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Antipyretics

Antipyretics are a class of medications used to reduce fever and lower body temperature.
These drugs work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are responsible for the inflammatory response that leads to fever.
Antipyretics can be used to treat a variety of febrile conditions, including the common cold, influenza, and other viral or bacterial infections.
They are also commonly used to manage fever associated with certain chronic illnesses.
Leveraging AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai can help researchers identify the most effective antipyretic protocols and products for their studies, improving reproducibility and accuracy in this important area of medical research.

Most cited protocols related to «Antipyretics»

The primary end points of this trial were solicited, specific local or systemic adverse events and use of antipyretic or pain medication within 7 days after the receipt of each dose of vaccine or placebo, as prompted by and recorded in an electronic diary in a subset of participants (the reactogenicity subset), and unsolicited adverse events (those reported by the participants without prompts from the electronic diary) through 1 month after the second dose and unsolicited serious adverse events through 6 months after the second dose. Adverse event data through approximately 14 weeks after the second dose are included in this report. In this report, safety data are reported for all participants who provided informed consent and received at least one dose of vaccine or placebo. Per protocol, safety results for participants infected with HIV (196 patients) will be analyzed separately and are not included here.
During the phase 2/3 portion of the study, a stopping rule for the theoretical concern of vaccine-enhanced disease was to be triggered if the one-sided probability of observing the same or a more unfavorable adverse severe case split (a split with a greater proportion of severe cases in vaccine recipients) was 5% or less, given the same true incidence for vaccine and placebo recipients. Alert criteria were to be triggered if this probability was less than 11%.
Publication 2020
Antipyretics Pain Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Placebos Safety Vaccines
Over the 6‑month period covering April 2010 to September 2010, all patients admitted to one of our patient wards at the Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna were included in this study.
The Division of General Surgery in our university hospital consists of the following teams and specializations: colorectal surgery, hepatobiliary surgery, endocrine surgery, upper gastrointestinal (GI) surgery (esophageal and stomach surgery), bariatric surgery, breast surgery, and pancreatic surgery.
The patient data were extracted by reviewing all discharge letters from that period taken from the digital archives.
Overall, 517 patients were admitted over this period, some repeatedly, leading to a total of 817 admissions. These 517 patients underwent 463 operations. The complications of these operations were then rated according to the Clavien-Dindo classification (Table 1). For easier use, the suffix “d” for permanent disability was not drawn upon.

Clavien-Dindo classification

GradeDefinition
Grade IAny deviation from the normal postoperative course without the need for pharmacological treatment, or surgical, endoscopic, and radiological interventions.Allowed therapeutic regimens are: drugs as antiemetics, antipyretics, analgetics, diuretics and electrolytes, and physiotherapy. This grade also includes wound infections opened at the bedside
Grade IIRequiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than such allowed for grade I complications.Blood transfusions and total parenteral nutrition are also included
Grade IIIRequiring surgical, endoscopic, or radiological intervention
Grade IIIaIntervention not under general anesthesia
Grade IIIbIntervention under general anesthesia
Grade IVLife-threatening complication (including central nervous system complications) requiring IC/ICU management
Grade IVaSingle organ dysfunction (including dialysis)
Grade IVbMultiorgan dysfunction
Grade VDeath of a patient

According to Dindo et al. [6 (link)]

IC intermediate care, ICU intensive care unit

The operations were sorted according to the complexity ranking (eight groups) in the accounting system of the Austrian Chamber of Physicians (Table 2; [8 ]).

Operation groups (complexity according to the Austrian Chamber of Physicians)

