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Tiotropium

Tiotropium is a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
It works by relaxing and widening the airways, making it easier to breathe.
Tiotropium is often prescribed as a maintenance treatment to prevent COPD symptoms and exacerbations.
It is available as an inhaled powder or solution, and is typically taken once daily.
Tiotropium has been shown to improve lung function, reduce exacerbations, and enhance quality of life in patients with COPD.
Researchers can use PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocol comparison tool to easily identify the best Tiotropium-related research protocols and products from literature, preprints, and patents, improving reproducibility and effiiency in their studies.

Most cited protocols related to «Tiotropium»

Assessing COPD-related Visits and Medication Use

Cited 13 times

We collected demographic data, pharmacy records and the primary ICD-9 code for all outpatient and inpatient visits during the exact calendar date one year pre- and one year post the index date utilizing the VA computerized medical record system.
Patients with any of the following primary ICD-9 codes were considered to have a COPD-related visit: 491.xx - chronic bronchitis, 492.xx - emphysema, 493.2 - chronic obstructive asthma, 496.xx - chronic airway obstruction, not elsewhere classified. We did not include 490 - Bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic in our administrative definition of COPD because the definition itself lacks specificity which increases the concern about misclassification [23 (link),24 (link)]. Outpatient primary and secondary ICD-9 codes were those recorded during a patient encounter in any outpatient clinic while inpatient primary ICD-9 codes were those recorded during an admission to the hospital. ICD-9 codes generated during visits to the pulmonary function laboratory were not considered in this analysis. Although secondary ICD-9 codes were considered for defining a COPD-related visit these were uncommonly (<7% of visits) coded by providers. Comorbid conditions relevant to patients with COPD were determined using ICD-9 codes for all previous outpatient visits in the one year period prior to the index date. These included a diagnosis of lung cancer (162.x, 163.x), acute coronary syndrome (410.xx, 411.xx), congestive heart failure (398.91,415.xx, 416.xx,425.x, 428.x), diabetes (250.x), hypertension (401.xx-405.xx), atrial fibrillation (427.xx), depression (311, 300.4, 296.2x, 296.3x), and schizophrenia (295.xx).
Smoking was assessed at the time of spirometry; patients were classified as never/former or current based upon self report. We determined the total number of metered dose inhaler (MDI) canisters prescribed over the two year period to each patient for both albuterol and ipratropium bromide (categorized as: albuterol - 0, 1-5, 6+ MDI; ipratropium - 0, 1-2, 3+) using the Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) data warehouse. The VISN data warehouse contains the complete pharmacy records for patients who filled prescriptions within the VISN region. These data include the drug name, class, prescription identification number, prescription fill dates (primary and refills), number of allowable refills, date of next allowable refill, amount dispensed, day supply, unit price of the medication and directions for use. Nebulized medications were not included in the calculation of these totals. Tiotropium was not included in our analysis as it was adopted slowly in the VA because of formulary restriction.

Cooke C.R., Joo M.J., Anderson S.M., Lee T.A., Udris E.M., Johnson E, & Au D.H. (2011). The validity of using ICD-9 codes and pharmacy records to identify patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Health Services Research, 11, 37.

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Publication 2011

Acute Coronary Syndrome Albuterol Asthma Atrial Fibrillation Bronchitis Bronchitis, Chronic Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease Congestive Heart Failure Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Emphysema High Blood Pressures Inpatient Ipratropium Ipratropium Bromide Lung Lung Cancer Metered Dose Inhaler Outpatients Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Schizophrenia Spirometry Tiotropium Veterans

