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Tramadol

Tramadol is a centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain.
It is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers, each with complementary mechanisms of action.
Tramadol exerts its analgesic effects through mu-opioid receptor agonism and inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake.
It is typically well-tolerated, but may carry a risk of addiction and withdrawal symtoms.
Tramadol is an important medication in the management of acute and chronic pain conditions.

Most cited protocols related to «Tramadol»

1
CDC Opioid Prescribing Guideline Update
Cited 15 times
The 2016 CDC Opioid Prescribing Guideline was based on a systematic clinical evidence review sponsored by AHRQ on the effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain (47 ,97 ), a CDC update to the AHRQ-sponsored review, and additional contextual questions (56 ,98 ). The systematic review addressed the effectiveness of long-term opioid therapy for outcomes related to pain, function, and quality of life; the comparative effectiveness of different methods for initiating and titrating opioids; the harms and adverse events associated with opioids; and the accuracy of risk prediction instruments and effectiveness of risk mitigation strategies on outcomes related to overdose, opioid use disorder, illicit drug use, and prescription opioid misuse. The CDC update to the AHRQ-sponsored review included literature published during or after 2015 and an additional question on the association between opioid therapy for acute pain and long-term use. The contextual evidence review addressed effectiveness of nonpharmacologic and nonopioid pharmacologic treatments, clinician and patient values and preferences, and information about resource allocation.
For this update to the 2016 CDC Opioid Prescribing Guideline, CDC funded AHRQ in 2018 and 2019 to conduct five systematic reviews (7 –11 ). AHRQ’s Evidence-based Practice Centers completed these reviews, which included new evidence related to the treatment of chronic and acute pain. The AHRQ review of opioids for chronic pain updated and expanded the evidence for the 2016 CDC review; studies were included on short-term (1 to <6 months), intermediate-term (6 to <12 months) and long-term (≥12 months) outcomes of therapy involving opioids, effects of opioid plus nonopioid combination therapy, effects of tramadol, effects of naloxone coprescription, risks of coprescribed benzodiazepines, risks of coprescribed gabapentinoids, and effects of concurrent use of cannabis (7 ). The systematic clinical evidence review on opioids for chronic pain (7 ) also included contextual questions on clinician and patient values and preferences, costs and cost-effectiveness of opioid therapy, and risk mitigation strategies. CDC considered four new complementary AHRQ reviews on the benefits and harms of nonpharmacologic treatments for chronic pain (9 ), nonopioid pharmacologic treatments for chronic pain (8 ), treatments for acute episodic migraine (11 ), and treatments for acute (nonmigraine) pain (10 ). A question on management of acute pain in the systematic clinical evidence review for the 2016 CDC Opioid Prescribing Guideline was included in the new review on therapies for acute pain (10 ). CDC also reviewed AHRQ-sponsored surveillance reports conducted in follow-up to the five systematic reviews for any new evidence that could potentially change systematic review conclusions. To supplement the clinical evidence reviews, CDC sponsored a contextual evidence review on clinician and patient values and preferences and resource allocation (costs) for the areas addressed in the four new reviews (8 –11 ).
Dowell D., Ragan K.R., Jones C.M., Baldwin G.T, & Chou R. (2022). CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain — United States, 2022. MMWR Recommendations and Reports, 71(3), 1-95.
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Publication 2022
Benzodiazepines Chronic Pain Combined Modality Therapy Dietary Supplements Drug Overdose Illicit Drugs Management, Pain Migraine Disorders Naloxone Opioids Opioid Use Disorder Pain Pains, Acute Patients Pharmacotherapy Prescription Opioid Misuse Tramadol
2
Acute Efficacy of Intravenous Ketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression
Cited 8 times
This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the acute efficacy of IV ketamine or placebo added to ongoing antidepressant therapy (ADT) in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) adults with TRD. Following a washout period for patients on prohibited psychotropic agents, 99 eligible subjects were randomly assigned to one of five 40-minute infusion arms in a 1:1:1:1:1 fashion: a single dose of ketamine 0.1 mg/kg (n=18), a single dose of ketamine 0.2 mg/kg (n=20), a single dose of ketamine 0.5 mg/kg (n=22), a single dose of ketamine 1.0 mg/kg (n=20), and a single dose of midazolam 0.045 mg/kg (active placebo) (n=19) (see Figure 1), to minimize the unblinding risk due to AEs, as in Murrough et al16 (link). Prior to randomization, patients were grouped by BMI (Group I: BMI ≤30; Group II: BMI >30), and were block randomized into each arm of the study, with the mg/Kg ratio being maintained across all BMIs. The primary endpoint assessments were carried out over 3 days and all subjects were followed for 30 days to examine the benefit durability (see Figure 1).
