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Zanamivir

Zanamivir is a neuraminidase inhibitor used for the treatment and prevention of influenza infections.
It acts by blocking the active site of the influenza virus neuraminidase enzyme, preventing the release of new virus particles from infected cells.
Zanamivir has demonstrated efficacy in reducing the duration and severity of influenza symptoms, and is recommended for use in both seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks.
This MeSH term provides a concise overview of the pharmacology and clinical applications of zanamivir, a key antiviral agent in the management of influenza virus infections. [Note: The term 'acheive' in the original description has been corrected to 'achieve' for authenticity.]

Most cited protocols related to «Zanamivir»

1
Modeling Neuraminidase Inhibitor Impacts on Influenza Hospitalizations
Cited 12 times
Our models focused on using NIs to treat different age and risk groups and the potential effects treatment might have on influenza hospitalizations. These effects have been quantified by using the mathematical model described in the Appendix. The length of the latent, noninfectious period was assumed to be 2 days (19 (link)), and the infectious period was assumed to be 4 days (19 (link),21 (link)). Hospitalization rates for the basline scenario were calculated by using data from interpandemic influenza and are given for different and age risk groups (Table 1).
To be effective, NI treatment must be administered within 48 hours of symptom onset. The efficacy of NI treatment appears to prevent 50% of hospitalizations, mirroring efficacy rates against developing complications; this efficacy rate is approximately the same for oseltamivir and zanamivir (13 (link)). Symptoms were also reduced by ≈1.5 days; treatment was assumed to produce the same decrease in the infectious period.
The population was stratified as for seasonal influenza; persons were considered to be either at high risk for severe outcome or at low risk (22 ). The at-risk group included those with chronic respiratory disease, chronic heart disease, chronic renal failure, diabetes mellitus, and immunosuppression; this group also included all persons living in long-term care facilities, such as nursing homes (23 ), and all those >65 years of age (24 (link)).
Demographic data used in the model were based on age-specific distribution of the UK population (Office for National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk). The model was used to simulate a number of scenarios, on the basis of contingency plans and previous pandemics, to investigate the effect of targeting NIs to different age and risk groups on the expected number of hospitalizations during a pandemic.
Gani R., Hughes H., Fleming D., Griffin T., Medlock J, & Leach S. (2005). Potential Impact of Antiviral Drug Use during Influenza Pandemic. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(9), 1355-1362.
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Publication 2005
Age Groups Chronic Kidney Diseases Diabetes Mellitus Disease, Chronic Group Hospitalization Heart Heart Diseases Hospitalization Immunosuppression Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Infection Oseltamivir Pandemics Population at Risk Respiration Disorders Virus Vaccine, Influenza Zanamivir
2
Structural Analysis of Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibitors
Cited 10 times
All crystal structures have been deposited into the Protein Data Bank (PDB, www.pdb.org) with the following PDB codes: N5-laninamivir - 3TI8, p09N1-zanamivir - 3TI5, p09N1-laninamivir - 3TI3, p09N1-laninamivir octanoate - 3TI4, p09N1-oseltamivir - 3TI6, p57N2-zanamivir - 3TIC, p57N2-laninamivir - 3TIA, and p57N2-laninamivir octanoate - 3TIB.
Vavricka C.J., Li Q., Wu Y., Qi J., Wang M., Liu Y., Gao F., Liu J., Feng E., He J., Wang J., Liu H., Jiang H, & Gao G.F. (2011). Structural and Functional Analysis of Laninamivir and its Octanoate Prodrug Reveals Group Specific Mechanisms for Influenza NA Inhibition. PLoS Pathogens, 7(10), e1002249.
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Publication 2011
laninamivir laninamivir octanoate Oseltamivir Zanamivir
3
Tracking Influenza Sentiment via Twitter
Cited 10 times
In order to explore public concerns regarding rapidly evolving H1N1 activity, we
collected and stored a large sample of public tweets beginning April 29, 2009
that matched a set of pre-specified search terms: flu, swine, influenza,
vaccine, tamiflu, oseltamivir, zanamivir, relenza, amantadine, rimantadine,
pneumonia, h1n1, symptom, syndrome, and illness.
Additional keywords were used to examine other aspects of public concern,
including disease transmission in particular social contexts (i.e., keywords
travel, trip, flight, fly, cruise and
ship), disease countermeasures (i.e., keywords wash,
hand, hygiene and mask), and consumer concerns
about pork consumption (i.e., keywords pork and
bacon). Each tweet is time-stamped and geolocated using the
author's self-declared home location. A client-side JavaScript application
was created to display a continuously-updated Google map with the 500 most
recently matched tweets, yielding a real-time view of flu-related public
sentiment in geographic context. Anyone visiting the web site could read any
tweet by placing the cursor over its corresponding color-coded (by search terms)
dot on the map (Figure
1).
Beginning on October 1, 2009, we collected an expanded sample of tweets using
Twitter's new streaming application programmer's interface (API) [10] with the
intent of estimating influenza activity. In addition, following discussions with
public health officials, new search terms were added to investigate concerns
about vaccine side effects and/or vaccine shortages: guillain,
barré, barre, shortage, hospital, and
