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Valproic Acid

Valproic Acid: A medication commonly used to treat seizures, bipolar disorder, and migrains.
It works by increasing levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which can help reduce neuronal excitability.
Valproic Acid is also being investigated for its potential neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in various neurological conditions.
Reserchers can optimize their Valproic Acid studies using PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven tool that helps identify the most reliable protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, enhancing reproducibility and accuracy.

Most cited protocols related to «Valproic Acid»

1
Identifying Depression in Healthcare Data
Cited 87 times
The following distinct sources of the SNIIRAM were used to select persons with depression:

Diagnoses of long-term or costly conditions (Affections de Longue Durée, ALD). Patients with specific long-term or costly conditions may require full coverage for all their condition-related health expenditures upon request by their family doctor and after approval by a health insurance fund medical officer (médecin-conseil) [18 ].

Data from national hospital claims (Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d’Information, PMSI) for all inpatient and day-case admissions in public and private general and psychiatric hospitals, containing medical diagnoses defined as ICD-10 codes. In both general and psychiatric hospitals, a principal diagnosis is defined as the main reason for admission, while associated diagnoses provide information about conditions that significantly influenced care during the hospital stay [19 ].

Data concerning all national health insurance reimbursements for drugs, laboratory tests and outpatient medical procedures. Individuals receiving reimbursements for antidepressants (N06A section of the ATC classification except for oxitriptan) can be identified. However, these databases do not contain direct information about the diagnosis justifying the prescription, and these drugs are not specific for depression, as they can also be prescribed for other conditions (bipolar disorders, anxiety or chronic pain). An antidepressant prescription is typically valid 1 month.

All three sources were not considered to be equally reliable for identifying patients with depression. Reliability of the sources was assessed as follows: for the purpose of identifying individuals suffering from depression, full coverage for depression as a specific long-term or costly condition (source 1) was more reliable than the hospital claims database (source 2), which was more reliable than reimbursement for antidepressants (source 3). In the hospital claims database, associated diagnoses reported during general hospital stays were assumed to be less reliable than those reported during psychiatric hospital stays. The reasons underlying this classification of source reliability included (1) the mode of acquisition of the information (diagnoses resulting from medical interviews were regarded as more reliable than hospital diagnostic codes sometimes coded by non-medical staff, themselves regarded as a more reliable diagnostic markers than prescription drugs) and (2) what was as stake when the information was coded (hospital diagnostic codes that had no consequence on costs were regarded as less reliable than codes influencing costs or giving access to benefits). These reasons are described and discussed more thoroughly in the Merits and drawbacks of the various methods section of the Discussion section of this article.
Accordingly, five estimation methods with decreasing order of reliability were defined. ICD-10 codes F32 to F39 were used in all estimation methods to identify depression (either as a full health coverage code or as a principal or associated diagnosis). At least three reimbursements for antidepressants were used to identify treatment by antidepressant. Hospital stays in the last 5 years with a principal or associated diagnosis of depression were used to identify principal diagnosis history and associated diagnosis history of depression respectively.

Method A (Full coverage for depression): Selection of individuals with full coverage for depression as a specific long-term or costly condition during the study (source 1);

Method B (Hospitalisation for depression): Selection of individuals with depression as principal or associated diagnosis in a psychiatric hospital stay or as principal diagnosis in a general hospital stay using two timeframes: (a) the current calendar year and (b) the last two calendar years (source 2). Calendar years were used for technical reasons.

Method C (Current antidepressant treatment + History of hospitalisation during the past 5 years): Selection of individuals treated by antidepressant and with a general hospital principal diagnosis history of depression or a psychiatric hospital principal or associated diagnosis history of depression (combination of sources 2 and 3);

Method D (Hospitalisation in a general hospital with an associated diagnosis of depression): Selection of individuals with depression as associated diagnosis in a general hospital stay using two timeframes: (a) the current calendar year and (b) the last two calendar years (source 2);

Method E (Current antidepressant treatment + History of hospitalisation in a general hospital with an associated diagnosis of depression during the past 5 years): Selection of individuals treated by antidepressant and with a general hospital associated diagnosis history of depression (combination of sources 2 and 3).

