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Hypnotics

Hypnotics are a class of medications used to induce and maintain sleep.
They work by depressing the central nervous system, allowing the user to fall asleep more easily and stay asleep for longer periods of time.
These drugs can be used to treat insomnia and other sleep disorders, as well as to provide sedation before medical procedures.
Hypnotics include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and newer non-benzodiazepine agents like z-drugs.
When used properly and under medical supervision, hypnotics can be an effective tool for managing sleep issues.
However, they also carry risks of dependence, tolerance, and adverse effects, so careful consideration and monitoring is required.
Reserachers studying hypnotics can utilize PubCompare.ai's innovative AI platform to optimize their work, easily locate protocols, and enhance reproducibility.

Most cited protocols related to «Hypnotics»

Fibromyalgia Recruitment and Evaluation Study

Cited 17 times

The recruitment started in 2010 and data collection was completed at all sites (Gothenburg, Stockholm, and Linköping) in 2013. Inclusion criteria were women aged 20–65 years, meeting the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1990 classification criteria for FM [6 (link)]. Comorbidity as an exclusion criterion was defined by anamnesis. Exclusion criteria were high blood pressure (>160/90 mmHg), osteoarthritis (OA) in hip or knee, confirmed by radiological findings and affecting activities of daily life such as stair climbing or walking, other severe somatic or psychiatric disorders, other dominating causes of pain than FM, high consumption of alcohol (alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) score >6) [32 (link)], participation in a rehabilitation program within the past year, regular resistance exercise or relaxation exercise twice a week or more, inability to understand or speak Swedish, and not being able to refrain from analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) or hypnotic drugs for 48 hours prior to examinations.
Women with FM were recruited by newspaper advertisement in the local newspapers of three cities in Sweden (Gothenburg, Stockholm, and Linköping). A total of 402 women with FM who notified their interest for participation in the study were telephone screened for possible eligibility and informed about the study procedure. Out of these, 177 women who were interested in participation were referred for medical examination for further enrollment, while 225 were not eligible for enrollment (for details see Fig. 1). The 177 women were screened for eligibility by an experienced physician to verify ACR 1990 criteria for FM by means of a standardized interview and palpation of tender points [6 (link)]. A total of 47 women were found not eligible due to not meeting the inclusion criteria (n = 28), or declining participation (n = 19). One-hundred and thirty women with FM fulfilled the inclusion criteria. They were given written and oral information and were referred for baseline examinations (Fig. 1). Informed written consent was obtained from all participants before the baseline examination. After completing baseline examinations, the participants were randomized and informed of group allocation. An appointment for an individual introductory meeting with the specific physiotherapist guiding each intervention was scheduled with each participant. The study was approved for all sites by the Regional ethics committee in Stockholm (2010/1121-31/3).Fig. 1

Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) flow diagram of the progress of the two groups of the randomized trial. FM fibromyalgia

Larsson A., Palstam A., Löfgren M., Ernberg M., Bjersing J., Bileviciute-Ljungar I., Gerdle B., Kosek E, & Mannerkorpi K. (2015). Resistance exercise improves muscle strength, health status and pain intensity in fibromyalgia—a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 17(1), 161.

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Publication 2015

Alcohol Use Disorder Analgesics Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal Diploid Cell Eligibility Determination Fibromyalgia High Blood Pressures Hypnotics Immunologic Memory Knee Mental Disorders Osteoarthritis Of Hip Pain Palpation Physical Examination Physical Therapist Physicians Regional Ethics Committees Rehabilitation Woman X-Rays, Diagnostic