infection.
Note that the Twitter stream is filtered in accordance with Twitter's API
documentation; hence the tweets analyzed here still constitute a representative
subset of the stream as opposed to the entire stream.
Moreover, because our main interest was to monitor influenza-related traffic
within the United States, we also excluded all tweets tagged as originating
outside the U.S., tweets from users with a non-U.S. timezone, and any tweets not
written in English. We also excluded all tweets having less than 5 characters,
those containing non-ASCII characters, and tweets sent by a client identifying
itself as “API” (the latter are usually generated by computer and
therefore tend to be “spam”). The remaining tweets were used to
produce a dictionary of English words, from which all commonly-used keywords
comprising Twitter's informal messaging conventions (e.g., #hashtag, @user,
RT, links, etc.) were removed. Porter's Stemming Algorithm [11] was
used to reduce inflected words to their root forms (e.g., “knowing”
becomes “know”) in order to compress the size of the dictionary. We
then compiled daily and weekly usage statistics for each dictionary term (i.e.,
number of tweets in which each term occurred), both nationally (by aggregating
data for all valid locations) and at the CDC's influenza reporting region
level [12] .
Finally, because the volume of posts on Twitter varies over time as well as
across geographic regions, usage statistics were expressed in terms of the
fraction of the total tweets emitted within the corresponding time interval and
geographic region.
Signorini A., Segre A.M, & Polgreen P.M. (2011). The Use of Twitter to Track Levels of Disease Activity and Public Concern in the U.S. during the Influenza A H1N1 Pandemic. PLoS ONE, 6(5), e19467.
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Publication 2011
Amantadine Character Conferences Guillain-Barre Syndrome Oseltamivir Pigs Plant Roots Pneumonia Pork Relenza Rimantadine Stem, Plant Syndrome Tamiflu Temporal Lobe Transmission, Communicable Disease Vaccines Virus Vaccine, Influenza Zanamivir
4
Sialyltransferase and Sialidase Inhibitor Assay
Cited 7 times
Each of the two sub-arrays printed per slide were isolated with a 1.7×2.8 cm (125 µL) Gene Frame (Abgene), into which 125 µL of CFDA-labelled bacteria in PBS was added. Studies of the effects of sialyltransferase and sialidase inhibitors were preformed in the presence of CMP, Neu5Ac2en and 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en (Zanamivir) at a concentration of 10 mM in PBS. Each sub-array was covered with a Gene Frame coverslip (Abgene) and incubated in a humidified chamber at 37°C for 30 min. Slides were washed with 40 mL of pre-warmed PBS flushed across the array with a transfer pipette. Duplicate arrays were performed using separate cultures of the bacterial strains under investigation.
Day C.J., Tiralongo J., Hartnell R.D., Logue C.A., Wilson J.C., von Itzstein M, & Korolik V. (2009). Differential Carbohydrate Recognition by Campylobacter jejuni Strain 11168: Influences of Temperature and Growth Conditions. PLoS ONE, 4(3), e4927.
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Publication 2009
2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid Bacteria Genes inhibitors Neuraminidase Reading Frames Sialyltransferases Strains Zanamivir
5
Structural Determination of Neuraminidase Complexes
Cited 6 times
Neuraminidase crystals were obtained by vapor diffusion from sitting drops dispensed with an Oryx 8 robot (Douglas Instruments). The drops consisted of 100 nl of protein in the absence or presence of 1 mM inhibitor (oseltamivir or zanamivir) mixed with 100 nl of reservoir solution. The reservoir solution of the I223R ligand-free crystal consisted of 20% PEG1000, 0.6 M Ammonium Phosphate and 0.1 M Sodium Acetate (pH 4.6). The reservoir solution of the I223R crystal in complex with zanamivir consisted of 18% PEG3350, 0.2 M Sodium Fluoride and 0.1 M bis-TRIS Propane buffer (pH 6.5). The reservoir solutions of the other crystals consisted of 15% PEG3350, 0.1 M bis-TRIS propane and 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.6). Crystals were transferred into a cryoprotectant that consisted of reservoir solution supplemented with 20% (v/v) ethylene glycol before flash freezing in liquid nitrogen. Data sets were recorded on an ADSC Q315 CCD, Pilatus 6M-F and SLS/Dectris Pilatus miniCBF detectors at the Diamond light source (Oxford, UK). Diffraction images were integrated using iMOSLFM [35] (link) or DENZO and scaled with SCALA [36] (link) or SCALEPACK for the ligand-free I223R structure. Neuraminidase structures were solved by molecular replacement with PHASER [37] (link) using the wild type structure (protein databank (PDB) identification (ID) code 2HU4) as the initial search model. Refinement was performed using Refmac5 [38] (link) or PHENIX Refine [39] (link). Manual model building was done using Coot [40] (link), structure validation was assessed with MOLPROBIDITY [41] (link) and figures were created using Pymol (http://pymol.sourceforge.net/).
van der Vries E., Collins P.J., Vachieri S.G., Xiong X., Liu J., Walker P.A., Haire L.F., Hay A.J., Schutten M., Osterhaus A.D., Martin S.R., Boucher C.A., Skehel J.J, & Gamblin S.J. (2012). H1N1 2009 Pandemic Influenza Virus: Resistance of the I223R Neuraminidase Mutant Explained by Kinetic and Structural Analysis. PLoS Pathogens, 8(9), e1002914.
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Publication 2012
1,3-bis(tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)propane ammonium phosphate Buffers Cryoprotective Agents Diamond Diffusion Glycol, Ethylene Ligands Neuraminidase Nitrogen Oseltamivir polyethylene glycol 1000 polyethylene glycol 3350 Proteins Sodium Acetate Sodium Fluoride TNFSF14 protein, human Zanamivir

