During the phase 2/3 portion of the study, a stopping rule for the theoretical concern of vaccine-enhanced disease was to be triggered if the one-sided probability of observing the same or a more unfavorable adverse severe case split (a split with a greater proportion of severe cases in vaccine recipients) was 5% or less, given the same true incidence for vaccine and placebo recipients. Alert criteria were to be triggered if this probability was less than 11%.
Antipyretics
These drugs work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are responsible for the inflammatory response that leads to fever.
Antipyretics can be used to treat a variety of febrile conditions, including the common cold, influenza, and other viral or bacterial infections.
They are also commonly used to manage fever associated with certain chronic illnesses.
Leveraging AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai can help researchers identify the most effective antipyretic protocols and products for their studies, improving reproducibility and accuracy in this important area of medical research.
Most cited protocols related to «Antipyretics»
During the phase 2/3 portion of the study, a stopping rule for the theoretical concern of vaccine-enhanced disease was to be triggered if the one-sided probability of observing the same or a more unfavorable adverse severe case split (a split with a greater proportion of severe cases in vaccine recipients) was 5% or less, given the same true incidence for vaccine and placebo recipients. Alert criteria were to be triggered if this probability was less than 11%.
The Division of General Surgery in our university hospital consists of the following teams and specializations: colorectal surgery, hepatobiliary surgery, endocrine surgery, upper gastrointestinal (GI) surgery (esophageal and stomach surgery), bariatric surgery, breast surgery, and pancreatic surgery.
The patient data were extracted by reviewing all discharge letters from that period taken from the digital archives.
Overall, 517 patients were admitted over this period, some repeatedly, leading to a total of 817 admissions. These 517 patients underwent 463 operations. The complications of these operations were then rated according to the Clavien-Dindo classification (Table
Clavien-Dindo classification
Grade | Definition |
---|---|
Grade I | Any deviation from the normal postoperative course without the need for pharmacological treatment, or surgical, endoscopic, and radiological interventions. |
Grade II | Requiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than such allowed for grade I complications. |
Grade III | Requiring surgical, endoscopic, or radiological intervention |
Grade IIIa | Intervention not under general anesthesia |
Grade IIIb | Intervention under general anesthesia |
Grade IV | Life-threatening complication (including central nervous system complications) requiring IC/ICU management |
Grade IVa | Single organ dysfunction (including dialysis) |
Grade IVb | Multiorgan dysfunction |
Grade V | Death of a patient |
According to Dindo et al. [6 (link)]
IC intermediate care, ICU intensive care unit
Operation groups (complexity according to the Austrian Chamber of Physicians)
Operation group | Examples |
---|---|
I | Abscess incisions, secondary sutures, proctoscopy, skin biopsy |
II | Excisions of atheromas, fibromas, lipomas, incisions of anal abscesses |
III | Toe amputation, small lymph node extirpation, thoracic drainage, colonoscopy |
IV | Tracheotomy, appendectomy, hernia operation, colostomy, gastrostomy, ERCP |
V | Gastroenterostomy, interventions for recurrent hernia, Cimino fistula, radical varicose vein stripping |
VI | Strumectomy, cholecystectomy, splenectomy, hemicolectomy, reduction mammoplasty |
VII | Partial pancreatectomy, subtotal colectomy, subsegmental and large liver resections |
VIII | Esophageal resection, open surgery of aortic aneurysms, organ transplantation |
All operations were performed using monopolar electrosurgical system (ERBOTOM ICC 300, ERBE Electromedizin GmbH, Tüblingen, Germany) and Karl Storz 26 F continuous flow resectoscope. The cutting and coagulation settings were 120 and 80 Watt, respectively. Sorbitol 3% was used for bladder irrigation intra-operatively. All operations were performed under general or spinal anesthesia by consultant urologists. At operation completion, a 20 French three-way Couvelair catheter was inserted for continuous bladder irrigation with normal saline. Bladder irrigation was terminated, and catheter was removed on the first and third postoperative day, respectively, based on the department protocol, unless differently indicated. Patients were usually discharged on the following day after catheter removal.