Defining Anxiety and Depression in Primary Care

Cited 12 times

Read code lists, corresponding to ICD-10 Chapter V [42 ] diagnoses of anxiety and depression, were developed by clinical members of the study team with reference to Rait et al. [18 (link)] and the Quality Outcomes Framework [43 ] (Additional file 1: Table S1). These included GP recording of i) anxiety diagnoses e.g. generalized anxiety disorder; ii) anxiety symptoms e.g. anxiousness; iii) mixed anxiety and depression; iv) panic attacks and panic disorders; v) depression diagnoses; vi) depression symptoms. We excluded codes for other psychosis, phobias, obsessive compulsive disorders, post traumatic stress disorder, behavioural disorders, hyperkinetic disorders, conduct disorders and disorders of social functioning in keeping with other studies of this type [18 (link), 19 (link)]. We excluded adjustment disorders as conceptually they are an intermediate health condition between normal responses to stress and more severe emotional disorders such as anxiety and depression [44 (link)]. We also compiled a Read code list of British National Formulary listed antidepressants, anxiolytics and hypnotics [45 ] (Additional file 2: Table S2).
We queried the GPD using db2 structured query language, implementing Read Codes Version 2 (5-byte set). We used, devised algorithms and evaluated multiple methods to define a case of anxiety and depression (12 in total as listed in Table 2) incorporating, in various combinations, current and historical diagnoses, symptoms and treatments. Our definition of ‘current’ was a search for relevant Read codes over a one-year period with the date of the survey response at the midpoint. This was in order to capture those who may present to their GP with CMD but not be diagnosed for a period of time and also those who may delay seeing their GPs for a period of time. Our definition of ‘historical’ was a search for relevant Read codes through the retrospective longitudinal data housed in the GPD outside the ‘current’ period. The length of retrospective data varied between individuals depending on the length of their registration with a SAIL supplying practice and was longer for wave 2 respondents. Treatment was at least one prescription for an antidepressant, anxiolytic or hypnotic in the one-year current period.

John A., McGregor J., Fone D., Dunstan F., Cornish R., Lyons R.A, & Lloyd K.R. (2016). Case-finding for common mental disorders of anxiety and depression in primary care: an external validation of routinely collected data. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 16, 35.

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Publication 2016

Adjustment Disorders Anti-Anxiety Agents Antidepressive Agents Anxiety Anxiety Disorders Behavior Disorders Conditioned Reflex Conduct Disorder Depressive Symptoms Disorder, Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Emotions Hypnotics Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Panic Attacks Panic Disorder Phobias Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Psychotic Disorders