The study assessments were performed at Days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 30 to assess the safety and efficacy of all doses of ketamine compared to active placebo therapy in depressed patients demonstrating an inadequate response to at least 2 adequate ADTs during the current major depressive episode (TRD). This report focuses on the outcome during the acute phase of the study (Days 0 through 3). This trial was conducted across six U.S. academic sites (Massachusetts General Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine/Michael E. Debakey VA Medical Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Stanford University School of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, and Yale University), according to the U.S. FDA guidelines and Declaration of Helsinki. IRB- and NIMH DSMB-approved written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
All enrolled subjects were male and female outpatients between the ages of 18–70 years old with a diagnosis of MDD in a current depressive episode of at least eight week-duration (as defined by the DSM-IV-TR™). The diagnosis of MDD was supported by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I/P). Furthermore, all subjects had TRD, defined as failure to achieve a subjective satisfactory response (e.g., less than 50% improvement of depression symptoms) to at least two adequate treatment courses during the current depressive episode (including the current ADT). All study participants with MDD were required to be on a stable (for at least 4 weeks) and adequate (according to the MGH Antidepressant Treatment Response Questionnaire or ATRQ) dose of ongoing ADT, with a total treatment duration of at least 8 weeks. Concurrent hypnotic therapy was allowed if the therapy had been stable for at least 4 weeks prior to screening and was expected to remain stable during the study. Patients were also allowed to continue treatment with benzodiazepines used for anxiety if therapy had been stable for at least 4 weeks prior to screening and expected to remain stable during the study. Patients on exclusionary concomitant psychotropic medications (e.g., opioids, tramadol, valproic acid, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, barbiturates, eszopiclone, stimulants, NMDA receptor antagonists such as memantine), were included only if they had been free of the exclusionary medication post-taper for five half-lives within the maximum screening period (28 days). Furthermore, subjects could be in concurrent psychotherapy, if stable. All subjects had a Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale17 (link) (MADRS) score ≥20 at both the screen and baseline visits. All included patients were required to have a BMI between 18–35 kg/m2.
Major exclusion criteria were as follows: Failure to achieve satisfactory response (e.g., less than 50% improvement of depression symptoms) to >7 treatment courses of a therapeutic dose of an ADT of at least 8 weeks duration in the current major depressive episode, MADRS total score <20 at screening or baseline; a primary Axis I disorder other than MDD; current substance use disorder (abuse or dependence), with the exception of nicotine dependence, within 6 months prior to screening; and any history of ketamine or PCP drug use. All subjects underwent urine drug testing at screening. Other major exclusion criteria included a history of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders, or any history of psychotic symptoms in the current or previous depressive episodes. Furthermore, previous participants in research studies involving glutamatergic agents for depression were also excluded.
Following the in-person screen, the diagnosis and adequacy of treatment was confirmed by remote, independent raters from the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Clinical Trials Network and Institute (CTNI), via a teleconference administration of the Mood Disorders module of the SCID-I/P, MADRS, and the MGH ATRQ.
Fava M., Freeman M.P., Flynn M., Judge H., Hoeppner B.B., Cusin C., Ionescu D.F., Mathew S.J., Chang L.C., Iosifescu D.V., Murrough J., Debattista C., Schatzberg A.F., Trivedi M.H., Jha M.K., Sanacora G., Wilkinson S.T, & Papakostas G.I. (2018). Double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of intravenous ketamine as adjunctive therapy in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Molecular Psychiatry, 25(7), 1592-1603.