Validation of the Visual COPD Symptom Rating Questionnaire

Cited 12 times

The VSRQ was initially developed by a team of three pulmonary physicians involved in COPD management (TP, ABT, and JMG), and a specialist of HRQoL (BA), after a thorough and extensive analysis of existing generic and COPD specific questionnaires. Selection of questions was further based on two preliminary studies of questionnaires with five to eight visual analog scales.20 . Formulation of questions was further refined after ten face-to-face comprehension tests with COPD patients. Its final structure contains eight items covering dyspnea, state of anxiety, depressed mood, quality of sleep, energy, daily activities, social activities and sexual life. Each question is administered separately by the physician, through a fenestrated cardboard, and is assessed on a 10-cm long horizontal numerical rating scale that ranged from 0 to 10, with gradation lines every 1 cm; lower scores indicate higher impact on patients’ HRQoL. Labels of each extremity are specific to the item.
The VSRQ was included in a clinical trial that aimed to determine the impact of tiotropium on HRQoL in patients with mild to severe COPD, as defined by the 1995 American Thoracic Society criteria.19 (link) Patients with very severe COPD requiring long term oxygen therapy were excluded. Complete description of the criteria patients had to meet to be eligible is found in the treatment-effect article.19 (link) The study was a French multicenter, nine-month, double blind, placebo controlled-trial. Physicians administered the VSRQ and the SGRQ at screening visit (V1), baseline-visit (14 days, V2), three-month visit (V3), six- and nine-month visits. At V1, physicians also completed a case report form and established a global health assessment for each patient. Spirometric measures were performed at each visit, and included FEV₁, forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV₁/FVC and inspiratory capacity (IC).19 (link) Trial medication (tiotropium or placebo) was introduced at V2. Design and rules regarding treatment protocol during the study are fully described in the treatment-effect paper.19 (link)
Reliability and validity of the questionnaire were determined at V2, on the cross-sectional population, ie, all subjects for whom VSRQ and SGRQ questionnaires were completed at all visits, and for which at least 50% of all VSRQ and SGRQ items were filled out at V1 (Figure 1). In order to prevent a learning effect bias, the cross-sectional population was randomly split into a 2:1 ratio: 2/3 of the patients were included in the finalization step of the VSRQ (‘finalization set’ population), and 1/3 in the validation step (‘validation set’ population).21 The responsiveness of the questionnaire was assessed on the longitudinal population (patients for whom VSRQ and SGRQ were completed at V2 and V3 and were assessable, ie, at least 50% of the items completed) (Figure 1). The reproducibility was measured on patients with assessable VSRQ and SGRQ at V2 and a clinically stable status (ie, no COPD exacerbation) between V1 and V2 (Figure 1).

Perez T., Arnould B., Grosbois J.M., Bosch V., Guillemin I., Bravo M.L., Brun M, & Tonnel A.B. (2009). Validity, reliability, and responsiveness of a new shortVisual Simplified Respiratory Questionnaire (VSRQ©) for health-related quality of life assessment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 4, 9-18.

Publication 2009

Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease Dyspnea Face Forced Vital Capacity Generic Drugs Lung Mood Neuroses, Anxiety Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physicians Placebos Spirometry Therapies, Oxygen Inhalation Tiotropium Treatment Protocols Visual Analog Pain Scale

Purification and Characterization of Nanobodies

Cited 9 times

Nanobodies were cloned into the periplasmic expression vector pET26b, containing an amino terminal signal sequence and a carboxy-terminal 8×histidine tag and transformed into BL21(DE3) Rosetta2 E. coli (Novagen). Cells were induced in Terrific Broth at an OD₆₀₀ of 0.8 with 1 mM IPTG and incubated with shaking at 22 °C for 24 hours. Periplasmic protein was obtained by osmotic shock and the nanobodies were purified using nickel–nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) chromatography^{9 (link)}. For crystallography, Nb6B9 was digested overnight with 1:50 (w/w) carboxypeptidase A (Sigma) to remove the His tag, then purified by size exclusion chromatography over a Sephadex S200 size exclusion column.
Surface plasmon resonance experiments were conducted with a Biacore T100 at 25 °C. Protein concentrations were determined by 280 nm absorbance with a Nanodrop2000 spectrometer (Thermo Scientific). Biotinylated BI167107-bound β₂AR was immobilized on an SA sensorchip (GE) at an R_max of approximately 40 response units (RU). Biotinylated tiotropium-bound M₂ muscarinic receptor was immobilized with an RU value matching that of the reference surface to control for nonspecific binding. Measurements were made using serial dilutions of Nb80 or Nb6B9 in HBSM (10 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.01% MNG) using single-cycle kinetics. All data were analyzed with the Biacore T100 evaluation software version 2.0 with a 1:1 Langmuir binding model.
Radioligand binding assays were performed using purified β₂AR reconstituted into HDL particles comprised of apolipoprotein A1 and a 3:2 (mol:mol) mixture of POPC:POPG lipid^{22 (link)}. Binding experiments with G-protein were performed as previously described^{8 (link)}. Binding reactions were 500 μL in volume, and contained 50 fmol functional receptor, 0.5 nM ³H dihydroalprenolol (³H-DHA), 100 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 0.1% bovine serum albumin, and ligands and nanobodies as indicated. Reactions were mixed, then incubated for four hours at room temperature prior to filtration with a Brandel 48-well harvester onto a filter pre-treated with 0.1% polyethylenimine. Radioactivity was measured by liquid scintillation counting. All measurements were performed in triplicate, and are presented as means ± SEM.