Operation groupExamples
IAbscess incisions, secondary sutures, proctoscopy, skin biopsy
IIExcisions of atheromas, fibromas, lipomas, incisions of anal abscesses
IIIToe amputation, small lymph node extirpation, thoracic drainage, colonoscopy
IVTracheotomy, appendectomy, hernia operation, colostomy, gastrostomy, ERCP
VGastroenterostomy, interventions for recurrent hernia, Cimino fistula, radical varicose vein stripping
VIStrumectomy, cholecystectomy, splenectomy, hemicolectomy, reduction mammoplasty
VIIPartial pancreatectomy, subtotal colectomy, subsegmental and large liver resections
VIIIEsophageal resection, open surgery of aortic aneurysms, organ transplantation
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Publication 2018
Amputation Antiemetics Antipyretics Anus Aortic Aneurysm Appendectomy Atheroma Bariatric Surgery Blood Transfusion Central Nervous System Cholecystectomy Colectomy Colostomy Dialysis Disabled Persons Diuretics Drainage Electrolytes Endocrine Surgical Procedures Fibroma Fingers Fistula Gastrointestinal Surgical Procedure Gastrostomy Hemicolectomy Hepatectomy Hernia Intensive Care Lipoma Lymph Node Excision Operative Surgical Procedures Organ Transplantation Pancreas Pancreatectomy Parenteral Nutrition, Total Patient Discharge Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Pharmacotherapy Physicians Proctoscopy Skin Splenectomy Stomach Surgical Endoscopy Surgical Wound Sutures Therapeutics Therapy, Physical Thoracic Surgical Procedures Treatment Protocols Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Varices Wound Infection X-Rays, Diagnostic
All patients with BPH submitted to TURP at a non-academic hospital (Department of Urology, General Hospital of Chania, Crete, Greece) from January 2006 until February 2008 were evaluated. Only new TURP cases were considered. Patients with prostate cancer at the time of the operation or incidentally diagnosed by the procedure were excluded.
All operations were performed using monopolar electrosurgical system (ERBOTOM ICC 300, ERBE Electromedizin GmbH, Tüblingen, Germany) and Karl Storz 26 F continuous flow resectoscope. The cutting and coagulation settings were 120 and 80 Watt, respectively. Sorbitol 3% was used for bladder irrigation intra-operatively. All operations were performed under general or spinal anesthesia by consultant urologists. At operation completion, a 20 French three-way Couvelair catheter was inserted for continuous bladder irrigation with normal saline. Bladder irrigation was terminated, and catheter was removed on the first and third postoperative day, respectively, based on the department protocol, unless differently indicated. Patients were usually discharged on the following day after catheter removal.
Basic preoperative patient data were recorded, and all complications occurring during the perioperative period (up to the end of the first month after the operation) were classified prospectively according to the modified CCS (Table 1) by a junior consultant hardly involved in the operation procedures (I.E.) to diminish the well-known observation bias due to surgeon-related complication misjudgment. Subsequently, the complications recorded were classified in retrospect by a second co-author (C.M.) independently. Any disagreement was resolved by discussion, and final decision was based on consensus. In case of more than one complication in the same patient, categorization was done in more than one grade. Results were presented as complication rates per grade.

Classification of surgical complications based on the modified Clavien system [10 (link)]