Individuals with a hospital diagnosis of bipolar disorder (ICD-10 codes F30 or F31) in the last 5 years or a specific treatment for bipolar disorder (lithium, divalproex or valpromide) were not included in the study.
Filipovic-Pierucci A., Samson S., Fagot J.P, & Fagot-Campagna A. (2017). Estimating the prevalence of depression associated with healthcare use in France using administrative databases. BMC Psychiatry, 17, 1.
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Publication 2017
5-Hydroxytryptophan Antidepressive Agents Anxiety Bipolar Disorder Chronic Pain Diagnosis Diagnosis, Psychiatric dipropylacetamide Health Insurance Hospitalization Inpatient Insurance, Health, Reimbursement Lithium Medical Staff Outpatients Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physicians Prescription Drugs Valproic Acid
2
Comparative Analysis of Perturbed Gene Expression
Cited 50 times
The first dataset consists of nine gene perturbations with matched control samples (Almudevar et al., 2011 ); the second dataset is composed of two cell types and three treatments (Sampson et al., 2013 (link)); the third dataset is a study of the effect of p53 and/or Ras mutations on gene expression (McMurray et al., 2008 (link)).
In the first dataset, cells transformed to malignancy by mutant p53 and activated Ras are perturbed with the aim of restoring gene expression to levels found in non-transformed parental cells via retrovirus-mediated re-expression of corresponding cDNAs or shRNA-dependent stable knock-down. The data contain four to six replicates for each perturbation, and each perturbation has a corresponding control sample in which only the vector has been added (Almudevar et al., 2011 ).
The second dataset consists of two cell types—young adult mouse colon (YAMC) cells and mutant-p53/activated-Ras transformed YAMC cells—in combination with three treatments—untreated, sodium butyrate or valproic acid. Four replicates were performed for each cell-type/treatment combination (Sampson et al., 2013 (link)).
The third dataset is a comparison between four cell types—YAMC cells, mutant-p53 YAMC cells, activated-Ras YAMC cells and p53/Ras double mutant YAMC cells. Three replicates were performed for the untransformed YAMC cells, and four replicates were performed for each of the other cell types (McMurray et al., 2008 (link)).
As in the original publications, all three datasets were normalized to a reference gene, Becn1, with the resulting values denoted as ΔCt. In the first dataset, ΔΔCt values were computed by comparing each perturbed sample to its corresponding control sample. Additional details regarding each of these datasets can be found in the original publications.
McCall M.N., McMurray H.R., Land H, & Almudevar A. (2014). On non-detects in qPCR data. Bioinformatics, 30(16), 2310-2316.
Publication 2014
BECN1 protein, human Cells Cloning Vectors Colon DNA, Complementary Gene Expression Genes Lanugo Malignant Neoplasms Mus Mutation Parent Retroviridae Short Hairpin RNA Sodium Butyrate Valproic Acid Young Adult
3
Diagnosing NAFLD in Obese Children
Cited 22 times

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Publication 2010
Amiodarone Asparaginase Celiac Disease Child Cystic Fibrosis Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent Disease, Chronic Fatty Liver Glucocorticoids Hepatitis C virus Hepatolenticular Degeneration Liver Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Obesity Pharmaceutical Preparations Serum Valproic Acid
4
Ketamine for Bipolar Depression: Randomized Trial
Cited 15 times

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Publication 2012
Antidepressive Agents Anxiety Disorders BLOOD Depression, Bipolar Diagnosis Electrocardiography Epistropheus Fluoxetine Inpatient Ketamine Lithium Lithium-6 Males Mental Disorders Mood Mood Disorders Patients Pharmacotherapy Physical Examination Placebos Psychotropic Drugs Radiography, Thoracic SCID Mice Serum Substance Abuse Urinalysis Valproate Valproic Acid Woman
5
Intestinal Stem Cell Organoid Culture
Cited 13 times
Isolated crypts or single cells were cultured as previously described2 (link) with minimal modification. Briefly, crypts or single cells were entrapped in Matrigel and plated at the center of wells in a 24-well plate. Following polymerization of Matrigel (growth factor reduced; BD Bioscience), 500 μl of culture medium (Advanced DMEM/F12 (Life Technologies)) was added, containing growth factors including EGF (50 ng/ml, Life Technologies), Noggin (100 ng/ml, PeproTech) and R-spondin 1 (500 ng/ml, R&D) and small molecules including CHIR99021 (3 μM, Stemgent) and valproic acid (1 mM, Sigma-Aldrich). (See Supplementary Table 1 for details.) For comparison of different culture conditions, small molecules or growth factors were added to freshly isolated crypts immediately after plating in Matrigel to test the ability to minimize potential differentiation of the ISCs within the crypts and thus sustain crypt cultures. Cell culture medium was changed every other day. For single-cell culture, cells were embedded in Matrigel containing Jagged-1 peptide (1 μM; AnaSpec), and Y-27632 (10 μM; Tocris) was added for the first 2 d. Cells were passaged either as cell colonies as previously described2 (link) or as single cells. For single-cell passage, cell culture medium was removed and Accutase (Life Technologies) was added. After incubation at 37 °C for 10–20 min, cell colonies were dissociated into single cells by pipetting. Cells were then washed, embedded in fresh Matrigel and plated into 24-well plates. Cells cultured in the CV condition were passaged every 6 d at a 1:20 split ratio.
Yin X., Farin H.F., van Es J.H., Clevers H., Langer R, & Karp J.M. (2013). Niche-independent high-purity cultures of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells and their progeny. Nature methods, 11(1), 106-112.
Publication 2013
accutase Cardiovascular Diseases Cell Culture Techniques Cells CFC1 protein, human Chir 99021 Cultural Evolution Culture Media Growth Factor matrigel noggin protein Peptides Polymerization Valproic Acid Y 27632