Borderline Personality Disorder and Alcohol Use

Cited 10 times

The total sample included 116 participants, 56 of whom were in the BPD group and who endorsed the specific affective instability criterion for BPD (APA, 2000 ). We required this feature in order to ensure those in the BPD group were characterized by emotion dysregulation, a feature associated with substance use disorder (Kober, 2014 ), and AUD in particular. The remaining 60 in the COM group did not meet the syndromal requirements for BPD nor endorse affective instability. BPD participants were recruited from local psychiatric outpatient clinics and the general community. In clinics, potential participants were made aware of the study through flyers in the waiting rooms and from their assigned therapists or doctors. In addition, advertisements were placed in a local weekly advertisement circular, on bulletin boards of local businesses, and online via Craigslist and a weekly university-wide email announcement. Advertisements targeted individuals experiencing symptoms associated with BPD (i.e., intense mood swings, impulsive behavior, unstable relationships, and intense anger).
Community controls (COM) were recruited through advertisements which included no language regarding BPD symptoms. No restrictions were placed on controls regarding treatment or presence of psychiatric diagnoses, other than those regarding absence of BPD, affective instability, and general exclusion criteria noted below. Potential participants who were recruited from outpatient clinics or through BPD targeted advertisements could not be considered for the control group, even if they proved to be ineligible for the BPD group.
After either completing a form, which was returned to research staff, or contacting research staff directly, participants were briefly screened over the phone for presence of BPD features and absence of exclusionary criteria. If participants appeared eligible, they were next brought in for a face-to-face screening diagnostic interview. To be eligible, participants were required to be between the ages 18 and 45 and report alcohol consumption on average at least once a week (or four times over the previous month). Participants were excluded if they reported current psychosis, intellectual disability, severe neurological dysfunction, or history of head trauma that affected mood or concentration. They were also excluded if they were currently seeking treatment or interested in seeking treatment for alcohol use and/or problems, or if they reported significant unsuccessful efforts to cut down or stop using alcohol or physiological withdrawal symptoms when not using alcohol over the past year. These alcohol-related exclusion criteria were designed specifically to limit the sample to those without severe alcohol use problems, while the alcohol consumption minimum ensured variability in drinking reports but also necessarily oversampled above-average drinkers. If female, participants had to report not being pregnant or not planning to become pregnant. Eligible participants were scheduled for an orientation session. All potential participants who completed the screening interview were paid $20.
The overall sample was predominantly women (78.5%), of Caucasian ethnicity (84.5%), with an average age of 26.4 years (SD = 7.1). A majority of participants were single/never married (68.7%) or currently married (20.0%), did not have any children (74.1%), were employed (78.5%), and had an annual income less than $50,000 (76.7%).¹ All of the BPD participants were currently in treatment and most (73.2%) were taking psychotropic medication (e.g. antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, stimulants, anxiolytics, depressants, hypnotics, anticonvulsants). In contrast, only 2 COM participants were currently receiving treatment for conditions other than BPD and 5 (4.3%) were taking psychotropic medication. Community participants were less likely to qualify for current DSM-IV (APA, 2000 ) AUD (COM = 15.5%, BPD = 32.1%; χ²(1) = 4.23, p = .040) and lifetime AUD (COM = 51.7%, BPD = 81.1%; χ²(1) = 10.81, p = .001), to have a current mood disorder (COM = 1.7%, BPD = 39.3%; χ²(1) = 25.79, p < .001), or to have a current anxiety disorder (COM = 21.7%, BPD = 64.3%; χ²(1) = 19.81, p < .001).
Given that most BPD participants were receiving medication to address their symptoms, with almost all of the medications discouraging concurrent alcohol use, we considered this BPD group to be relatively low severity and at lower risk for alcohol problems compared to the overall BPD continuum (e.g. Tomko et al., 2014 (link)). While, we did not collect specific information regarding BPD individuals’ program of treatment, such as the inclusion of dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT; Linehan, 1993 ; Robins, Ivanoff, & Linehan, 2001 ) or Seeking Safety (Najavits, 2002 ), among others, many of these individuals may have been enrolled in such programs, which might further reduce their relative risk. In contrast, given the high lifetime prevalence of AUD in the COM group compared to the population (Hasin et al., 2007 (link)), we viewed this group to be at a relatively greater risk for alcohol problems compared to the general population. In the current study we view this as an advantage in that it results in the two groups being more comparable in terms of their alcohol behaviors and increases the likelihood that BPD features, and not any third variables, would account for differences between the two groups.

Lane S.P., Carpenter R.W., Sher K.J, & Trull T.J. (2016). Alcohol Craving and Consumption in Borderline Personality Disorder: When, Where, and with Whom. Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 4(5), 775-792.

Publication 2015

Abuse, Alcohol Alcohol Problem Anger Anti-Anxiety Agents Anticonvulsants Antipsychotic Agents Anxiety Disorders Behavior Therapy Caucasoid Races Central Nervous System Stimulants Child Craniocerebral Trauma Diagnosis Diagnosis, Psychiatric Emotions Ethanol Ethnicity Face Hypnotics Impulsive Behavior Intellectual Disability Mood Mood Disorders Pharmaceutical Preparations Physicians physiology Psychotic Disorders Psychotropic Drugs Robins Safety Substance Use Disorders Withdrawal Symptoms Woman

