl phosphate Esters Ethanol ITPR1 protein, human Microscopy, Phase-Contrast Neurons Phosphates Saline Solution Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Sulfoxides Tissues Triphosphate Receptor, Inositol Trypan Blue

Most recents protocols related to «Sulfoxides»

Cytotoxicity Assay for Cell Lines

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Publication 2023

Acetic Acids Cisplatin Eagle Fetal Bovine Serum lissamine rhodamine B Penicillins Phosphates Saline Solution Streptomycin Sulfoxides Trichloroacetic Acid Tromethamine Trypan Blue Trypsin

Crosslinking Ovarian Cells with DSSO

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Publication 2023

Cells Ovary Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Sulfoxides Tromethamine

Western Blot Analysis of Apoptotic Markers

Western blotting was performed using standard methods. After homogenization and centrifugation, the total protein value of the supernatant was collected. The amount of protein was determined with the BCA protein assay kit. Fifty micrograms of protein from each sample were loaded onto sodium dodecyl sulfoxide polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), after which the membrane was transferred to a plate containing TBST solution, destained at room temperature, and blocked by slowly shaking on a shaker for 2 h. Antibody reactions were performed after blocking nonspecific binding sites with 5% bovine serum albumin. Blocked membranes were incubated with the primary antibodies (Bax Antibody and caspase-3 (D3R6Y) Rabbit mAb, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) overnight at 4 °C, after which the membrane was washed with TBST and incubated with a secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. After three washes, proteins were visualized through enhanced chemiluminescence detection. Blots were detected using a Gel Doc 2000 (Bio-Rad, From Hercules, CA, USA).

Huang Y., Li S., Wang Y., Yan Z., Guo Y, & Zhang L. (2023). A Novel 5-Chloro-N-phenyl-1H-indole-2-carboxamide Derivative as Brain-Type Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibitor: Validation of Target PYGB. Molecules, 28(4), 1697.

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Publication 2023

Antibodies Binding Sites Biological Assay Caspase 3 Centrifugation Chemiluminescence Horseradish Peroxidase Immunoglobulins Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Proteins Rabbits Serum Albumin, Bovine Sodium Sulfoxides Tissue, Membrane

Synthesis and Characterization of Ang-PAMSe

In all, 100 mg of PAMSe and 4 mL of anhydrous DMSO were added in a 25 mL three-necked flask and the solid were dissolved by sonication, then 54 μL of sulfoxide dichloride (SOCl₂, Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.) were added drop by drop and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The system was transferred to an oil bath at 90 °C and stirred while continuously pumping with a vacuum pump for 30 min to remove the unreacted SOCl₂. Next, 5 mg of N-(4-aminophenyl) maleimide (APM) was added to the flask and stirred overnight. The reaction solution was collected and transferred to a dialysis bag (MW = 3500 Da) for 3 days in an aqueous environment and then freeze-dried to obtain PAMSe-APM. PAMSe-APM mixed with purchased sulfhydryl groups modified Angiopep-2 (Ang-SH, Hefei Guo peptide Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) was added to phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at a ratio of 1:9 by mass and stirred overnight at room temperature. The resulting reaction system was transferred to a dialysis bag (MW = 3500 Da) and dialyzed in 5% glucose aqueous solution to remove the free peptides. After dialysis, the product was freeze-dried, which was Ang-PAMSe. The content of Ang in Ang-PAMSe was quantitatively detected by UV-vis spectrophotometer.

Chen H., Li T., Liu Z., Tang S., Tong J., Tao Y., Zhao Z., Li N., Mao C., Shen J, & Wan M. (2023). A nitric-oxide driven chemotactic nanomotor for enhanced immunotherapy of glioblastoma. Nature Communications, 14, 941.

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Publication 2023

Angiopep-2 Bath Buffers Dialysis Freezing Glucose maleimide Peptides Phosphates Sulfhydryl Compounds Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Sulfoxides Vacuum

Synthesis of PNVCL Nanocomposites

PNVCL and its
nanocomposites with 5 wt % of silica nanoparticles were synthesized
based on the radical polymerization procedure previous described by
our group.^{19 (link),20 (link),22 (link),23 (link)} For this synthesis, 0.0360 mol of monomer N-vinylcaprolactam (NVCL) dissolved in 18 mL of anhydrous
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added to the reactor together with the
nanoparticles, in the case of the nanocomposites. Then, 0.682 mmol
of the azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator dissolved in 7.6 mL
of DMSO was added slowly onto this solution. The reaction proceeded
at 70 °C, during 4 h, under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the obtained
polymers were purified by dialysis against distilled water for 3 days
using a membrane tube with a M_w cutoff of 3500 Da. The
amount of silica used was 5% in relation to the initial mass of the
monomer. The materials were labeled NC-80 and NC-300 for nanocomposites
synthesized with nanoparticles with diameters of 80 and 330 nm, respectively.