Most recents protocols related to «Valproic Acid»

1
Anticonvulsant Drug Treatment for Seizures
Mice were randomly assigned to each group. We used 2 classic anti-epilepsy drugs: carbamazepine (CBZ) and valproic acid (VPA). The treatments were initiated on day 10 after Dox withdrawal from the drinking water, the time-point at which the seizure activity began to become obvious. CBZ was dissolved in DMSO and diluted in 0.9% NaCl. VPA was directly added to the drinking water of both control and transgenic groups. The dosages were based on previous studies43 (link). For CBZ, we increased the dose daily to mimic the clinical application (Day 10: 5 mg/kg; Day 11: 10 mg/kg; Day 12: 15 mg/kg; Day 13: 20 mg/kg; Day 14: 25 mg/kg). For VPA, to reach 500 mg/kg per day, we decided the VPA concentration in the drinking water on the average daily volume of water consumed (around 5 mL per day).
Wang Z., Li Q., Kolls B.J., Mace B., Yu S., Li X., Liu W., Chaparro E., Shen Y., Dang L., del Águila Á., Bernstock J.D., Johnson K.R., Yao J., Wetsel W.C., Moore S.D., Turner D.A, & Yang W. (2023). Sustained overexpression of spliced X-box-binding protein-1 in neurons leads to spontaneous seizures and sudden death in mice. Communications Biology, 6, 252.
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Publication 2023
Animals, Transgenic Antiepileptic Agents Carbamazepine Mice, House Normal Saline Pharmaceutical Preparations Seizures Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Valproic Acid
2
Chitosan-Cellulose Nanofiber Hydrogel Formulation