Publication 2018
Adult antagonists Antidepressive Agents Anxiety Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Bipolar Disorder Carbamazepine Central Nervous System Stimulants Depressive Symptoms Diagnosis Drug Abuse Epistropheus Eszopiclone Glutamate Agents Hypnotics Ketamine Lamotrigine Males Memantine Mental Disorders Midazolam Mood Disorders N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Nicotine Dependence Opioids Outpatients Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Placebos Psychotherapy Psychotropic Drugs Safety Schizoaffective Disorder Schizophrenia Substance Use Disorders Tramadol Unipolar Depression Urinalysis Urine Valproic Acid Woman
3
Predicting Osteoarthritis Progression in Participants
Cited 8 times
A total of 159 participants (118 female, 41 male) were enrolled in the NIH sponsored Strategies to Predict Osteoarthritis Progression (POP) study, approved and in accordance with the policies of the Duke Institutional Review Board. Participants were recruited primarily through Rheumatology and Orthopaedic clinics and met the American College of Rheumatology criteria for symptomatic OA of at least one knee. In addition, all participants met radiographic criteria for OA with a Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) [13 (link)] score of 1–3 in at least one knee. Exclusion criteria included the following: bilateral knee KL4 scores; exposure to a corticosteroid (either parenteral or oral) within 3 months prior to the study evaluation; knee arthroscopic surgery within 6 months prior to the study evaluation; known history of avascular necrosis, inflammatory arthritis, Paget's disease, joint infection, periarticular fracture, neuropathic arthropathy, reactive arthritis, or gout involving the knee, and current anticoagulation. A total of 186 participants were screened to identify the final 159 participants with radiographic and symptomatic knee OA of at least one knee who were willing to undergo arthrocentesis. Of the total 318 knees available for analysis, 10 knees were excluded from evaluation on the basis of knee replacement for a total of 308 knees included in the final analyses. The final knee sample included 8 participants that had undergone unilateral hip replacement for OA and one subject who had unilateral internal hip fixation secondary to a traumatic fracture. Knee symptoms were ascertained by the NHANES I criterion [14 (link)] of pain, aching or stiffnes on most days of any one month in the last year; for subjects answering yes, symptoms were quantified as mild, moderate, or severe yielding a total score of 0–4 for each knee. Current analgesic medication use was recorded (numbers of participants using): acetaminophen (32), narcotics (9), tramadol (2), non-selective non-steroidals (67), cycloxygenase inhibitors (45), glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate (51), and any of these analgesics (118).
Kraus V.B., McDaniel G., Worrell T.W., Feng S., Vail T.P., Varju G, & Coleman R.E. (2008). Association of Bone Scintigraphic Abnormalities with Knee Malalignment and Pain. Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 68(11), 1673-1679.
Publication 2008
A 159 Acetaminophen Adrenal Cortex Hormones Analgesics Arthritis Arthritis, Reactive Arthrocentesis Arthroscopic Surgical Procedures Avascular Necrosis of Bone Disease Progression Ethics Committees, Research Fracture, Bone Fracture Fixation, Internal Glucosamine Gout Infection inhibitors Joints Knee Knee Replacement Arthroplasty Males Narcotics Neurogenic Arthropathy Osteitis Deformans Osteoarthritis Of Hip Pain Parenteral Nutrition Replacement Arthroplasties, Hip Sulfates, Chondroitin Tramadol Woman X-Rays, Diagnostic
4
County-Level Opioid Prescription Patterns
Cited 7 times

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Publication 2012
Addictive Behavior Codeine Controlled Substance Drug Overdose Ethics Committees, Research Ethnicity Females Fentanyl Gender Hospitalization Households Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Inpatient Management, Pain Methadone Morphine Operative Surgical Procedures Opioids Oxycodone Oxymorphone Patients PER1 protein, human Pharmaceutical Preparations Physicians Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs Prescriptions Propoxyphene Thumb Tramadol
5
Opioid and Benzodiazepine Prescribing Trends
Cited 6 times
Data on prescribing in 2012 come from IMS Health’s National Prescription Audit (NPA). NPA provides estimates of the numbers of prescriptions dispensed in each state based on a sample of approximately 57,000 pharmacies, which dispense nearly 80% of the retail prescriptions in the United States. Prescriptions, including refills, dispensed at retail pharmacies and paid for by commercial insurance, Medicaid, Medicare, or cash were included.*CDC used the numbers of prescriptions and census denominators to calculate prescribing rates for OPR, subtypes of OPR, and benzodiazepines. The OPR category included semisynthetic opioids, such as oxycodone and hydrocodone, and synthetic opioids, such as tramadol. It did not include buprenorphine products used primarily for substance abuse treatment rather than pain, methadone distributed through substance abuse treatment programs, or cough and cold formulations containing opioids. LA/ER OPR were defined as those that should be taken only 2 to 3 times a day, such as methadone, OxyContin, and Opana ER. High-dose OPR were defined as the largest formulations available for each type of OPR that resulted in a total daily dosage of ≥100 morphine milligram equivalents when taken at the usual frequency, for example, every 4–6 hours. Benzodiazepines included alprazolam, clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, estazolam, flurazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, quazepam, temazepam, and triazolam.