Basic preoperative patient data were recorded, and all complications occurring during the perioperative period (up to the end of the first month after the operation) were classified prospectively according to the modified CCS (Table
Classification of surgical complications based on the modified Clavien system [10 (link)]
Grade | Subgrade | Definition |
---|---|---|
I | Any deviation from the normal postoperative course without the need for pharmacological treatment or surgical, endoscopic and radiological interventions. Allowed therapeutic regimens are drugs as antiemetics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics, electrolytes and physiotherapy. This grade also includes wound infections opened at the bedside | |
II | Complications requiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than such allowed for grade I complications. Blood transfusions and total parenteral nutrition are also included | |
III | Complications requiring surgical, endoscopic or radiological intervention | |
a | Intervention not under general anesthesia | |
b | Intervention under general anesthesia | |
IV | Life-threatening complications (including CNS complications) requiring IC/ICU management | |
a | Single organ dysfunction (including dialysis) | |
b | Multiorgan dysfunction | |
V | Death | |
Suffix “d” | If the patient suffers from a complication at the time of discharge, the suffix “d” (for disability) is added to the respective grade of complication. This label indicates the need for a follow-up to fully evaluate the complication |
Nonhospitalized adults with mild or moderate Covid-19 were eligible; mild or moderate illness was determined on the basis of definitions adapted from Food and Drug Administration26 and World Health Organization (WHO) guidance.27 Key inclusion criteria at randomization were SARS-CoV-2 infection that had been laboratory-confirmed no more than 5 days earlier, onset of signs or symptoms no more than 5 days earlier, at least one sign or symptom of Covid-19, and at least one risk factor for development of severe illness from Covid-19 (age >60 years; active cancer; chronic kidney disease; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; obesity, defined by a body-mass index [the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters] ≥30; serious heart conditions [heart failure, coronary artery disease, or cardiomyopathies]; or diabetes mellitus). Key exclusion criteria were an anticipated need for hospitalization for Covid-19 within the next 48 hours, dialysis or estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 30 ml per minute per 1.73 m2, pregnancy, unwillingness to use contraception during the intervention period and for at least 4 days after completion of the regimen, severe neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count of <500 per milliliter), platelet count below 100,000 per microliter, and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Standard-of-care treatment with antipyretic agents, antiinflammatory agents, glucocorticoids, or a combination was permitted; use of therapies intended as Covid-19 treatments (including any monoclonal antibodies and remdesivir) was prohibited through day 29. Detailed eligibility criteria are listed in the
Eligible participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio through the use of a centralized, interactive-response technology system to receive either molnupiravir (800 mg delivered as four 200-mg capsules) or identical placebo, administered orally twice daily for 5 days. Randomization was stratified in blocks of four according to the time since onset of signs or symptoms (≤3 days vs. >3 days). Participants and investigators will remain unaware of the treatment assignments until all actively enrolled participants have undergone the 7-month follow-up visit.
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Most recents protocols related to «Antipyretics»
Inclusion criteria: The diagnosis of schizophrenia met the International Classification of Diseases 10th edition criteria for schizophrenia,[5 ] and the diagnosis was confirmed by clinical manifestations and related imaging examinations; all the subjects completed systematic olanzapine treatment in our hospital; all the subjects had their first onset; did not take antipsychotic drugs or drugs affecting neurocognitive function before enrollment; the time from the first discovery of clinical symptoms of schizophrenia to this visit is <2 years; the patient’s medical records were kept intact, including baseline data and laboratory related indicators required for this study. Exclusion criteria: Positive And Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS)[6 (link)] ≤ 60 points; patients with previous brain trauma; patients with depression or mania; drugs that may affect autonomic nervous function, such as dopamine, antipyretic and analgesic drugs, were taken within 2 weeks after enrollment; allergic constitution patients; patients with alcohol addiction and other bad habits in the past. This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Board of Wuhan University of Science and Technology Affiliated Wuhan Hanyang Hospital.
The control group was subjected only to the standard COVID-19 protocol. Control subjects who worsened (needed O2 supplementation or needed hospitalization were managed according to the standard COVID-19 protocol). Thus, they received CSs after their deterioration (delayed CSs). Every visit patient comes, he/she is asked to bring his/her medications with him/her to follow-up on the utilization of CSs.