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Publication 2023
Acetic Acid Acids Powder Valproic Acid Viscosity
3
Quantification of Bile Acids and SCFAs
BA and SCFA were quantified using HPLC-MS methods, as previously described.92 (link) Briefly, for BA analysis, plasma samples were placed in acetone (in the presence of seven deuterated internal standards) to allow for protein precipitation. Next, samples were centrifuged, supernatants were recovered and evaporated under a stream of nitrogen. Organic residues were then resuspended in methanol. Samples were analyzed using an LTQ-Orbitrap XL using an electrospray probe in negative mode. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Ascentis Express C-18 column (4.6 × 100 mm, 2.7 µm) (Sigma-Aldrich) and a gradient of water and acetonitrile in the presence of formic acid. For SCFA analysis, the cecal content (50–60 mg wet material) was homogenized in water followed by sonication in an ice water bath. Acetonitrile was used for protein precipitation (in the presence of valproic acid as internal standard). Following centrifugation, the supernatant was recovered and a derivatization step (using 3-nitrophenylhydrazine in the presence of EDC and pyridine) performed. Samples were purified using liquid-liquid extraction to remove the remaining reagents. After evaporation, the final residue was analyzed using an LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer coupled to an Accela HPLC system (ThermoFisher Scientific). A Hypersil GOLD PFP (100 × 2.1 mm; 1.9 μm) column using a gradient of water-acetonitrile-acetic acid and acetonitrile-acetic acid allowed separating the different isomers. For ionization, an APCI probe was used in positive mode. For each cecal content, an aliquot was freeze-dried to determine a dry residue that was used for data normalization. For both types of analytes, calibration curves were prepared using the same conditions to determine sample content. Xcalibur® software was used for data analysis.
Régnier M., Van Hul M., Roumain M., Paquot A., de Wouters d’Oplinter A., Suriano F., Everard A., Delzenne N.M., Muccioli G.G, & Cani P.D. (2023). Inulin increases the beneficial effects of rhubarb supplementation on high-fat high-sugar diet-induced metabolic disorders in mice: impact on energy expenditure, brown adipose tissue activity, and microbiota. Gut Microbes, 15(1), 2178796.
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Publication 2023
3-nitrophenylhydrazine Acetic Acid Acetone acetonitrile Bath Cecum Centrifugation Chromatography formic acid Freezing Gold High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Isomerism Liquid-Liquid Extraction Methanol Nitrogen Plasma Proteins pyridine Valproic Acid
4
HDAC Inhibitor Effects on Fly Antennae
Sodium butyrate (B5887, Sigma-Aldrich) or valproic acid (P4543, Sigma-Aldrich) were dissolved in normal fly food medium at the final concentration of 10 mM. Three groups of flies were prepared: those treated with one of the HDAC inhibitors and those without HDAC inhibitor treatment (control flies). Adult flies aged 1 d were transferred to fly vials containing medium with or without a HDAC inhibitor. At the end of the fifth day of treatment, flies were collected, and their antennae were dissected for RNA extraction. All treatments and experiments were performed at room temperature. Two biological replicates with 60 flies/replicate were performed for each condition, with an average of 23 million reads / replicate, and with an average of 92% mapped. Multiplexed libraries were made from total RNA input using the Illumina TruSeq RNA sample preparation kit (v2) and 50 bps paired-end sequencing was done using the HighSeq2000.
Haga-Yamanaka S., Nunez-Flores R., Scott C.A., Perry S., Chen S.T., Pontrello C., Nair M.G, & Ray A. (2023). Plasticity of gene expression in the nervous system by exposure to environmental odorants that inhibit HDACs. bioRxiv.
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Publication Preprint 2023
Adult Biopharmaceuticals Diptera DNA Replication Food Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Sodium Butyrate Valproic Acid
5
Expression and Purification of Monoclonal Antibodies
D5_AR, 10E8v4, VRC01, PGDM1400, and 10-1074 IgG1s were expressed and purified from Expi293F cells. Expression vectors for D5_AR were generated previously (20 (link)), expression vectors for VRC01 and 10E8v4 were sourced from the NIH HIV Reagent Program (see “NIH HIV Reagents”), and expression vectors for 10-1074 were gifted from Dr. Christopher Barnes (28 (link), 48 (link)). PGDM1400 heavy and light chain sequences were synthesized (Integrated DNA Technologies) and cloned into a mammalian expression vector under a CMV promoter using InFusion (Takara) and sequence verified.
Expi293F cells were cultured in 33% Expi293 Expression/66% FreeStyle Expression medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and grown in baffled polycarbonate shaking flasks (Triforest) at 37 °C and 8% CO2. Cells were grown to a density of ~3 × 106/mL and transiently transfected using FectoPro transfection reagent (Polyplus). For transfections, 0.5 μg total DNA (1:1 heavy chain to light chain plasmids) was added per mL final transfection volume to culture medium (1/10 volume of final transfection) followed by FectoPro at a concentration of 1.3 μL per mL final transfection volume and incubated at room temperature for 10 min. Transfection mixtures were added to cells, which were then supplemented with d-glucose (4 g/L final concentration) and 2-propylpentanoic (valproic) acid (3 mM final concentration). Cells were harvested 3 to 5 d after transfection via centrifugation at 18,000 × g for 15 min. Cell culture supernatants were filtered using a 0.22-μm filter prior to purification.
Filtered Expi cell culture supernatants were buffered with 1/10 volume 10× PBS and loaded onto a HiTrap MabSelect SuRe column (Cytiva) equilibrated in PBS (pH 7.4) using a Cytiva ÄKTA Pure system at a flow rate of 3.5 mL/min. The column was subsequently equilibrated with five column volumes PBS (pH 7.4) before elution with three column volumes 100 mM glycine (pH 2.8) into 1/10th volume of 1M Tris (pH 8.0). The column was washed with 0.5 M NaOH with a minimum contact time of 15 min between purifications of different antibodies. Elutions were concentrated using Amicon spin filters (molecular weight cut-off 10 kDa; Millipore Sigma) and were subsequently loaded onto a GE Superdex S200 increase 10/300 GL column preequilibrated in 1× PBS using a Cytiva ÄKTA Pure system. Protein-containing fractions were identified by A280 signal and/or SDS-PAGE, pooled, and stored at 4 °C or at −20 °C in 10% glycerol/1× PBS until use.
Bell B.N., Bruun T.U., Friedland N, & Kim P.S. (2023). HIV-1 prehairpin intermediate inhibitors show efficacy independent of neutralization tier. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(8), e2215792120.
Publication 2023
Antibodies Cell Culture Techniques Cells Centrifugation Cloning Vectors Culture Media Glucose Glycerin Glycine Light Mammals Plasmids polycarbonate Proteins SDS-PAGE Transfection Tromethamine Valproic Acid