SAMINOR Multidisciplinary Health Survey

Cited 10 times

The questionnaire and the information material were written in Norwegian, but also translated into 3 relevant Sami languages, Northern, Lule and Southern Sami, by professional translators. Information letters were sent out to all in Norwegian and in the Sami language relevant to the area. The Norwegian questionnaire was sent to all and a translated version in the relevant Sami language was also included for those living in the Administrative Area for the Sami Language (Nesseby, Tana, Karasjok, Porsanger, Kautokeino, Kåfjord, Lavangen, Tysfjord, Røyrvik and Snåsa).
After contributions were received from collaborating researchers from various fields, the questionnaire was coordinated and finalized by the SAMINOR study board. The questionnaire was 8 pages long and contained a set of questions corresponding to the questions used in the 2003/2004 SAMINOR data collection. This was done in order to be able to compare certain selected health and living condition variables across the period between the 2 studies. The questions regarding ethnicity were among those that were the same as the questions used in the first data collection, including family background, home language in 3 generations and self-perceived ethnicity (1 (link)).
In addition, a selection of questions was repeated from the first SAMINOR study, including some related to physical and mental health and socio-economic and living conditions. However, the majority of the questions in the questionnaire were not included in the first SAMINOR study. These new questions were included to enable assessment of new and relevant research questions, which was not possible based on the data from the former survey, but in line with the fields of interest of the researchers involved in the project.
In brief, the questionnaire had questions on self-perceived health and selected diseases, as well as health-related conditions (“The EQ-5D Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire”), socio-economic status, physical activity, height and weight, family and language background, mental health (“The Hopkins Symptom Checklist, or HSCL-10,” “WHO-5 Well-being Index” and “The Resilience Scale for Adults, or RSA”), tobacco and drug/alcohol use, use of hypnotics, religion, discrimination, violence and abuse, oral/dental health, suicide, gambling and health care service-related experiences, including the use of a Sami-speaking interpreter. Thus, the questionnaire covered a broad range of research topics, and a variety of formerly used questions (from comparable surveys) but also new questions.
It is beyond the scope of this paper to go in detail regarding the different questions, their validity, former use, and so on. However, we do anticipate and recommend thorough descriptions of these specific methodological issues when results from thematic research projects based on the SAMINOR data are communicated in the future.

Brustad M., Hansen K.L., Broderstad A.R., Hansen S, & Melhus M. (2014). A population-based study on health and living conditions in areas with mixed Sami and Norwegian settlements – the SAMINOR 2 questionnaire study. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 73, 10.3402/ijch.v73.23147.

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Publication 2014

Adult Dental Health Services Discrimination, Psychology Drug Abuse Ethnicity Hypnotics Mental Health Physical Examination Substance Use Tobacco Products

Acute Efficacy of Intravenous Ketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression

Cited 8 times

This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the acute efficacy of IV ketamine or placebo added to ongoing antidepressant therapy (ADT) in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) adults with TRD. Following a washout period for patients on prohibited psychotropic agents, 99 eligible subjects were randomly assigned to one of five 40-minute infusion arms in a 1:1:1:1:1 fashion: a single dose of ketamine 0.1 mg/kg (n=18), a single dose of ketamine 0.2 mg/kg (n=20), a single dose of ketamine 0.5 mg/kg (n=22), a single dose of ketamine 1.0 mg/kg (n=20), and a single dose of midazolam 0.045 mg/kg (active placebo) (n=19) (see Figure 1), to minimize the unblinding risk due to AEs, as in Murrough et al^{16 (link)}. Prior to randomization, patients were grouped by BMI (Group I: BMI ≤30; Group II: BMI >30), and were block randomized into each arm of the study, with the mg/Kg ratio being maintained across all BMIs. The primary endpoint assessments were carried out over 3 days and all subjects were followed for 30 days to examine the benefit durability (see Figure 1).
The study assessments were performed at Days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 30 to assess the safety and efficacy of all doses of ketamine compared to active placebo therapy in depressed patients demonstrating an inadequate response to at least 2 adequate ADTs during the current major depressive episode (TRD). This report focuses on the outcome during the acute phase of the study (Days 0 through 3). This trial was conducted across six U.S. academic sites (Massachusetts General Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine/Michael E. Debakey VA Medical Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Stanford University School of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, and Yale University), according to the U.S. FDA guidelines and Declaration of Helsinki. IRB- and NIMH DSMB-approved written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
All enrolled subjects were male and female outpatients between the ages of 18–70 years old with a diagnosis of MDD in a current depressive episode of at least eight week-duration (as defined by the DSM-IV-TR™). The diagnosis of MDD was supported by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I/P). Furthermore, all subjects had TRD, defined as failure to achieve a subjective satisfactory response (e.g., less than 50% improvement of depression symptoms) to at least two adequate treatment courses during the current depressive episode (including the current ADT). All study participants with MDD were required to be on a stable (for at least 4 weeks) and adequate (according to the MGH Antidepressant Treatment Response Questionnaire or ATRQ) dose of ongoing ADT, with a total treatment duration of at least 8 weeks. Concurrent hypnotic therapy was allowed if the therapy had been stable for at least 4 weeks prior to screening and was expected to remain stable during the study. Patients were also allowed to continue treatment with benzodiazepines used for anxiety if therapy had been stable for at least 4 weeks prior to screening and expected to remain stable during the study. Patients on exclusionary concomitant psychotropic medications (e.g., opioids, tramadol, valproic acid, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, barbiturates, eszopiclone, stimulants, NMDA receptor antagonists such as memantine), were included only if they had been free of the exclusionary medication post-taper for five half-lives within the maximum screening period (28 days). Furthermore, subjects could be in concurrent psychotherapy, if stable. All subjects had a Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale^{17 (link)} (MADRS) score ≥20 at both the screen and baseline visits. All included patients were required to have a BMI between 18–35 kg/m².
Major exclusion criteria were as follows: Failure to achieve satisfactory response (e.g., less than 50% improvement of depression symptoms) to >7 treatment courses of a therapeutic dose of an ADT of at least 8 weeks duration in the current major depressive episode, MADRS total score <20 at screening or baseline; a primary Axis I disorder other than MDD; current substance use disorder (abuse or dependence), with the exception of nicotine dependence, within 6 months prior to screening; and any history of ketamine or PCP drug use. All subjects underwent urine drug testing at screening. Other major exclusion criteria included a history of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders, or any history of psychotic symptoms in the current or previous depressive episodes. Furthermore, previous participants in research studies involving glutamatergic agents for depression were also excluded.
Following the in-person screen, the diagnosis and adequacy of treatment was confirmed by remote, independent raters from the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Clinical Trials Network and Institute (CTNI), via a teleconference administration of the Mood Disorders module of the SCID-I/P, MADRS, and the MGH ATRQ.

Fava M., Freeman M.P., Flynn M., Judge H., Hoeppner B.B., Cusin C., Ionescu D.F., Mathew S.J., Chang L.C., Iosifescu D.V., Murrough J., Debattista C., Schatzberg A.F., Trivedi M.H., Jha M.K., Sanacora G., Wilkinson S.T, & Papakostas G.I. (2018). Double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of intravenous ketamine as adjunctive therapy in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Molecular Psychiatry, 25(7), 1592-1603.