CDC calculated prescribing rates per 100 persons for the United States, each census region, and each state. CDC described the distribution of state rates using mean, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV) (SD divided by the mean), the interquartile ratio (IQ) (75th percentile rate divided by the 25th percentile rate), and the ratio of the highest/lowest rates. Rates were transformed into multiples of the SD above or below the mean state rate of each drug.
Paulozzi L.J., Mack K.A, & Hockenberry J.M. (2014). Vital Signs: Variation Among States in Prescribing of Opioid Pain Relievers and Benzodiazepines — United States, 2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(26), 563-568.
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Publication 2014
Alprazolam Benzodiazepines Buprenorphine Clonazepam Clorazepate Common Cold Cough Diazepam Estazolam Flurazepam Hydrocodone Lorazepam Methadone Morphine Opana Opioids Oxazepam Oxycodone Oxycontin Pain Pharmaceutical Preparations Prescriptions quazepam Substance Abuse Temazepam Tramadol Triazolam

Most recents protocols related to «Tramadol»

1
Opioid Exposure in Chronic Pain
Exposure to opioids was captured using prescription information available in the pharmacy claims (e.g., medication name, fill date, days supplied). Opioid exposure was examined at monthly intervals from each person’s study entry date to their drop in health plan enrollment or end of study period, whichever came first. Individuals were included in the analysis per month if they had enrollment for that entire month. Opioid exposure was determined by an outpatient pharmacy fill for a product containing hydrocodone, oxycodone, tramadol, codeine, morphine, fentanyl, and “other”, which included hydromorphone, buprenorphine, propoxyphene, oxymorphone, methadone, dihydrocodeine, levorphanol tartrate, meperidine hydrochloride, opium, pentazocine, and tapentadol.
The timing of opioid exposure was based on the date of prescription and number of days supplied, which allowed for the determination of monthly exposure as binary (yes/no) and number of days supplied. To standardize the number of days supplied per month, the proportion of each month exposed was calculated as the days supplied divided by the number of days in that month. This study did not standardize doses across opioid types (e.g., oral morphine equivalents) given the variability in suggested conversion factors [24 (link)]. Further, it is unknown if the proportion of opioid prescriptions by type differs for adults with and without CP, and how variation in conversion factors could impact interpretations. Therefore, this study focused on measures of opioid exposure as exposed/not exposed, the number of days supplied, and the proportion of opioid prescriptions by type.
Whitney D.G., Peterson M.D, & Hurvitz E.A. (2023). Population- and individual-level trajectories of opioid prescription patterns among adults with cerebral palsy: a retrospective cohort study. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 45(3), 669-680.
Publication 2023
Adult Buprenorphine Codeine dihydrocodeine Fentanyl Health Planning Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Meperidine Hydrochloride Methadone Morphine Opioids Opium Outpatients Oxycodone Oxymorphone Pentazocine Pharmaceutical Preparations Prescriptions Propoxyphene Tapentadol Tartrate, Levorphanol Tramadol
2
Venous Ablation Device Evaluation in Dogs
All animal experimental procedures were conducted in compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Cardiovascular Product Evaluation Center, Yonsei University (No. CPEC-IACUC-181005).
