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Hypnotics and Sedatives

Q: What are the different types of hypnotics and sedatives?

Hypnotics and sedatives encompass a variety of drug classes, including benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam, alprazolam), non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (e.g., zolpidem, eszopiclone), barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital), and melatonin receptor agonists (e.g., ramelteon). Each class has unique mechanisms of action, onset and duration of effects, and applications for treating sleep disorders, anxiety, and other conditions requiring sedation or hypnosis.

Q: What are the common uses and applications of hypnotics and sedatives?

Hypnotics and sedatives are primarily used to treat insomnia, anxiety disorders, seizures, and other conditions that may benefit from the calming and sleep-inducing effects of these medications. They can also be used as anesthetics, muscle relaxants, and to manage alcohol withdrawal symptoms. It's important to use these drugs carefulty under medical supervision, as they can have side effects and the potential for abuse or dependence.

Q: How can PubCompare.ai help with research on hypnotics and sedatives?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can greatly assist researchers studying hypnotics and sedatives. The platform allows you to efficiently screen the literature and identify the most effective and reproducible protocols related to these medications. Its advanced AI comparisons can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling you to choose the best option for your specific research goals and ensuring more accurate and reliable outcomes. This helps optimize your research efforts and saves time, leading to better results.

Q: What are some common challenges in using hypnotics and sedatives?

One of the main challenges with hypnotics and sedatives is the potentail for abuse, dependence, and tolerance. These drugs can also cause side effects like daytime drowsiness, cognitive impairment, and increased risk of falls, especially in older adults. Proper dosing and monitoring by healthcare providers is crucial to minimize these risks. Additionally, some patients may experience paradoxical reactions, where the medication has the opposite effect and causes increased alertness or agitation.

Q: How does PubCompare.ai help optimize the use of hypnotics and sedatives?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven analysis can help researchers optimize the use of hypnotics and sedatives by identifying the most effective and reproducible protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents. The platform's advanced comparisons can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, allowing researchers to choose the best option for their specific needs. This helps ensure their research is efficient, accurate and successful, leading to better outcomes when using these medications. PubComapre.ai is a valuable tool for anyone studying hypnotics and sedatives.

Hypnotics and Sedatives are a class of drugs used to induce sleep, reduce anxiety, and promote relaxation.
These medications work by depressing the central nervous system, resulting in a calming effect that can help individuals with sleep disorders, anxiety, and other conditions that may benefit from sedation.
PubCompare.ai is an AI-driven platform that can optimize your research in this area by identifying the most reproducible and accurate protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents.
Using advanced AI comparisons, PubComapre.ai helps ensure your research is efficient and successful, leading to more accurate and reliable outcomes.

Most cited protocols related to «Hypnotics and Sedatives»

Opioid Dependence Assessment Protocol

Cited 18 times

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2009

Aphthous Stomatitis Attention Caucasoid Races Contraceptive Methods Dental Health Services Diagnosis, Psychiatric Ethanol Ethics Committees, Research Heroin Hypnotics and Sedatives Males Naloxone Opiate Addiction Opioids Oral Cavity Panic Attacks Physical Examination Placebos Schizophrenia Tongue Voluntary Workers Withdrawal Symptoms Woman

MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy Protocol for Clinical Trials

Cited 14 times

After enrollment, subjects were randomized, in double-blind fashion, to receive two experimental sessions of either psychotherapy with concomitant MDMA administration or the same psychotherapy accompanied by inactive placebo (lactose) administration (psychotherapy-only). The blind was broken for each subject after the follow-up visit 2 months after the second experimental session. All subjects who initially received placebo were offered participation in an open-label crossover segment (‘Stage 2’) (Figure 2). After the 2-month follow-up, nine subjects were given a third session of MDMA with psychotherapy, as allowed in a protocol amendment. However, because not all subjects received a third session and placebo subjects received only two sessions, data related to the third session were omitted from analysis, and for simplicity are omitted from Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Study Visits.