Ring A.M., Manglik A., Kruse A.C., Enos M.D., Weis W.I., Garcia K.C, & Kobilka B.K. (2013). Adrenaline-activated structure of the β2-adrenoceptor stabilized by an engineered nanobody. Nature, 502(7472), 575-579.

Publication 2013

Apolipoprotein A-I BI167107 Carboxypeptidase A Cells Cloning Vectors Crystallography Dihydroalprenolol Escherichia coli Filtration GTP-Binding Proteins HEPES Histidine Isopropyl Thiogalactoside Kinetics Ligands Molecular Sieve Chromatography Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor nickel nitrilotriacetic acid Osmotic Shock Periplasm Polyethyleneimine Proteins Radioactivity Radioligand Assay sephadex Serum Albumin, Bovine Signal Peptides Sodium Chloride Surface Plasmon Resonance Technique, Dilution Tiotropium VHH Immunoglobulin Fragments

Evaluating Novel COPD Treatments

Cited 5 times

This 24-week, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, 3-arm, parallel-group trial (NCT03034915; GSK study: 201749) was conducted between June 2017 and June 2018 in 213 centres in Germany, USA, Argentina, Sweden, Canada, Italy, South Africa, Netherlands, Spain, Australia, France, and Mexico. Patients were randomised 1:1:1 to once-daily fixed-dose combination UMEC/VI (62.5/25 μg) via the ELLIPTA inhaler and twice-daily placebo via the DISKUS inhaler, once-daily UMEC (62.5 μg) via ELLIPTA inhaler and twice-daily placebo via DISKUS, or twice-daily salmeterol (50 μg) via DISKUS and once-daily placebo via ELLIPTA inhaler (Additional file 6: Figure S1). Salmeterol was selected as a comparator as no once-daily LABAs were approved at standard doses in all countries participating in the study; its use also allowed the LABA treatment to be easily blinded compared with the alternative twice-daily LABA, formoterol. UMEC was selected as it is a component of the dual bronchodilator and it has also demonstrated superior lung function benefits compared with tiotropium [17 (link)].
This study was performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki and received appropriate ethical approval. All patients provided written informed consent via a form signed at either the Pre-screening or Screening visit.

Maltais F., Bjermer L., Kerwin E.M., Jones P.W., Watkins M.L., Tombs L., Naya I.P., Boucot I.H., Lipson D.A., Compton C., Vahdati-Bolouri M, & Vogelmeier C.F. (2019). Efficacy of umeclidinium/vilanterol versus umeclidinium and salmeterol monotherapies in symptomatic patients with COPD not receiving inhaled corticosteroids: the EMAX randomised trial. Respiratory Research, 20, 238.

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Publication 2019

Bronchodilator Agents Formoterol Inhaler Patients Placebos Respiratory Physiology Salmeterol Tiotropium

Molecular Receptor Ligand Design

Cited 5 times

MR ligand design was guided by structures of the M2R inactive-state crystal structure [Protein Data Bank (PDB) ID code 3UON] bound to the antagonist QNB and the M3R inactive structure (PDB ID code 4DAJ) bound to the inverse agonist tiotropium. We used Dock 3.6 (30 (link)) to perform virtual docking against these structures. Further details of the ligand synthesis and docking are provided in SI Appendix.

Liu H., Hofmann J., Fish I., Schaake B., Eitel K., Bartuschat A., Kaindl J., Rampp H., Banerjee A., Hübner H., Clark M.J., Vincent S.G., Fisher J.T., Heinrich M.R., Hirata K., Liu X., Sunahara R.K., Shoichet B.K., Kobilka B.K, & Gmeiner P. (2018). Structure-guided development of selective M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(47), 12046-12050.