Publication 2018

Adult antagonists Antidepressive Agents Anxiety Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Bipolar Disorder Carbamazepine Central Nervous System Stimulants Depressive Symptoms Diagnosis Drug Abuse Epistropheus Eszopiclone Glutamate Agents Hypnotics Ketamine Lamotrigine Males Memantine Mental Disorders Midazolam Mood Disorders N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Nicotine Dependence Opioids Outpatients Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Placebos Psychotherapy Psychotropic Drugs Safety Schizoaffective Disorder Schizophrenia Substance Use Disorders Tramadol Unipolar Depression Urinalysis Urine Valproic Acid Woman

Most recents protocols related to «Hypnotics»

Identification of Potentially Inappropriate Medicines

Drug-specific PIM statements were extracted from each of the nine criteria and entered into an Excel file. One author (JP) examined the selected criteria and created the summary table. If the criteria included a statement to avoid a medicine class, the statement was documented in the summary for medicines mentioned by name in other criteria. For example, the NORGEP-NH includes a statement about regular use of hypnotics. According to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system by the World Health Organization [28 ], the code for hypnotics and sedatives is N05C. Based on this international drug classification, the statement from NORGEP-NH was documented for drugs whose ATC code is N05C and those listed in other included criteria. Unclear classifications were discussed among the three authors (JP, JJ, EJ).
We did not consider the following kinds of PIM statements from the final table: (1) concurrent use of two or more drugs (e.g., warfarin combined with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)), (2) PIMs and specific conditions (e.g., Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in patients with hyperpotassemia), (3) PIMs and restriction of treatment duration or dose, (4) PIMs with limited research evidence or experience among older people, and (5) anticholinergic medicines without a specific active substance. Not including a statement was related to the restrictions on the data. First, the statements requiring additional clinical information (e.g., diagnosis, renal insufficiency, dosage, treatment duration) were not applied since such details could not be captured from the national prescription register. Second, some of the included criteria (e.g., Meds75+ database, Beers criteria) contain a special category for medicines with specific caution (e.g. use with caution, present evidence or experience with use in older persons is vague). Overall, the comparison of criteria focused on identifying PIMs to avoid generally without considering additional clinical information. This research strategy collected a summary of 352 ATC codes considered as PIMs (see Additional file 1).
The summary was screened using both the Social Insurance Institution (SII) of Finland’s Medicinal Products Database and Finnish Medicines Agency’s FimeaWeb to exclude medicines not available in Finland. If the medicine was available on the market only in combination (e.g., codeine), the medicine was still included. In addition, if the medicine was available both as a single active substance and in combination (e.g., oxycodone), both ATC codes were included. Finally, after screening the summary, 172 ATC codes were considered as PIMs available on Finnish pharmaceutical market (see Additional file 1).

Paulamäki J., Jyrkkä J., Hyttinen V, & Jämsen E. (2023). Prevalence of potentially inappropriate medication use in older population: comparison of the Finnish Meds75+ database with eight published criteria. BMC Geriatrics, 23, 139.

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Publication 2023

Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal Anticholinergic Agents Codeine Diagnosis Hypnotics Oxycodone Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Renal Insufficiency Sedatives Therapeutics Warfarin

Pandemic's Impact on Mental Health Service Utilization

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Publication 2023

Age Groups Anxiety Diagnosis, Psychiatric Hypnotics Males Mental Health Services Mood Pandemics Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Psychotropic Drugs Sleep

Mental Health Service Utilization During Pandemic

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Publication 2023

Anti-Anxiety Agents Antidepressive Agents Antipsychotic Agents Anxiety Disorders Diagnosis Diagnosis, Psychiatric Disorder, Delusional Emergencies Gender Hypnotics Inclusion Bodies Mental Health Mental Health Services Mood Disorders Pandemics Patient Acceptance of Health Care Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physical Examination Psychotic Disorders Psychotropic Drugs Schizophrenia Sedatives Sleep Disorders Somatoform Disorder Therapeutics