Subjects were required to taper and abstain from all psychotropic medication during study participation except sedative hypnotics or anxiolytics used as-needed between MDMA or placebo sessions (referred to as ‘rescue medications’). After preliminary evidence of safety and efficacy had been established, a protocol amendment was approved allowing the last nine subjects to receive a supplemental dose of MDMA or placebo in all experimental sessions. The purpose of this supplemental dose, half the initial dose administered 2 h afterwards, was to prolong the therapeutic window of MDMA effects and gather pilot data about dose for design of future clinical trials.

Mithoefer M.C., Wagner M.T., Mithoefer A.T., Jerome L, & Doblin R. (2011). The safety and efficacy of ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 25(4), 439-452.

Publication 2011

Anti-Anxiety Agents Hypnotics and Sedatives Lactose MDMA Pharmaceutical Preparations Placebos Psychotherapy Psychotropic Drugs Safety Therapeutic Effect Visually Impaired Persons

Chronic Marijuana Use and Inhibitory Function

Cited 11 times

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2012

Abuse, Alcohol Adult Cannabinoids Cannabis sativa Central Nervous System Stimulants Cocaine Craniocerebral Trauma Diagnosis Drug Abuse Epistropheus Ethanol Ethics Committees, Research Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Hallucinogens Healthy Volunteers Hypnotics and Sedatives Illicit Drugs Nervous System Disorder Opioids Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Psychological Inhibition Psychotropic Drugs Radionuclide Imaging Reading Frames TimeLine Urinalysis Urine

Validating Cannabis Abstinence Monitoring Models

Cited 10 times

Model development data were obtained from daily cannabis smokers with positive cannabinoid immunoassay results greater than 100 ng/mL THCCOOH equivalents upon entry into inpatient research protocols approved by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Institutional Review Board. Participants resided continuously on the closed clinical research unit for up to 30 days. Participants’ physical and psychological health was verified by medical history and physical examination, psychological tests, ECG, CBC and blood chemistries, and urinalysis. All belongings were searched prior to unit entry and no visitors were allowed. All voided urine was collected ad libitum and analyzed for THCCOOH by GCMS following alkaline hydrolysis (4 (link)) with a 2.5 ng/mL LOQ, with concentrations normalized to urine creatinine determined by a modified Jaffe method.
Models were validated with specimens from a separate group of long-term daily cannabis smokers (reporting ≥5000 lifetime episodes of cannabis use) who were engaged in an outpatient research study evaluating neurocognitive performance during extended drug abstinence (16 (link)). This study was approved by the McLean Hospital and NIDA IRBs; written informed consent was obtained from all participants after a complete description of the study. These participants agreed to maintain cannabis abstinence for 28 days, with compliance evaluated by urine CN-THCCOOH concentrations in daily urine specimens collected under direct observation. The ratio of Specimen 2/Specimen 1 normalized concentrations was determined; a 50% increase (ratio of 1.5) compared to the preceding concentration indicated new cannabis use. Participants were not currently taking psychoactive medications and had ≤100 lifetime cocaine, stimulant, opioid, sedative-hypnotic, hallucinogen and inhalant uses.

Schwilke E.W., Gullberg R.G., Darwin W.D., Chiang C.N., Cadet J.L., Gorelick D.A., Pope H.G, & Huestis M.A. (2010). Differentiating new cannabis use from residual urinary cannabinoid excretion in chronic, daily cannabis users. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 106(3), 499-506.

Publication 2010

Blood Chemical Analysis Cannabinoids Cannabis Cocaine Creatinine Ethics Committees, Research Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Hallucinogens Hydrolysis Hypnotics and Sedatives Immunoassay Inhalation Drug Administration Inpatient Mental Health Opioids Outpatients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physical Examination Psychotropic Drugs Test, Psychological Urinalysis Urination Urine