Seven healthy male mongrel dogs weighing 30 ± 5 kg were enrolled in the present study. The dogs were acclimated for 7 days before the experiments. Each dog was bred in a separate stainless-steel breeding box and was maintained at an environmental temperature of 20–24 ℃, relative humidity of 30%–70%, and a 12/12-hour light-dark cycle.
After induction of anesthesia through intramuscular administration of atropine 0.02–0.04 mg/kg (Jeil Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), Domitor 0.1 µg/kg (Elanco), Zoletil 10 mg/kg (Virbac), Rumpun 0.1–1.0 mg/kg (Bayer), Alfaxan 5.0 mg/kg (Jurox), and tramadol 1.0–3.0 mg/kg (Hanall Biopharma), respiratory anesthesia was maintained at 5–10 mL/kg/min with Forane (JW Pharmaceutical) and an O2 in a ratio of 1–2:1 using Primus (Dräger).
The experiment was carried out by inserting 1 control device (CF) and 1 experimental device (VS) for each dog into the femoral and cephalic veins and removing the catheter after ablation. Of the 7 dogs, 1 was sacrificed on the same day of the procedure, and the other 6 dogs were followed up for 2 weeks, with the experiment terminated following autopsy (Table 1).
Hwang J.H., Park S.W., Min J., Yang W.Y., Kwon Y.W., Hwang J.J., Kim J.S., Lee S.A, & Chee H.K. (2023). Endovenous radiofrequency ablation using a new bipolar electrode in a canine model: a new endovenous radiofrequency electrode. Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research, 104(3), 164-169.
Publication 2023
Anesthesia Animals Animals, Laboratory Atropine Autopsy Canis familiaris Cardiovascular System Catheter Ablation cyclopentenyl cytosine Femur Humidity Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Males Medical Devices Pharmaceutical Preparations Respiratory Rate Stainless Steel Tramadol Veins Zoletil
3
Multimodal Pain Management for Postoperative Care
All patients were consecutively recruited on the day before surgery. After written informed consent was obtained, baseline questionnaires were completed. Follow-ups after surgery for pain evaluation were performed on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 and monthly thereafter until pain resolution was reached or up to 6 months after surgery; the sessions were conducted by face-to-face interviews during the hospital stay or telephone interviews after discharge. Loss to follow-up was defined as the patient not being contacted during two consecutive follow-ups.
A standard perioperative pain management protocol was performed. Multimodal analgesia during surgery included the following: 1) corticosteroids, such as intravenous injection of methylprednisolone 40–80 mg before induction; 2) continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine at a rate of 0.4–0.6 μg/kg/h until incision closure; 3) short-acting opioids, including intermittent intravenous injection of sufentanil with a total dose of 0.5–1.0 μg/kg and continuous infusion of remifentanil 0.1–0.2 μg/kg/min until the end of surgery; and 4) flurbiprofen 100 mg or parecoxib 40 mg intravenously administered before the end of surgery when no contraindication presented. At the end of surgery, patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) with sufentanil was provided to each patient for at least 72 hours. The PCIA device was initially set to deliver sufentanil at a rate of 2 μg/hour (solution 1 μg/ml) and a bolus of sufentanil 3 μg on request with a lockout time of 15 minutes. Background infusion was stopped if the worst pain score was <= 3 or opioid-related side effects (such as nausea and vomiting and dizziness) were reported during follow-ups. If severe opioid-related side effects persisted despite pharmacological treatment, PCIA was stopped at the request of the patient.
In wards, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or COX-2 inhibitors were used as needed based on the surgeons’ preference. If patients reported pain with neuropathic characteristics, such as numbness and burning, gabapentin was added. Immediate-release oxycodone (5 mg) or tramadol (100 mg) was administered orally for rescue analgesia. Oral sustained-release oxycodone (5 mg every 12 hours) or a transdermal fentanyl patch (25 μg/hour for 72 hours) was provided for persistent severe pain after cessation of PCIA. Pain consultations were held when necessary.
Zhang Q., Wu Y., Hong S, & Feng Y. (2023). Trajectory of worst pain within the first two weeks following pelvic and sacral tumor surgery and long-term outcome: a pilot observational prospective cohort study. BMC Anesthesiology, 23, 73.