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Publication 2018

Anabolism Ligands Tiotropium

Most recents protocols related to «Tiotropium»

Comprehensive Airway Pharmacotherapy Assessment

All available EMRs were searched to document the details of any type or combination of airway directed inhaled pharmacotherapy prescribed, more specifically—SABA (salbutamol); SAMA (ipratropium); LABA (formaterol, indacaterol, olodaterol, salmeterol, vilanterol); LAMA (aclidinium, glycopyronium, tiotropium, umeclidinium) and ICS (beclomethasone, budesonide, fluticasone). If the patients were identified to have been prescribed multiple/change in similar class of inhaled pharmacotherapy during the study period, the most recent/last prescribed type of therapy was included in the analysis. Patients inhaled pharmacotherapy use was defined as:

Heraganahally S., Howarth T.P., Issac S., Lloyd A., Ravichandran S.J., Abeyaratne A, & Patel B. (2023). Exploring the appropriateness of prescribing practice of inhaled pharmacotherapy among Aboriginal Australians in the Top End Northern Territory of Australia: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open Respiratory Research, 10(1), e001508.

Publication 2023

Albuterol Beclomethasone Budesonide Fluticasone indacaterol Ipratropium olodaterol Patients Pharmacotherapy Salmeterol Therapeutics Tiotropium umeclidinium vilanterol

Comprehensive Inhaler Database for Spain

The present study is a cross-sectional analysis of the current situation of inhaled therapy in Spain and is based on a systematic search of the different inhalation devices available in the country in July 2023. To include all the inhalation devices available, without exceptions, we performed a search on the Spanish Ministry of Health Billing List (https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/nomenclator.do (accessed on 22 August 2023)). This billing list provides information on all the products included within the National Health System pharmaceutical provision that are available in pharmacies. It is freely accessible to the public and provides basic information for healthcare professionals on each drug, with information on its marketing, availability, characteristics, and current price. For the present study, we used this database exclusively to obtain the list of inhalers available when the study was carried out. The search was performed for each of the active principles available for inhalers in Spain with the three different families of molecules: long-acting ß agonists (LABA), long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA), and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). We also carried out a secondary search on the same database using the names of the inhalers. For simplicity, trade names representing licenses of the same molecule or combination of molecules from the original laboratory were considered as a single option and were referred to in the results with the original commercial brand name used in Spain. Each inhaled drug or drug combination was then identified by the original trade name and its accompanying inhalation device, along with the dose quantity appearing on the publicly available commercial package.
After obtaining the list of inhaled drugs or drug combinations, we consulted the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Products (https://www.aemps.gob.es/ (accessed on 22 August 2023)), a branch of the Ministry of Health, to find the most recent technical data sheet for each one, consulting specifically Section 2 of the document to obtain information on the exact composition of each product. These showed us the molecules they contained for therapeutic purposes, excluding excipients, and were expressed in µg per dose, with two types of dose: the metered dose, which is the dose contained in the device available to be inhaled, and the delivered dose, which is the dose that actually comes out of the inhaler and reaches the patient’s lungs during the inhalation procedure. Additionally, for each type of dose (metered and delivered), two other types of doses are also mentioned when available: the dose that refers to the molecule with therapeutic action combined with a transporter in salt form, and the dose that refers to the amount of the pure drug. For example, in the case of tiotropium bromide, the amount of µg per dose of both tiotropium bromide and tiotropium alone was specified. In this way, we could have up to four different doses for each molecule. The results showed both the drugs or their combinations of long-acting bronchodilators (LABA and/or LAMA) and the ICS with their double and triple combinations.

Lopez-Campos J.L., Reinoso-Arija R., Ferrer Galván M., Romero Falcón A., Alvarez-Gutiérrez F.J., Ortega-Ruiz F, & Quintana-Gallego E. (2023). Evaluation of Different Doses in Inhaled Therapy: A Comprehensive Analysis. Pharmaceutics, 15(9), 2206.