Top products related to «Valproic Acid»

1
Valproic acid by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Italy, Sao Tome and Principe, United Kingdom, France
Valproic acid is a chemical compound used in various laboratory applications. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor. Valproic acid is commonly used as a standard reference material in analytical chemistry and as a reagent in biochemical and pharmaceutical research. Its core function is to serve as a reference or control substance in scientific experiments and analyses.
2
Penicillin streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
3
Glutamax by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Canada, Japan, Australia, China, Belgium, Italy, Denmark, Spain, Austria, Netherlands, Sweden, Ireland, New Zealand, Israel, Gabon, India, Poland, Argentina, Macao, Finland, Hungary, Brazil, Slovenia, Sao Tome and Principe, Singapore, Holy See (Vatican City State)
GlutaMAX is a chemically defined, L-glutamine substitute for cell culture media. It is a stable source of L-glutamine that does not degrade over time like L-glutamine. GlutaMAX helps maintain consistent cell growth and performance in cell culture applications.
4
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) by Merck Group
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DMSO is a versatile organic solvent commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of polar and non-polar compounds. DMSO's core function is as a solvent, allowing for the effective dissolution and handling of various chemical substances during research and experimentation.
5
Valproic acid vpa by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Valproic acid (VPA) is a chemical compound commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor. VPA has a molecular formula of C8H16O2 and a molar mass of 144.21 g/mol. It is primarily used as a reference standard and a reagent in various analytical and research applications.
6
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
7
Dmem f12 by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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DMEM/F12 is a cell culture medium developed by Thermo Fisher Scientific. It is a balanced salt solution that provides nutrients and growth factors essential for the cultivation of a variety of cell types, including adherent and suspension cells. The medium is formulated to support the proliferation and maintenance of cells in vitro.
8
Trichostatin a by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Sao Tome and Principe, Macao
Trichostatin A is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor used in laboratory research. It functions by inhibiting HDAC enzymes, which are involved in the regulation of gene expression. Trichostatin A is commonly utilized in cell-based assays and experiments to study the effects of HDAC inhibition on various biological processes.
9
Matrigel by Corning
Sourced in United States, China, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, France, Netherlands, Montenegro, Switzerland, Austria, Australia, Colombia, Spain, Morocco, India, Azerbaijan
Matrigel is a complex mixture of extracellular matrix proteins derived from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) mouse sarcoma cells. It is widely used as a basement membrane matrix to support the growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis of various cell types in cell culture applications.
10
N2 supplement by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, France, Italy, China, Canada, Czechia, Belgium, Australia, Switzerland
The N2 supplement is a laboratory-grade nitrogen enrichment solution used to support the growth and development of cell cultures. It provides an additional source of nitrogen to cell culture media, which is essential for cellular metabolism and protein synthesis.

More about "Valproic Acid"

Valproic acid, also known as VPA, is a widely used medication commonly prescribed for the treatment of seizures, bipolar disorder, and migraines.
This versatile compound works by increasing the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which can help reduce neuronal excitability and stabilize neural activity.
Beyond its primary applications, valproic acid is also being investigated for its potential neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in various neurological conditions.
Researchers looking to optimize their valproic acid studies can leverage the power of PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven tool that helps identify the most reliable protocols from literature, preprints, and patents.
By effortlessly accessing this comprehensive database, researchers can enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their valproic acid experiments.
PubCompare.ai's advanced features, such as seamless research optimization, can provide researchers with the necessary insights to conduct their studies more effectively.
When working with valproic acid, researchers may also encounter other commonly used compounds, such as penicillin/streptomycin, GlutaMAX, DMSO, FBS, DMEM/F12, trichostatin A, and Matrigel.
These substances can play crucial roles in cell culture, media preparation, and various experimental setups.
Understanding the properties and applications of these related compounds can further enhance the effectiveness of valproic acid research.
By leveraging the insights gained from PubCompare.ai and incorporating the relevant information on valproic acid and its associated compounds, researchers can optimize their studies, improve reproducibility, and advance their understanding of this versatile and fascinating molecule.