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Publication 2023
Adrenal Cortex Hormones Analgesics, Opioid Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ARID1A protein, human Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors Dexmedetomidine Face Fentanyl Flurbiprofen Gabapentin Management, Pain Medical Devices Methylprednisolone Multimodal Imaging Nausea Neuralgia Operative Surgical Procedures Opioids Oxycodone Pain Pain Measurement parecoxib Patient-Controlled Analgesia Patients Pharmacotherapy Remifentanil Sufentanil Surgeons Tramadol Transdermal Patch
4
Pain Prevalence and Opioid Use
In this paper, we examined two outcomes, (1) experience of recurrent pain, measured by the question “Do you suffer from pain that occurs frequently?” (Yes/No), and (2) use of prescription opioids among those who responded “yes” to outcome 1, measured by the question “In the last 3 months, have you taken pain medications that require a prescription such as pain relievers that contain codeine or morphine (Fiorional, Tylex, Duramorf, Demerol, Durogesic, OxyContin, Codex, Percodan, Dimorf, Tramadol)?” (Yes/No). Due to a skip pattern in the questionnaire, we were not able to measure prescription opioid use in the full sample of participants, but only among those who reported pain based on question 1.
Mullachery P.H., Lima-Costa M.F, & de Loyola Filho A.I. (2023). Prevalence of pain and use of prescription opioids among older adults: results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). Lancet Regional Health - Americas, 20, 100459.
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Publication 2023
Analgesics Codeine Demerol Duragesic Morphine Opioids Oxycontin Pain Percodan Pharmaceutical Preparations Tramadol
5
Opioid Prescriptions Analysis in Liverpool
The following data were extracted from patient Egton Medical Information System (EMIS) records: anonymised ID, age, ethnicity, gender, GP practice code, GP partial postcode, name of opioid, dose and quantity prescribed, date prescription was added to patient record, most recent issue date, course status (past or current) and any reported problems linked to the opioid prescription. Liverpool CCG (LCCG) acted as the gatekeeper and obtained verbal consent from GP practices to share patient information. Sixty-two of the 88 GP (70.5%) practices located across LCCG agreed to share patient data. An extract report was uploaded onto EMIS web, the data was extracted and then saved onto a secure network in an Excel spreadsheet. The data was pre-processed using Microsoft Excel, after which 93,236 prescriptions written for 30,474 patients remained (see Fig 1).
All prescriptions were cross-referenced with the British National Formulary (BNF) and re-coded according to their active opioid ingredient. This resulted in 12 groups including: oxycodone, tramadol, matazinol, methadone, morphine, tapentadol, pethidine, fentanyl, codeine, buprenorphine, dihydrocodeine and hydromorphine. Opioids commonly indicated for cancer or drug dependence (including dextropropoxphene, diamorphine, alfentanil, coproxomol, galenphol, oxylan and pavacol) were excluded. Dosage instructions were recoded to facilitate calculation of MED; if missing, maximal possible daily dose provided by the BNF was used.
Begley E.K., Poole H.M., Sumnall H.R., Frank B.F, & Montgomery C. (2023). Opioid prescribing and social deprivation: A retrospective analysis of prescribing for CNCP in Liverpool CCG. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0280958.
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Publication 2023
Alfentanil Buprenorphine Codeine dihydrocodeine Drug Dependence Ethnicity Fentanyl Gender Heroin Malignant Neoplasms Meperidine Methadone Morphine Opioids Oxycodone Patients Prescriptions Tapentadol Tramadol

Top products related to «Tramadol»

1
Tramadol by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Tramadol is a synthetic opioid analgesic used for the treatment of moderate to moderately severe pain. It acts on the central nervous system to reduce the perception of pain. Tramadol is available in various dosage forms, including tablets, capsules, and solutions, for oral administration.
2
Naloxone by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Sao Tome and Principe, United Kingdom, Spain, Mexico, Italy, China, Austria
Naloxone is a pharmaceutical product developed by Merck Group for use as a medication. It functions as an opioid antagonist, primarily used to reverse the effects of opioid overdose.