Identifying Pregnancy Confounders in Psychiatric Illness

We identified the following potential confounders a priori using directed acyclic graphs^{28 (link)}: age at pregnancy, primiparous, marital status, smoking during pregnancy, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (calculated based on 19 conditions; definition in the eMethods in Supplement 1). We used a history of self-harm (definition in the eMethods in Supplement 1) and psychiatric diagnoses at any time before pregnancy, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, other mood disorders, and others (International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision [ICD-8] and Tenth Revision [ICD-10] codes listed in eTable 2 in Supplement 1); number of psychiatric emergencies; and coprescribed medications (opioid analgesics, antiseizure medications, antipsychotics, benzodiazepine/z-hypnotics, or anxiolytics; ATC codes listed in eTable 3 in Supplement 1) in the 6 months before pregnancy as a proxy for disease severity. In addition, we included filling prescriptions for 2 or more classes of antidepressants and having an average daily dose of an antidepressant greater than 1 fluoxetine dose equivalent (ie, 40 mg fluoxetine)^{29 (link)} in the 6 months before pregnancy as an additional proxy of the severity of mental illnesses.

Trinh N.T., Munk-Olsen T., Wray N.R., Bergink V., Nordeng H.M., Lupattelli A, & Liu X. (2023). Timing of Antidepressant Discontinuation During Pregnancy and Postpartum Psychiatric Outcomes in Denmark and Norway. JAMA Psychiatry, 80(5), 441-450.

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Publication 2023

Analgesics, Opioid Anti-Anxiety Agents Antidepressive Agents Antipsychotic Agents Benzodiazepines Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis, Psychiatric Dietary Supplements Emergencies Fluoxetine Hypnotics Mood Disorders Pharmaceutical Preparations Pregnancy Prescriptions Schizophrenia

Postpartum Psychiatric Outcomes Assessment

The outcomes of interest were initiating psycholeptics, psychiatric emergency, or self-harm within 1 year of delivery. Initiation of psycholeptics was defined as filling a psycholeptic (ATC code N05) prescription, including antipsychotics, anxiolytics, hypnotics, and sedatives, post partum without psycholeptic prescriptions filled in the 6 months before and during pregnancy. A psychiatric emergency was defined as having emergency department visits or inpatient treatment for mental disorders (ICD-10 F codes).^{14 (link)} Self-harm was defined based on ICD-8 and ICD-10 codes derived from a validated coding algorithm^{30 (link)} (definition in the eMethods in Supplement 1). We considered psychiatric emergency and self-harm as the most severe psychiatric outcomes and initiation of psycholeptics as less severe than the other 2 outcomes.

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Publication 2023

Anti-Anxiety Agents Antipsychotic Agents Dietary Supplements Emergencies Hospitalization Hypnotics Mental Disorders Obstetric Delivery Pregnancy Prescriptions Sedatives

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More about "Hypnotics"

Hypnotics are a class of medications, also known as sedatives or sleep aids, used to induce and maintain sleep.
These drugs work by depressing the central nervous system, allowing the user to fall asleep more easily and stay asleep for longer periods of time.
Hypnotics are commonly used to treat insomnia and other sleep disorders, as well as to provide sedation before medical procedures.
The main types of hypnotics include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and newer non-benzodiazepine agents like z-drugs (e.g., zolpidem, zopiclone, and zaleplon).
When used properly and under medical supervision, hypnotics can be an effective tool for managing sleep issues.
However, they also carry risks of dependence, tolerance, and adverse effects, so careful consideration and monitoring is required.
Researchers studying hypnotics can utilize advanced software and platforms like PubCompare.ai's innovative AI-driven platform to optimize their work.
This tool can help researchers easily locate relevant protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and leverage AI-driven comparisons to identify the best protocols and products.
By enhancing reproducibility and accuracy, researchers can improve the efficiency and quality of their hypnotics research.
In addition to PubCompare.ai, other statistical software like SAS version 9.4, SigmaStat, Stata 15, and SPSS version 22.0 or 20.0 can be helpful for data analysis and interpretation in hypnotics research.
The Alice 6 and LE-Series Physiological Monitoring System (Alice 5 LE) can also be used for sleep studies and sleep quality assessments.
Caffeine, a common stimulant, is sometimes used in contrast to hypnotics to study the effects on sleep and wakefulness.