Ribeiro L.S., Sala R.L., Robeldo T.A., Borra R.C, & Camargo E.R. (2023). Injectable Thermosensitive Nanocomposites Based on Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) and Silica Particles for Localized Release of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Drugs. Langmuir, 39(6), 2380-2388.

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Publication 2023

Anabolism Atmosphere azobis(isobutyronitrile) Dialysis Nitrogen Polymerization Silicon Dioxide Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Sulfoxides Tissue, Membrane

Top products related to «Sulfoxides»

Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group

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DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.

Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.

Hydrochloric acid (hcl) by Merck Group

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Hydrochloric acid is a commonly used laboratory reagent. It is a clear, colorless, and highly corrosive liquid with a pungent odor. Hydrochloric acid is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas.

Sodium hydroxide (naoh) by Merck Group

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Sodium hydroxide is a chemical compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and is a strong base. It is commonly used in various laboratory applications as a reagent.

Sodium chloride (nacl) by Merck Group

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NaCl is a chemical compound commonly known as sodium chloride. It is a white, crystalline solid that is widely used in various industries, including pharmaceutical and laboratory settings. NaCl's core function is to serve as a basic, inorganic salt that can be used for a variety of applications in the lab environment.

Bovine serum albumin (bsa) by Merck Group

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Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a common laboratory reagent derived from bovine blood plasma. It is a protein that serves as a stabilizer and blocking agent in various biochemical and immunological applications. BSA is widely used to maintain the activity and solubility of enzymes, proteins, and other biomolecules in experimental settings.

Acetonitrile by Merck Group

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Acetonitrile is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid. It is a commonly used solvent in various analytical and chemical applications, including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and other laboratory procedures. Acetonitrile is known for its high polarity and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds.

Formic acid by Merck Group

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Formic acid is a colorless, pungent-smelling liquid chemical compound. It is the simplest carboxylic acid, with the chemical formula HCOOH. Formic acid is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications.

Penicillin streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Methanol by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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Methanol is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid chemical compound. It is commonly used as a solvent, fuel, and feedstock in various industrial processes.

What are the unique properties of sulfoxides that make them valuable in various applications?

Sulfoxides exhibit several distinct properties that contribute to their widespread use. They are highly polar molecules due to the electronegativity difference between the sulfur and oxygen atoms, allowing them to act as effective solvents and participate in hydrogen bonding. Sulfoxides also display a unique reactivity, making them valuable as oxidizing agents and intermediates in organic synthesis. Additionally, the ability of sulfoxides to form chiral centers enables their use in asymmetric synthesis and medicinal chemistry applications.

How can PubCompare.ai assist researchers in optimizing their sulfoxide-related studies?

PubCompare.ai is an innovative AI-powered platform that can help researchers enhance the efficiency and accuracy of their sulfoxide studies. The platform allows you to screen protocol literature more efficiently, leveraging AI to pinpoit critical insights. PubCompare.ai's AI-driven analysis can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling you to identify the most effective protocols related to sulfoxides for your specific research goals. This can help you choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy, optimizing your sulfoxide research.

What are the different types or variations of sulfoxides, and how do they differ in their applications?

Sulfoxides can exist in different variations based on the substituents attached to the sulfur atom. Common types include alkyl sulfoxides, aryl sulfoxides, and heterocyclic sulfoxides. These variations exhibit distinct physical and chemical properties that influence their applications. For example, alkyl sulfoxides are commonly used as solvents, while aryl sulfoxides find use in organic synthesis and as oxidizing agents. Heterocyclic sulfoxides, on the otherr hand, are particularly important in medicinal chemistry due to their potential pharmacological activities.

More about "Sulfoxides"

Sulfur-Containing Compounds: Exploring the Versatility of Sulfoxides Sulfoxides are a diverse class of organic molecules that have garnered significant attention in the scientific community.
These compounds, characterized by the presence of a sulfur atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, exhibit a wide range of chemical and physical properties that make them invaluable in numerous applications.
Beyond their core structural definition, sulfoxides can be further classified into various subgroups, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a widely used solvent, and others that find applications in pharmaceuticals, catalysis, and organic synthesis.
The unique polarity, reactivity, and ability to form hydrogen bonds exhibited by sulfoxides make them indispensable tools in diverse research areas.
Researchers exploring the properties and reactions of sulfoxides often utilize a range of related compounds and reagents, such as fetal bovine serum (FBS), hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride (NaCl), bovine serum albumin, acetonitrile, formic acid, penicillin/streptomycin, and methanol.
These substances play crucial roles in various experimental protocols, sample preparation, and analytical techniques employed in sulfoxide studies.
By leveraging the insights gained from the comprehensive understanding of sulfoxides and their associated compounds, researchers can optimize their investigations, enhance reproducibility, and drive advancements in fields ranging from organic chemistry to medicinal chemistry and beyond.
The ongoing exploration of these versatile sulfur-containing compounds promises to yield valuable discoveries and innovations that can reshape various industries and enhance our understanding of the natural world.