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Publication 2023

Adrenal Cortex Hormones agonists Bronchodilator Agents Drug Combinations Excipients Health Care Professionals Hispanic or Latino Inhalation Devices Inhaler Medical Devices Membrane Transport Proteins Muscarinic Antagonists Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Pulmonal S Sodium Chloride Therapeutics Tiotropium Tiotropium Bromide

COPD Treatment Effectiveness Protocol

Full eligibility criteria for Study 207626 have been published previously.19 (link) Patients were eligible to participate if they had a post-bronchodilator FEV₁ of <50% predicted and COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score ≥10 or FEV₁ <80% predicted with a documented history of ≥2 moderate exacerbations or ≥1 severe exacerbation (requiring hospitalization) in the previous 12 months and a CAT score ≥10. Patients were required to receive daily maintenance treatment with TIO monotherapy for ≥3 months prior to screening.
Data for pooled baseline characteristics, based on the intent-to-treat (ITT) population of Study 2076260 (N=800)19 (link) were included in the model (Table 1). The mean age of the study population was 66.2 years and 32% were female.19 (link) Baseline FEV₁% predicted was 50.0%.
Table 1

Model inputs

	Total
	N=800^a
Patient demographics (ITT population Study 207626)
Age, years, mean^a (SE)^b	66.2^a (0.3)
Sex, female, %	32.1
BMI^c, %
Low	10.9
Medium	60.1
High	29.0
Any CVD comorbidity, %	54.8
Any other comorbidity, %	23.9
History of ≥1 exacerbation^d, %	79.3
mMRC score ≥2^e, %	48.1
Current smoker, %^a	47.6^a
Height, cm, mean (SE)^b	169.7 (0.3)
Exacerbations^d in previous year, mean	1.4
Moderate exacerbations, mean	1.2
Severe exacerbations, mean	0.2
Baseline SGRQ, mean (SE)^b	48.9 (0.6)
Baseline FEV₁% predicted, mean^a (SE)^b	50.0^a (0.5)
Treatment effects (Study 207626)
Endpoint (12 weeks)	FF/UMEC/VI versus TIO
FEV₁ increment, mean (95% CI) mL difference	95.0 (62, 128)
SGRQ change, mean (95% CI) score difference	−3.2 (−5.0, −1.4)
Exacerbation reduction, relative risk	No difference^f

Notes: ^a19 (link)
^bCalculated as SD/√(N). ^cLow: <21, medium: ≥21 to ≤30, high: >30. ^dModerate or severe. ^eAssumed the same as CAT ≥21. ^fTreatment effect input on exacerbation reduction was set to “no difference” as the relative risk reduction of exacerbations was not included as an endpoint in Study 207626.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CAT, COPD Assessment Test; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FF, fluticasone furoate; ITT, intent-to-treat; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error; SGRQ, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire; TIO, tiotropium; UMEC, umeclidinium; VI, vilanterol.

Model risk equations include, as covariates, baseline values for age, sex, body mass index, cardiovascular disease and other comorbidities, smoking status, fibrinogen level, modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale score, FEV₁% predicted, prior exacerbation history, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and height.
For parameters that were not available directly from Study 207626 data (ie baseline mMRC, fibrinogen, and 6MWT), estimates were made using risk equations or analogous data collected in the trial. Further details on the methods used to derive values for these parameters are provided in

Supplementary Appendix 1

Kendall R., Martin A.A., Shah D., Shukla S., Compton C, & Ismaila A.S. (2023). Cost-Effectiveness of Single-Inhaler Triple Therapy (FF/UMEC/VI) versus Tiotropium Monotherapy in Patients with Symptomatic Moderate-to-Very Severe COPD in the UK. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 18, 1815-1825.

Publication 2023

6'-O-methyl alpha-amanitin 6-Minute Walk Test Age Groups Bronchodilator Agents Cardiovascular Diseases Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease Dyspnea Eligibility Determination Fibrinogen fluticasone furoate Hospitalization Index, Body Mass Patients Respiratory Rate Tiotropium umeclidinium vilanterol Volumes, Forced Expiratory Woman

Membrane Insertion and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Muscarinic Receptor Ligands