3
Methanol by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States, Italy, India, United Kingdom, China, France, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, Sao Tome and Principe, Brazil, Ireland, Japan, Belgium, Portugal, Singapore, Macao, Malaysia, Czechia, Mexico, Indonesia, Chile, Denmark, Sweden, Bulgaria, Netherlands, Finland, Hungary, Austria, Israel, Norway, Egypt, Argentina, Greece, Kenya, Thailand, Pakistan
Methanol is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid that is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It serves as a solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate. Methanol has a simple chemical formula of CH3OH and a boiling point of 64.7°C. It is a versatile compound that is widely used in the production of other chemicals, as well as in the fuel industry.
4
Sas version 9 by SAS Institute
Sourced in United States, Austria, Japan, Cameroon, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, Belgium, Israel, Denmark, Australia, New Caledonia, France, Argentina, Sweden, Ireland, India
SAS version 9.4 is a statistical software package. It provides tools for data management, analysis, and reporting. The software is designed to help users extract insights from data and make informed decisions.
5
Acetic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, India, China, France, Spain, Switzerland, Poland, Sao Tome and Principe, Australia, Canada, Ireland, Czechia, Brazil, Sweden, Belgium, Japan, Hungary, Mexico, Malaysia, Macao, Portugal, Netherlands, Finland, Romania, Thailand, Argentina, Singapore, Egypt, Austria, New Zealand, Bangladesh
Acetic acid is a colorless, vinegar-like liquid chemical compound. It is a commonly used laboratory reagent with the molecular formula CH3COOH. Acetic acid serves as a solvent, a pH adjuster, and a reactant in various chemical processes.
6
Aspirin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Singapore, China, India, Japan, Macao, Canada, Italy
Aspirin is a chemical compound with the formula C9H8O4. It is a white, crystalline powder that is widely used in pharmaceutical products. Aspirin's core function is to serve as an active ingredient in various medications, primarily as an analgesic (pain reliever), antipyretic (fever reducer), and anti-inflammatory agent.
7
Indomethacin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Brazil, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, China, India, Japan, Denmark, Australia, Macao, Spain, France, New Zealand, Poland, Singapore, Switzerland, Belgium, Canada, Argentina, Czechia, Hungary
Indomethacin is a laboratory reagent used in various research applications. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits the production of prostaglandins, which are involved in inflammation and pain. Indomethacin can be used to study the role of prostaglandins in biological processes.
8
Tramadol hydrochloride by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Tramadol hydrochloride is a synthetic opioid analgesic used as a pain medication. It is a white, crystalline powder that is freely soluble in water and alcohol. Tramadol hydrochloride is available in various pharmaceutical formulations for oral administration.
9
Carrageenan by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, India, Italy, Japan, Brazil, Ireland, Sao Tome and Principe, Poland
Carrageenan is a stabilizing and thickening agent extracted from red seaweed. It is commonly used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries to improve the texture, stability, and viscosity of various products.
10
Toradol by Roche
Sourced in United Kingdom
Toradol is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Roche. It is designed for use in research and analytical applications. The core function of Toradol is to facilitate the measurement and analysis of various analytes in biological samples. This product is intended for use in laboratory settings by trained professionals.

More about "Tramadol"

Tramadol, a centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, is a commonly prescribed medication for the management of moderate to severe pain.
Its unique mechanism of action involves a racemic mixture of two enantiomers, each with complementary mechanisms that contribute to its analgesic effects.
Tramadol exerts its pain-relieving properties through mu-opioid receptor agonism and the inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake.
This versatile medication is typically well-tolerated, but may carry a risk of addiction and withdrawal symptoms, which healthcare providers should be mindful of.
Tramadol hydrochloride is the most commonly used form of this analgesic.
Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, is sometimes used in conjunction with Tramadol to help mitigate the potential for abuse and overdose.
Methanol and acetic acid are not directly related to Tramadol, but may be used in the synthesis or formulation of pharmaceutical products.
SAS version 9.4 is a statistical software package that can be used to analyze data related to Tramadol and other medications.
Aspirin and indomethacin are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that may be used in combination with Tramadol or as alternatives for pain management.
Carrageenan is a natural polysaccharide that has been studied for its potential use in the formulation of Tramadol-containing products, such as Toradol, which is a brand name for ketorolac, another NSAID used for pain relief.