Any adverse event occurring during admission or within 30 days after surgery was considered a postoperative complication. These complications were classified according to the Clavien-Dindo standardized classification of postoperative morbidity (14 (link)) into major (grade III: complications that require endoscopic or radiological surgical reintervention with or without general anesthesia; grade IV: complications that threaten the life of the patient and require treatment in intensive or intermediate care and grade V: complications that lead to the death of the patient) and minor (grade I: any deviation from the normal postoperative period that does not require reoperation, including the administration of electrolyte solutions, antiemetics, antipyretics, analgesics and physiotherapy and grade II: complications that require pharmacological treatment different from the above, including blood products and parenteral nutrition).
Patients who experience minor or no complications were excluded.
The following PICO (patients, intervention, comparison, outcome) format was applied: P: PCR confirmed COVID-19 infected patients; I: ivermectin alone or in combination with standard care or in combination with other drugs; C: standard care or therapy without ivermectin; and O: days required for viral clearance.
For the purpose of continued information of the field, we also include a scoping review activity of ivermectin-related publications on clinical trial results up to 31 Oct 2022, when the formalization of our manuscript was finished. Study reports were retrieved in English in this case, using
Characteristics of the studies included in the quantitative analysis
Study | Country | Design | P (patients) | I (intervention) | C (comparator) | O (outcome) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Khan [29 (link)] | Bangladesh | Retrospective, cohort | PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients (n = 248) | 12-mg ivermectin (single dose) plus standard care | Standard care (as required and included antipyretics for fever, anti-histamines for cough, and antibiotics to control secondary infection) | - Time required for virological clearance - Disease progression (develop pneumonia to severe respiratory distress) - Duration of hospital stays, and - Mortality rate |
Ahmed [28 (link)] | Bangladesh | double-blinded randomized controlled trial | Hospitalized COVID-19 patients (n = 72) | Group A: 12-mg ivermectin daily for 5 days | Group B: 12-mg ivermectin and 200-mg doxycycline on day 1, followed by 100 mg every 12 h for the next 4 days) Group C: placebo | Primary endpoints: - Time required for virological clearance - Remission of fever and cough within 7 days Secondary outcomes: - Failure to maintain an SpO2 > 93% despite oxygenation - Days on oxygen support - The duration of hospitalization - All-cause mortality |
Babalola [27 (link)] | Nigeria | double-blinded randomized controlled trial | PCR-proven COVID-19 positive patients (n = 62) | Group A: Standard care plus ivermectin 6 mg every 84 h, twice a week, for 2 weeks Group B: Standard care plus ivermectin 12 mg every 84 h, twice a week, for 2 weeks | Group C: Standard care plus lopinavir/ritonavir daily for 2 weeks | - Time required for virological clearance |
Top products related to «Antipyretics»
More about "Antipyretics"
These drugs work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are responsible for the inflammatory response that leads to fever.
Antipyretics can be used to manage a variety of febrile conditions, including the common cold, influenza, and other viral or bacterial infections.
They are also commonly used to manage fever associated with certain chronic illnesses, such as arthritis and cancer.
Flunixin meglumine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that can be used as an antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory agent in veterinary medicine.
The COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 has been shown to induce a fever in some individuals, which may be managed with antipyretic medications.
Researchers can leverage AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai to identify the most effective antipyretic protocols and products for their studies, improving reproducibility and accuracy in this important area of medical research.
These platforms can help researchers locate relevant protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and use AI-driven comparisons to determine the best options for their specific needs.
Other tools and technologies that may be relevant for antipyretic research include Stata 16, a statistical software package; the CareStart™ Malaria HRP2/pLDH (Pf/PAN) Combo test, which can be used to diagnose malaria; Baytril, an antibiotic used in veterinary medicine; MLT0380, a novel antipyretic compound; EIA (enzyme immunoassay) kits for measuring biomarkers; EDTA vacutainers for blood sample collection; and lidocaine, a local anesthetic that may be used in conjunction with antipyretic treatments.
By incorporating these insights and resources, researchers can enhance the quality, reproducibility, and impact of their antipyretic research, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes and the advancement of medical knowledge.