The protein was
inserted into a membrane using the membrane builder^{32 (link)−34 (link)} of the CHARMM-GUI
web server^{35 (link)−37 (link)} and then solvated in water^{38 (link)} with 150 mM KCl. The membrane consists of POPC:DMPC:PYPE:DMPE in
a ratio of 1:2:3:4, chosen on the basis of earlier studies of hMR3
and on the tracheal membrane tissue.^{39 (link)}Initial structures with bound ligands 2 and 3 were generated by manually modifying the R group of tiotropium in
the original structure (Figure 1). Both N-methylscopolamin (2) and homatropine methylbromide (3) are chiral compounds;
the S-enantiomer for 2 and the R-enantiomer for 3 was used considering their clinical relevance [DrugBank
DB00462 and DB00725]. The ligands were geometry-optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G**
level of theory,^{40 (link)} applying the ORCA 4.1
software suite.^{41 (link)−43 (link)} With the optimized structures, force field parameters
for the ligand were defined using the CHARMM-GUI ligand reader.^{44 (link)}The all-atom CHARMM36m force field was
used for the proteins,^{45 (link)−48 (link)} lipids,^{49 (link),50 (link)} and the TIP3P model^{38 (link)} for the water. Simulations were carried out with the NAMD software
package^{51 (link)} using input generated by the
CHARMM-Input generator.^{52 (link)} The cutoff for
nonbonded interaction was kept at 12 Å, and the switch distance
was at 10 Å. Electrostatic interactions were handled by a particle-mesh
Ewald solver with a grid spacing of 1 Å. The temperature was
kept at 310.15 K using Langevin dynamics. The pressure was kept at
1.013 bar by the Nosé–Hoover Langevin piston pressure
control.^{53 (link),54 (link)}The structures were first energy-minimized
according to the CHARMM-GUI
scheme and subsequently equilibrated for 50 ns.
Classical MD
simulations on the apo system without any bound ligands
were also performed for comparison. The same protocol was applied
as detailed above for the construction of the apo system. Three 10
ns long production runs were then performed. The overall root-mean-square
deviation (RMSD) with respect to the initial crystal structure demonstrated
a well-equilibrated system in both the apo and the ligand-bound states
during the 10 ns long production runs (Figure S1).

Buigues P.J., Gehrke S., Badaoui M., Dudas B., Mandana G., Qi T., Bottegoni G, & Rosta E. (2023). Investigating the Unbinding of Muscarinic Antagonists from the Muscarinic 3 Receptor. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 19(15), 5260-5272.

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Publication 2023

1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine Electrostatics homatropine methylbromide Ligands Lipids Membrane Proteins Orcinus orca Plant Roots Pressure Proteins Tiotropium Tissue, Membrane Trachea

Structural Analysis of hMR3 Receptor

The starting coordinates for hMR3
were obtained using a rat MR3 crystallographic structure, PDB ID 4U14,^{31 (link)} with a resolution of 3.57 Å and with tiotropium bound
in the orthosteric site. Our structural model was truncated to the
transmembrane helices and the extracellular loops, which are highly
conserved between human and rat (rat and human sequences share a 91.85%
identity for the whole protein and a 97.45% identity for the regions
included in our simulations), and contain the necessary and sufficient
domains for ligand unbinding.³ In our simulations,
the T4 lysozyme sequence was omitted.

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Publication 2023

Crystallography Helix (Snails) Homo sapiens Ligands Muramidase Staphylococcal Protein A Tiotropium

Top products related to «Tiotropium»

Tiotropium by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Tiotropium is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a bronchodilator medication used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Tiotropium works by relaxing and widening the airways in the lungs, making it easier to breathe.

Handihaler by Boehringer Ingelheim

Sourced in Germany, United Kingdom, Italy

The HandiHaler is a portable, handheld inhaler device designed for the administration of certain powdered medications. It is a reusable device that provides a consistent and controlled delivery of the medication.

Respimat inhaler by Boehringer Ingelheim

Sourced in Germany

The Respimat inhaler is a medical device used for the delivery of respiratory medications. It is a propellant-free inhaler that utilizes a patented technology to generate a slow-moving, fine mist to facilitate inhalation of the medication.

Tiotropium by Boehringer Ingelheim

Sourced in Germany

Tiotropium is a bronchodilator medication used in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It works by relaxing and widening the airways, making it easier to breathe.

Tiotropium handihaler by Boehringer Ingelheim

Sourced in Germany

The Tiotropium HandiHaler is a portable, hand-held device used to deliver tiotropium, a bronchodilator medication, to patients. The device is designed to effectively and accurately administer the prescribed dosage of tiotropium to users.

Spiriva by Boehringer Ingelheim

Sourced in Germany

Spiriva is a medical device developed by Boehringer Ingelheim. It is a hand-held inhaler designed to deliver a precise dose of medication to the lungs.