GradeSubgradeDefinition
IAny deviation from the normal postoperative course without the need for pharmacological treatment or surgical, endoscopic and radiological interventions. Allowed therapeutic regimens are drugs as antiemetics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics, electrolytes and physiotherapy. This grade also includes wound infections opened at the bedside
IIComplications requiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than such allowed for grade I complications. Blood transfusions and total parenteral nutrition are also included
IIIComplications requiring surgical, endoscopic or radiological intervention
aIntervention not under general anesthesia
bIntervention under general anesthesia
IVLife-threatening complications (including CNS complications) requiring IC/ICU management
aSingle organ dysfunction (including dialysis)
bMultiorgan dysfunction
VDeath
Suffix “d”If the patient suffers from a complication at the time of discharge, the suffix “d” (for disability) is added to the respective grade of complication. This label indicates the need for a follow-up to fully evaluate the complication
Publication 2010
Analgesics Antiemetics Antipyretics Blood Transfusion Catheters Coagulation, Blood Consultant Dialysis Disabled Persons Diuretics Electrolytes Normal Saline Operating Tables Parenteral Nutrition, Total Patient Discharge Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Pharmacotherapy Prostate Cancer Sorbitol Spinal Anesthesia Surgeons Surgical Endoscopy Therapeutics Therapy, Physical Transurethral Resection of Prostate Treatment Protocols Urinary Bladder Urologists Wound Infection X-Rays, Diagnostic
The phase 3 component of MOVe-OUT, a phase 2–3, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of molnupiravir in nonhospitalized adults with Covid-19, was initiated on May 6, 2021, when the first participant was screened. On the basis of positive efficacy results from a planned interim analysis performed when 50% of 1550 participants (target enrollment) had been followed through day 29 (achieved on September 10, 2021), an independent data monitoring committee recommended that recruitment be stopped early. Recruitment had been ongoing during the interim analysis review; the final participant was enrolled on October 2, 2021, and completed the day 29 visit on November 4, 2021.
Nonhospitalized adults with mild or moderate Covid-19 were eligible; mild or moderate illness was determined on the basis of definitions adapted from Food and Drug Administration26 and World Health Organization (WHO) guidance.27 Key inclusion criteria at randomization were SARS-CoV-2 infection that had been laboratory-confirmed no more than 5 days earlier, onset of signs or symptoms no more than 5 days earlier, at least one sign or symptom of Covid-19, and at least one risk factor for development of severe illness from Covid-19 (age >60 years; active cancer; chronic kidney disease; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; obesity, defined by a body-mass index [the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters] ≥30; serious heart conditions [heart failure, coronary artery disease, or cardiomyopathies]; or diabetes mellitus). Key exclusion criteria were an anticipated need for hospitalization for Covid-19 within the next 48 hours, dialysis or estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 30 ml per minute per 1.73 m2, pregnancy, unwillingness to use contraception during the intervention period and for at least 4 days after completion of the regimen, severe neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count of <500 per milliliter), platelet count below 100,000 per microliter, and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Standard-of-care treatment with antipyretic agents, antiinflammatory agents, glucocorticoids, or a combination was permitted; use of therapies intended as Covid-19 treatments (including any monoclonal antibodies and remdesivir) was prohibited through day 29. Detailed eligibility criteria are listed in the protocol, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.
Eligible participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio through the use of a centralized, interactive-response technology system to receive either molnupiravir (800 mg delivered as four 200-mg capsules) or identical placebo, administered orally twice daily for 5 days. Randomization was stratified in blocks of four according to the time since onset of signs or symptoms (≤3 days vs. >3 days). Participants and investigators will remain unaware of the treatment assignments until all actively enrolled participants have undergone the 7-month follow-up visit.
Publication 2021
Adult Anti-Inflammatory Agents Antipyretics Capsule Cardiomyopathies Chronic Kidney Diseases Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease Contraceptive Methods Coronary Artery Disease COVID 19 Diabetes Mellitus Dialysis Eligibility Determination Food Glomerular Filtration Rate Glucocorticoids Heart Heart Failure Hospitalization Index, Body Mass Leukopenia Malignant Neoplasms molnupiravir Monoclonal Antibodies Neutrophil Obesity PER1 protein, human Pharmaceutical Preparations Placebos Platelet Counts, Blood Pregnancy remdesivir Safety SARS-CoV-2 Treatment Protocols Vaccination

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Publication 2020
Adrenal Cortex Hormones Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal Antipyretics Body Temperature Chest Fever Parent Patients Radiography Radionuclide Imaging Respiratory Rate SARS-CoV-2 Thermometers X-Ray Computed Tomography

Most recents protocols related to «Antipyretics»