Most recents protocols related to «Zanamivir»

1
Preparation and Use of Antiviral Drug Solutions
Oseltamivir carboxylate was kindly provided by Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. (Basel, Switzerland), zanamivir was kindly supplied by GSK plc. (London, United Kingdom) free of charge, and peramivir was provided by Hölzel Diagnostika Handels GmbH (Köln, Germany). All NAIs were resuspended and diluted in sterile ultra-pure bi-distilled water to generate 100 µM (Oseltamivir carboxylate, zanamivir) and 10 µM (peramivir) stock solutions, which were stored at −20°C. For susceptibility assays, stock solutions were diluted in MES buffer [32.5 mM morpholineethanesulfonic acid (Merck KGaA/Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), pH 6.5, and 4 mM CaCl2].
Baloxavir marboxil, provided by Hölzel Diagnostika Handels GmbH (Köln, Germany), was resolved in DMSO to generate 100 µM stock solutions which were stored at −80°C until use.
Oh D.Y., Milde J., Ham Y., Ramos Calderón J.P., Wedde M., Dürrwald R, & Duwe S.C. (2023). Preparing for the Next Influenza Season: Monitoring the Emergence and Spread of Antiviral Resistance. Infection and Drug Resistance, 16, 949-959.
Publication 2023
Acids baloxavir marboxil Biological Assay Buffers oseltamivir carboxylate peramivir Sterility, Reproductive Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Susceptibility, Disease Zanamivir
2
Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay for Influenza
Susceptibility of influenza viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors was measured in a fluorometric neuraminidase inhibition assay with 2’-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-α-d-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Munana; Biosynth AG, Staad SG, Switzerland) used as substrate as described previously.19 (link),21
Briefly, pre-titrated cell-cultured influenza viruses were adjusted to equivalent neuraminidase contents and preincubated with various concentrations (0 nM to 4000 nM) in MES buffer (32.5 mM morpholineethanesulfonic acid, pH 6.5) of oseltamivir carboxylate, zanamivir and peramivir (0 nM to 400 nM in MES buffer) for 1h at 37°C.
Additional incubation of 85 µM Munana in MES buffer for 2 h at 37°C was followed by adding stop solution (0.1 M glycine, 25% ethanol (99.7% stock), pH 10.7). Emitted fluorescence values of the released 4-methylumbelliferone were measured at wavelengths of 460 nm after excitation at wavelengths of 355 nm with a spectrofluorometer (Tecan AG, Männedorf, Switzerland). The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) for enzymatic activity of neuraminidase was determined from the dose–response curve, by using MS Excel software (MS Office 2010).19 (link)
The calculated 50% inhibition concentration values were means of 50% inhibitory concentration ± standard deviation (IC50 ± SD) of two- to fourfold examinations compared to reference IC50-values. According to WHO recommendations, reduced and highly reduced susceptibility to NAIs are defined by a ≥ 10 to 100-fold and >100-fold (influenza A) or ≥5 to 50-fold and >50-fold (influenza B) increase in the NAI IC50, compared to the NAI IC50 of the sensitive control (a wild-type virus of the same type or subtype).22
Oh D.Y., Milde J., Ham Y., Ramos Calderón J.P., Wedde M., Dürrwald R, & Duwe S.C. (2023). Preparing for the Next Influenza Season: Monitoring the Emergence and Spread of Antiviral Resistance. Infection and Drug Resistance, 16, 949-959.
Publication 2023
Acids Biological Assay Buffers Cells enzyme activity Ethanol Fluorescence Fluorometry Glycine Hymecromone inhibitors N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Neuraminidase Orthomyxoviridae oseltamivir carboxylate peramivir Physical Examination Psychological Inhibition Susceptibility, Disease Virus Virus Vaccine, Influenza Zanamivir
3
Measurement of Influenza Virus Receptor Binding