Epidemiologic Study of Mortality Causes

Cited 7 times

Underlying cause-of-death data for this observational study were extracted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research online databases. ¹⁴ Deaths, from medical certificates, had been precoded according to International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision¹⁵ coding. Selected causes were suicide (UO3, X60-X84, and Y87.0), diabetes (E10-E14), influenza and pneumonia, (J09-J18), kidney disease (N00-07, N17-19, and N25-27), and drug intoxication deaths that had first been coded by intent or manner as “accident” (X40-X44) or undetermined (Y10-14) and then, by corresponding drug groups, as nonopioid analgesics (X40, X60, and Y10), sedative hypnotics (X41, X61, and Y11), narcotics (X42, X62, and Y12), other autonomic nervous system drugs not stated (X43, X63, and Y13), and other unspecified drugs (X44, X64, and Y14).¹⁵ Self-injury mortality was estimated as a combination of suicides by any method and “accidents” or undetermined DDSIs, assuming that 80% of “accidental” drug intoxication deaths and 90% of undetermined drug intoxication deaths for decedents 15 years and older were DDSIs.^{10 (link)} Disease selection was based on national ranking proximal to suicide and our expanded self-injury category among the top10 causes of death in 2013. The observation period was1999 to2014. This study received a waiver from the West Virginia University Institutional Review Board because it used open and de-identified secondary mortality data.

Rockett I.R., Lilly C.L., Jia H., Larkin G.L., Miller T.R., Nelson L.S., Nolte K.B., Putnam S.L., Smith G.S, & Caine E.D. (2016). Self-injury Mortality in the United States in the Early 21st Century: A Comparison With Proximally Ranked Diseases. JAMA psychiatry, 73(10), 1072-1081.

Publication 2016

Accidents Analgesics, Non-Narcotic Diabetes Mellitus Ethics Committees, Research Hypnotics and Sedatives Kidney Diseases Narcotics Nervous System, Autonomic Pharmaceutical Preparations Pneumonia Toxicity, Drug Virus Vaccine, Influenza

Most recents protocols related to «Hypnotics and Sedatives»

Recruitment and Evaluation of KOA Patients

Two trained rehabilitation physicians will recruit 24 healthy volunteers over 50 years old and 72 KOA patients according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients should meet the following conditions: (1) diagnosed with KOA according to the 2021 Chinese Orthopedics Association diagnosis and treatment guidelines [25 ]; (2) knee pain (previous week) score ≥ 3 on the NRS; (3) Kellgren–Lawrence grade I-III [26 ]; (4) right-handed; (5) normal lower limbs; and (6) no open wounds or metal foreign bodies near the knee joint.
The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, gout or severe osteoporosis; (2) having undergone knee surgery or received an intra knee injection within the past 6 months; (3) experiencing depression (using the Self-rating depression scale, depression severity index < 0. 50 is no depression [27 (link)]), anxiety (using the Self-rating Anxiety Scale, standard score < 50 is no anxiety [28 ]), mania (using the Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale, ≤ 5 is no mania [29 (link)]), dementia and obvious cognitive impairment (using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, ≥ 26 is normal [30 (link)]); (4) having a cancerous tumor, severe bronchiectasis, acute suppurative inflammation, high fever, active pulmonary tuberculosis, glaucoma, heart failure, severe anemia, cerebrovascular disease, or having a pacemaker implanted in the body; (5) having a history of epilepsy or taking antiepileptic drugs; (6) taking drugs that change the excitability of the cerebral cortex (such as sedative-hypnotics or antidepressants); (6) unable to participate in the trial due to other health problems; and (7) unable to sign the informed consent or participate in other scientific research projects(for example, a sudden fall, sudden low back pain, shoulder pain and other sudden diseases).

Wang X.Y., Bao C.C., An R., Wu T., Wang D., Zhang Y.J, & He C.Q. (2023). Evaluation of the effect of physical therapy on pain and dysfunction of knee osteoarthritis based on fNIRS: a randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 24, 152.