A total of 486 psychiatric inpatients in Wuhan University of Science and Technology Affiliated Wuhan Hanyang Hospital from October 31, 2019, to October 31, 2020, were randomly selected, including 363 inpatients and 123 outpatients. There were 211 males and 275 females. The average age was (42.15 ± 5.02) years (range, 20–60 years).
Inclusion criteria: The diagnosis of schizophrenia met the International Classification of Diseases 10th edition criteria for schizophrenia,[5 ] and the diagnosis was confirmed by clinical manifestations and related imaging examinations; all the subjects completed systematic olanzapine treatment in our hospital; all the subjects had their first onset; did not take antipsychotic drugs or drugs affecting neurocognitive function before enrollment; the time from the first discovery of clinical symptoms of schizophrenia to this visit is <2 years; the patient’s medical records were kept intact, including baseline data and laboratory related indicators required for this study. Exclusion criteria: Positive And Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS)[6 (link)] ≤ 60 points; patients with previous brain trauma; patients with depression or mania; drugs that may affect autonomic nervous function, such as dopamine, antipyretic and analgesic drugs, were taken within 2 weeks after enrollment; allergic constitution patients; patients with alcohol addiction and other bad habits in the past. This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Board of Wuhan University of Science and Technology Affiliated Wuhan Hanyang Hospital.
Publication 2023
Alcoholic Intoxication, Chronic Analgesics Antipsychotic Agents Antipyretics Autonomic Nerve Diagnosis Dopamine Females Hospital Administration Inpatient Males Mania Olanzapine Outpatients Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physical Examination Schizophrenia Traumatic Brain Injury
The study was open-label. Block randomization was conducted using computer-generated random numbers with block size four and an allocation ratio of 1:1. All participants were subjected to management using the local COVID-19 protocol: MOH protocol version 1.4 November 2020 according to the severity (antipyretics, antivirals, antibiotics, and anticoagulants if required). The enrolled patients were randomized into two groups. The CSs group (the active group) was managed according to the standard protocol in addition to CSs once diagnosed (methylprednisolone 30 mg daily for 1 week in moderate cases, then reduced gradually over 2 weeks). In mild cases, we started 15 mg only.
The control group was subjected only to the standard COVID-19 protocol. Control subjects who worsened (needed O2 supplementation or needed hospitalization were managed according to the standard COVID-19 protocol). Thus, they received CSs after their deterioration (delayed CSs). Every visit patient comes, he/she is asked to bring his/her medications with him/her to follow-up on the utilization of CSs.
Publication 2023
Antibiotics, Antitubercular Anticoagulants Antipyretics Antiviral Agents Cardiac Arrest COVID 19 Hospitalization Methylprednisolone Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations
The primary endpoint was failure to rescue, defined as any mortality occurring among patients who experienced a major postoperative complication within 30 days after the operation, or later if the patient was still in hospital.
Any adverse event occurring during admission or within 30 days after surgery was considered a postoperative complication. These complications were classified according to the Clavien-Dindo standardized classification of postoperative morbidity (14 (link)) into major (grade III: complications that require endoscopic or radiological surgical reintervention with or without general anesthesia; grade IV: complications that threaten the life of the patient and require treatment in intensive or intermediate care and grade V: complications that lead to the death of the patient) and minor (grade I: any deviation from the normal postoperative period that does not require reoperation, including the administration of electrolyte solutions, antiemetics, antipyretics, analgesics and physiotherapy and grade II: complications that require pharmacological treatment different from the above, including blood products and parenteral nutrition).
Patients who experience minor or no complications were excluded.
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Publication 2023
Analgesics Antiemetics Antipyretics BLOOD Electrolytes Endoscopy General Anesthesia Operative Surgical Procedures Parenteral Nutrition Patients Pharmacotherapy Postoperative Complications Second Look Surgery Therapy, Physical X-Rays, Diagnostic
The meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA—http://prisma-statement.org/PRISMAStatement/PRISMAStatement.aspx) reporting guidance, and it was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, registration number CRD42021253185).
The following PICO (patients, intervention, comparison, outcome) format was applied: P: PCR confirmed COVID-19 infected patients; I: ivermectin alone or in combination with standard care or in combination with other drugs; C: standard care or therapy without ivermectin; and O: days required for viral clearance.
For the purpose of continued information of the field, we also include a scoping review activity of ivermectin-related publications on clinical trial results up to 31 Oct 2022, when the formalization of our manuscript was finished. Study reports were retrieved in English in this case, using ClinicalTrials.gov, Google Scholar, and PubMed and searching for ivermectin application reports in clinical trials with emphasis on relevance to our original PICO: early application, mild-moderate disease, and viral clearance. We include the results of this overview outside the formal results reporting, in Table 4. in the “Discussion” part.