H7N9 AIVs were purified as previously described [32 (link)]. Briefly, virus harvested from allantoic fluid of embryonated eggs was pelleted by ultracentrifugation and then purified through a continuous 30–60% (weight/volume) sucrose gradient and resuspended in PBS buffer. The biotinylated α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialyl lactosamine sugars (3SLN and 6SLN, respectively) were purchased from GlycoNZ. Virus was diluted in HBS-EP buffer (TEKnova) containing 10 μM oseltamivir carboxylate (Roche) and 10 μM zanamivir (GSK) to a concentration of 100 pM, and the binding to receptor analogues was measured on an Octet RED instrument (ForteBio). The equilibrium responses for virus binding were plotted as a function of the amount of sugar immobilized on the biosensor calculated from the response during the sugar loading step [38 (link)]. The relative dissociation constant, as a measure of binding to 3SLN and 6SLN was calculated.
Chang P., Sadeyen J.R., Bhat S., Daines R., Hussain A., Yilmaz H, & Iqbal M. (2023). Risk assessment of the newly emerged H7N9 avian influenza viruses. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 12(1), 2172965.
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Publication 2023
6-sialyllactosamine Allantois Biosensors Buffers Carbohydrates Eggs Influenza in Birds oseltamivir carboxylate PM 100 Sucrose Sugars Ultracentrifugation Virus Zanamivir
4
Monoclonal Antibodies for HPIV3 Detection
Zanamivir (Acme Bioscience) was dissolved in Opti-MEM at a concentration of 50 mM and stored at −80°C. Monoclonal anti-HPIV3 HN antibodies were custom elicited in rats (Aldevron) using eGFP-HN complementary DNA, diluted in Dulbecco’s PBS (DPBS) to 100 μg/ml, and kept at 4°C. PIA174 antibody fragment (Fab) and full antibody (Ab) were purchased from Creative Biolabs. PA3/F4 was purified by Rockland Immunochemicals Inc. and was originally generated as described in (46 (link)).
Marcink T.C., Zipursky G., Cheng W., Stearns K., Stenglein S., Golub K., Cohen F., Bovier F., Pfalmer D., Greninger A.L., Porotto M., des Georges A, & Moscona A. (2023). Subnanometer structure of an enveloped virus fusion complex on viral surface reveals new entry mechanisms. Science Advances, 9(6), eade2727.
Publication 2023
Antibody Fragments DNA, Complementary Immunoglobulins Monoclonal Antibodies Rattus Zanamivir
5
Quantification of Viral Glycoprotein-Mediated Cell-Cell Fusion
Monolayers of 293T cells transiently expressing viral glycoproteins (treated overnight with 25 mU per well neuraminidase) were washed and incubated with 1% RBC suspensions (pH 7.5) for 30 min at 4°C. After the samples were rinsed to remove unbound RBCs, they were placed at 37°C for the indicated time with or without 2 mM zanamivir (pH 8.0). The plates were then rocked, and the liquid phase was collected in V-bottom tubes for measurement of released RBCs. The cells were then incubated at 4°C with 200 μl of RBC lysis solution (ammonium-chloride-potassium lysis buffer; Thermo Fisher Scientific, A1049201), where the lysis of unfused RBCs removes RBCs that have not fused with cells coexpressing envelope glycoproteins. The liquid phase was collected in V-bottom 96-well plates for measurement of bound RBCs. The cells were then lysed in 200 μl of dodecyl maltoside HEPES (DH) buffer [5 mM Hepes, 10 mM NaCl, and dodecyl maltoside (0.5 mg/ml)] 1:10 in PBS and transferred to flat-bottom 96-well plates for quantification of fused RBCs. The amount of RBCs in each of the above three compartments was determined by measuring the absorption at 405 nm.
Marcink T.C., Zipursky G., Cheng W., Stearns K., Stenglein S., Golub K., Cohen F., Bovier F., Pfalmer D., Greninger A.L., Porotto M., des Georges A, & Moscona A. (2023). Subnanometer structure of an enveloped virus fusion complex on viral surface reveals new entry mechanisms. Science Advances, 9(6), eade2727.
Publication 2023
Ammonium Buffers Cells Chloride, Ammonium dodecyl maltoside Erythrocytes Glycoproteins HEK293 Cells HEPES Neuraminidase Potassium Potassium Chloride Sodium Chloride Zanamivir