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Publication 2023

Anemia Antidepressive Agents Antiepileptic Agents Anxiety Bronchiectasis Cerebrovascular Disorders Chinese Congestive Heart Failure Cortical Excitability Dementia Disorders, Cognitive Epilepsy Fever Foreign Bodies Glaucoma Gout Healthy Volunteers Human Body Hypnotics and Sedatives Inflammation Knee Joint Low Back Pain Lower Extremity Malignant Neoplasms Mania Metals Neoplasms Operative Surgical Procedures Orthopedic Surgical Procedures Osteoporosis Pacemaker, Artificial Cardiac Pain Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physicians Rehabilitation Rheumatoid Arthritis Shoulder Pain Suppuration Tuberculosis, Pulmonary Wounds

Schizophrenia, mECT, and Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia

This retrospective study included inpatients with schizophrenia admitted between January 2015 and April 2022. Patients met the diagnosis criteria of schizophrenia according to the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) and received mECT treatment during their hospitalization. The diagnosis of HAP required all the following criteria: new lung infiltrates on chest imaging, respiratory decline, fever, and productive cough (37 (link)). Patients with infections within 48 h of hospitalization were excluded. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu.
Patient information collected included name, age, gender, as well as the status of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, epilepsy, or substance dependence (smoking or drinking), and excluded patients with comorbid cardiovascular disease. Blood samples were collected on admission for routine biochemical testing (white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, lipids, glucose, blood proteins, etc.). Other medications of patients receiving mECT at the time of hospitalization were recorded, such as sedative-hypnotic drugs (SHD), antidepressant drugs (ADD), anti-anxiety drugs (AAD), antimanic drugs (AMD), anti-epileptic drugs (AED), anti-parkinsonian drugs (APD), and other neurological drugs. mECT-related conditions only for patients with HAP, such as the days from the first mECT to HAP (dfE2H) occurrence, the numbers of mECT treatments before HAP (nE2H) occurrence, and the days from the last mECT treatment to HAP (dlE2H) occurrence.

Yang M., Yang Y., Liu L., Kong D., Xu M., Huang X., Luo C., Zhao G., Zhang X., Huang Y., Tu Y, & Li Z. (2023). Sex differences in factors influencing hospital-acquired pneumonia in schizophrenia patients receiving modified electroconvulsive therapy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1127262.

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Publication 2023

Anti-Anxiety Agents Antidepressive Agents Antiepileptic Agents Antimanic Agents BLOOD Blood Platelets Blood Proteins Cardiovascular Diseases Chest Cough Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Epilepsy Erythrocytes Ethics Committees, Clinical Fever Gender Glucose High Blood Pressures Hospitalization Hypnotics and Sedatives Infection Inpatient Leukocytes Lipids Lung Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Respiratory Rate Schizophrenia Substance Dependence

Substance Use and Motivations Among Students

An in-house questionnaire was developed based on the Drug Use Questionnaire for Students [22 (link)] and Drug Use Questionnaire for High School Students [23 ]. Specifically, students indicated (yes/no) whether they have ever consumed the following substances in their lifetime, past twelve months, and the past month: Cannabis (in the UK, cannabis remains an illegal Class B substance); Cocaine; Amphetamines; Methamphetamines; Nootropics; Ketamine; Hallucinogens; MDMA; Nitrous Oxide; Sedative Hypnotics; Heroin; other Opioids. To understand the motivations behind illicit drug use, participants ranked the following reasons from 1 (most important reason) to 10 (least important reason): curiosity; pleasure; provided substance by a friend; peer pressure; low self-confidence; boredom/lack of amusement; using substances as a form of self-medication for physical or psychiatric difficulties; lack of knowledge concerning the risks of substance use; and the presence of addiction in the home. Responses to each substance were summated, yielding composite scores (between 0–10) for lifetime use, past twelve months, and the past month.

Foster H., Stevenson J, & Akram U. (2023). Prevalence and Psychiatric Correlates of Illicit Substance Use in UK Undergraduate Students. Brain Sciences, 13(2), 360.