Characteristics of the studies included in the quantitative analysis

StudyCountryDesignP (patients)I (intervention)C (comparator)O (outcome)
Khan [29 (link)]BangladeshRetrospective, cohort

PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients

(n = 248)

12-mg ivermectin (single dose) plus standard careStandard care (as required and included antipyretics for fever, anti-histamines for cough, and antibiotics to control secondary infection)

- Time required for virological clearance

- Disease progression (develop pneumonia to severe respiratory distress)

- Duration of hospital stays, and

- Mortality rate

Ahmed [28 (link)]Bangladeshdouble-blinded randomized controlled trialHospitalized COVID-19 patients (n = 72)Group A: 12-mg ivermectin daily for 5 days

Group B: 12-mg ivermectin and 200-mg doxycycline on day 1, followed by 100 mg every 12 h for the next 4 days)

Group C: placebo

Primary endpoints:

- Time required for virological clearance

- Remission of fever and cough within 7 days

Secondary outcomes:

- Failure to maintain an SpO2 > 93% despite oxygenation

- Days on oxygen support

- The duration of hospitalization

- All-cause mortality

Babalola [27 (link)]Nigeriadouble-blinded randomized controlled trialPCR-proven COVID-19 positive patients (n = 62)

Group A: Standard care plus ivermectin 6 mg every 84 h, twice a week, for 2 weeks

Group B: Standard care plus ivermectin 12 mg every 84 h, twice a week, for 2 weeks

Group C: Standard care plus lopinavir/ritonavir daily for 2 weeks- Time required for virological clearance
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Publication 2023
Antibiotics Antipyretics Cell Respiration Cough COVID 19 Disease Progression Doxycycline Fever Histamine Antagonists Hospitalization Ivermectin lopinavir-ritonavir drug combination Oxygen Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations prisma Saturation of Peripheral Oxygen Secondary Infections Therapeutics
According to Shibru T et al (2015), the yeast-induced fever (pathogenic fever) in the mice model is the most commonly used model for investigating the antipyretic potentials of unknown substances,34 (link) was adopted for this study to investigate the antipyretic activity of the crude extract and solvent fractions. Before the experiment, mice were fasted overnight and given free access to water. Each mouse’s initial basal rectal temperature was measured with a digital thermometer by inserting a thermistor probe about 1 cm into the rectum. Pyrexia was then induced in all mice by subcutaneously injecting a 30% w/v yeast extract powder suspension in 0.9% normal saline at a dose of 3 g/kg below the nape of the neck. After 18 hours of yeast administration, the rectal temperature of each mouse has been measured again to coincide with the stable or peak phase of the fever, indicating an appropriate time to test the antipyretic activity of drugs.35 (link) The experiment used only mice that showed a temperature increase of ≥ 0.5 °C after yeast injection.
Publication 2023
Aftercare Antipyretics Complex Extracts Fever Induced Hyperthermia Mus Neck Normal Saline pathogenesis Powder Rectum Solvents Thermometers Yeasts

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More about "Antipyretics"

Antipyretics, also known as fever reducers or antithermic agents, are a class of medications used to alleviate fever and lower body temperature.
These drugs work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are responsible for the inflammatory response that leads to fever.
Antipyretics can be used to manage a variety of febrile conditions, including the common cold, influenza, and other viral or bacterial infections.
They are also commonly used to manage fever associated with certain chronic illnesses, such as arthritis and cancer.
Flunixin meglumine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that can be used as an antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory agent in veterinary medicine.
The COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 has been shown to induce a fever in some individuals, which may be managed with antipyretic medications.
Researchers can leverage AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai to identify the most effective antipyretic protocols and products for their studies, improving reproducibility and accuracy in this important area of medical research.
These platforms can help researchers locate relevant protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and use AI-driven comparisons to determine the best options for their specific needs.
Other tools and technologies that may be relevant for antipyretic research include Stata 16, a statistical software package; the CareStart™ Malaria HRP2/pLDH (Pf/PAN) Combo test, which can be used to diagnose malaria; Baytril, an antibiotic used in veterinary medicine; MLT0380, a novel antipyretic compound; EIA (enzyme immunoassay) kits for measuring biomarkers; EDTA vacutainers for blood sample collection; and lidocaine, a local anesthetic that may be used in conjunction with antipyretic treatments.
By incorporating these insights and resources, researchers can enhance the quality, reproducibility, and impact of their antipyretic research, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes and the advancement of medical knowledge.