Top products related to «Zanamivir»

1
Zanamivir by GlaxoSmithKline
Sourced in United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany
Zanamivir is a lab equipment product manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline. It is a neuraminidase inhibitor, a class of antiviral medications used to prevent and treat influenza infections.
2
Zanamivir by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Zanamivir is a laboratory product developed and manufactured by Merck Group. It is a neuraminidase inhibitor used in the study and research of influenza viruses.
3
Oseltamivir carboxylate by Roche
Sourced in Switzerland, United Kingdom
Oseltamivir carboxylate is a chemical compound used as a laboratory standard in analytical procedures. It serves as a reference material for the identification and quantification of oseltamivir, an active pharmaceutical ingredient in antiviral medications.
4
Munana by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Australia
MUNANA is a fluorogenic substrate used in enzymatic assays. It is designed to measure the activity of enzymes that cleave sialic acid residues from glycoconjugates. The core function of MUNANA is to serve as a reagent in these types of enzymatic activity assays.
5
Na fluor influenza neuraminidase assay kit by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States
The NA-Fluor™ Influenza Neuraminidase Assay Kit is a fluorescence-based assay used for the quantitative measurement of influenza neuraminidase activity.
6
Oseltamivir by Roche
Sourced in Switzerland
Oseltamivir is a pharmaceutical product developed by Roche. It is an oral antiviral medication used for the treatment and prevention of influenza infections caused by influenza A and B viruses.
7
Ribavirin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Sao Tome and Principe, China, Macao
Ribavirin is a synthetic guanosine analogue used as a laboratory reagent. It serves as a viral RNA polymerase inhibitor, disrupting viral RNA synthesis.
8
Hbs ep buffer by Teknova
HBS-EP buffer is a laboratory reagent used to maintain the pH and ionic strength of solutions in various biochemical and molecular biology applications. It is a commonly used buffer solution that helps to stabilize and preserve the integrity of biomolecules during experimental procedures.
9
Amantadine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Japan, Germany
Amantadine is a chemical compound used in various laboratory applications. It functions as a research reagent and can be utilized in a range of experimental and analytical procedures. The core function of Amantadine is to serve as a tool for scientific investigations, without further interpretation or extrapolation on its intended use.
10
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.

More about "Zanamivir"

Zanamivir is a neuraminidase inhibitor, a class of antiviral medications used to treat and prevent influenza infections.
It works by blocking the active site of the influenza virus neuraminidase enzyme, preventing the release of new virus particles from infected cells.
This helps reduce the duration and severity of influenza symptoms.
Zanamivir, also known by the brand name Relenza, is recommended for use during both seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks.
It is often compared to other neuraminidase inhibitors like oseltamivir carboxylate (Tamiflu) and MUNANA (a fluorogenic substrate used in the NA-Fluor™ Influenza Neuraminidase Assay Kit).
In addition to zanamivir, other antiviral medications like oseltamivir, ribavirin, and amantadine are also used in the management of influenza virus infections.
These antivirals work through different mechanisms, such as inhibiting viral RNA synthesis (ribavirin) or blocking the M2 ion channel (amantadine).
The efficacy and safety of zanamivir have been demonstrated in various clinical studies.
Researchers often use HBS-EP buffer and FBS (fetal bovine serum) when conducting experiments on zanamivir and other influenza treatments to maintain optimal experimental conditions.