Tiotropium spiriva by Boehringer Ingelheim

Sourced in Germany

Tiotropium Spiriva is a bronchodilator medication used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It works by relaxing and opening the airways in the lungs, making it easier to breathe.

Spiriva handihaler by Boehringer Ingelheim

Sourced in Japan

Spiriva® Handihaler is a medical device used for the administration of the medication tiotropium bromide. It is a handheld inhalation device designed to deliver the medication directly to the lungs.

Breezhaler device by Novartis

Sourced in Switzerland

The Breezhaler® device is a dry powder inhaler used to deliver medications in the form of inhalable powder. The device is designed to be used by patients to self-administer their prescribed respiratory medications.

Tiotropium respimat by Boehringer Ingelheim

Sourced in Germany

Tiotropium Respimat is a handheld medical device used to administer a precise dose of the medication tiotropium. Tiotropium is a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) indicated for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The Respimat device uses a propellant-free mechanism to produce a slow-moving, fine mist of the medication, allowing for efficient inhalation by the patient.

What are the different forms of Tiotropium available?

Tiotropium is available in two main forms - as an inhaled powder (Spiriva Handihaler) and as an inhaled solution (Spiriva Respimat). The powder form is taken using a special inhaler device, while the solution is delivered through a soft mist inhaler. Both formulations are equally effective, but the delivery method may be better suited for certain patients based on their preferences and abilities.

How does Tiotropium work to treat COPD?

Tiotropium is a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) that works by relaxing and widening the airways. This makes it easier for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to breathe. Tiotropium blocks the action of acetylcholine, a chemical that can cause the airways to constrict. By preventing this constriction, Tiotropium improves lung function and reduces COPD symptoms and exacerbations.

What are the benefits of using Tiotropium for COPD?

Tiotropium has been shown to provide several key benefits for patients with COPD: 1. Improved lung function: Tiotropium helps to dilate the airways, leading to better airflow and improved lung function measurements. 2. Reduced COPD exacerbations: Treatment with Tiotropium can lower the risk of COPD exacerbations, which are periods of worsening symptoms that can be debilitating. 3. Enhanced quality of life: By managing COPD symptoms more effectively, Tiotropium can help patients maintain their activity levels and enjoy a better quality of life.

How can PubCompare.ai assist with Tiotropium research?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocol comparison tool can be extremely helpful for Tiotropium research. The platform allows you to efficiently screen the published literature, preprints, and patent data to identify the most effective protocols and products related to Tiotropium. The AI analysis can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling you to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy in your Tiotropium studies. This can greatly improve the efficiency and quality of your Tiotropium-related research.

Are there any common usage challenges with Tiotropium?

One potential challenge with Tiotropium is ensuring proper inhaler technique. Since Tiotropium is delivered via an inhaler device, patients must be carefully instructed on how to use the inhaler correctly to get the full dose. Improper inhalation technique can reduce the effectiveness of the medication. Additionally, some patients may have difficulty coordinating the inhalation with the device actuation. Healthcare providers should provide thorough training and follow-up to help patients overcome these usage challenges and get the most benefit from Tiotropium therapy.

More about "Tiotropium"

Tiotropium is a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA), also known as an anticholinergic medication, commonly used to manage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
This bronchodilator works by relaxing and widening the airways, making it easier for patients to breathe.
Tiotropium is often prescribed as a maintenance treatment to prevent COPD symptoms and exacerbations.
Tiotropium is available in different formulations, including an inhaled powder (Tiotropium HandiHaler, Spiriva® Handihaler) and a soft mist inhaler (Tiotropium Respimat, Spiriva Respimat).
The HandiHaler and Respimat devices are designed to deliver the medication effectively to the lungs.
Tiotropium has been shown to improve lung function, reduce exacerbations, and enhance the quality of life in patients with COPD.
Researchers can utilize PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocol comparison tool to easily identify the best Tiotropium-related research protocols and products from literature, preprints, and patents.
This can help improve the reproducibility and effiiency of their COPD studies involving Tiotropium and related treatments, such as the Breezhaler® device.
By leveraging the insights gained from the MeSH term description and Metadescription, researchers can optimize their Tiotropium research and stay informed on the latest developments in this field.