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Publication 2023

Addictive Behavior Amphetamines Boredom Cannabis Cocaine Friend Hallucinogens Heroin Hypnotics and Sedatives Illicit Drugs Ketamine MDMA Methamphetamine Motivation Nootropic Agents Opioids Oxide, Nitrous Pharmaceutical Preparations Pharmacy Student Physical Examination Pleasure Self Confidence Student Substance Use

Collaborative Medication Management in Orthopaedics

The rationale of the CMM intervention is based on the statements of the International Pharmaceutical Federation which describes a model of Collaborative Pharmacy Practice with advancing models that facilitate interprofessional collaboration and greater pharmacist accountability.69 The intervention will consist of a five-step CMM practice by reviewing medication appropriateness, including PIM and FRID. Results of a focused review will be used to identify FRID. Screening tools of the MAI, PRISCUS list and Fit fOR The Aged (FORTA) list will be used to assess medication use. The MAI represents a reliable and valid measure of medication appropriateness and appears to be a useful tool for research studies, quality improvement studies and patient care programmes.70 71 (link) The FORTA list was recently updated in 2021 and comprises four categories classified by an expert Delphi panel.72 (link) The PRISCUS list was developed for the German market and includes inappropriate substances comprising antidepressants, antihypertensives and hypnotics/sedatives which are linked to increased risk of falling.73–75 (link) Identified drug-related problems, recommendations and acceptance will be documented by the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe V.9.1 classification system.76 Final clinical decisions on medication optimisation will be based on clinical expertise, patients’ perceptions and ultimately by the geriatrician as the approving authority. CMM interventions and a digitally created medication plan will be included in the patients’ letters of discharge (process results from T2 and T3). The medication plan includes medication (name, dose, frequency) and start/stop dates. Orthopaedists/Traumatologists prepare the information (digital and printed) at T4 to enable availability for patients and physicians at the inpatient and outpatient care sector. The five-step CMM process consists of recording, reviewing, discussion, communication and documentation. Core elements of a Medication Therapy Management Service of the American Pharmacists Association and National Association of Chain Drug Stores Foundation inspired the design of the process which underwent setting-specific adaption.77 (link) The five interventional steps are shown in figure 3.

Buchegger S., Iglseder B., Alzner R., Kogler M., Rose O., Kutschar P., Krutter S., Dückelmann C., Flamm M, & Pachmayr J. (2023). Patient perspectives on, and effects of, medication management in geriatric fallers (the EMMA study): protocol for a mixed-methods pre-post study. BMJ Open, 13(2), e066666.

Publication 2023

Acclimatization Antidepressive Agents Antihypertensive Agents Care, Ambulatory Fingers Geriatricians Hypnotics and Sedatives Inpatient Medication Therapy Management Patient Discharge Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physicians

Deprescribing Benzodiazepines and Sedatives

Cited 1 time

We used a five-step approach to identify and design potential interventions to increase deprescribing of benzodiazepines and sedative-hypnotics in the hospital (figure 1). The use of the COM-B model and Behaviour Change Wheel’s multistep approach has been used to design a variety of interventions, including addressing medication management in patients with multimorbidity,38 (link) increasing hearing aid use,39 (link) address barriers to naloxone use40 (link) and coaching Latina women with gestational diabetes.41 (link) We selected the COM-B Model, TDF and Behavioural Change Wheel approach given its previous use in identifying potential deprescribing strategies, examining influences on deprescribing practices and developing medication optimisation interventions.38 42 43 (link)

Keller M.S., Carrascoza-Bolanos J., Breda K., Kim L.Y., Kennelty K.A., Leang D.W., Murry L.T., Nuckols T.K., Schnipper J.L, & Pevnick J.M. (2023). Identifying barriers and facilitators to deprescribing benzodiazepines and sedative hypnotics in the hospital setting using the Theoretical Domains Framework and the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation and Behaviour (COM-B) Model: a qualitative study. BMJ Open, 13(2), e066234.

Publication 2023

Benzodiazepines Gestational Diabetes Hearing Aids Hypnotics and Sedatives Latinas Naloxone Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Woman

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What are the different types of hypnotics and sedatives?

Hypnotics and sedatives encompass a variety of drug classes, including benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam, alprazolam), non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (e.g., zolpidem, eszopiclone), barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital), and melatonin receptor agonists (e.g., ramelteon). Each class has unique mechanisms of action, onset and duration of effects, and applications for treating sleep disorders, anxiety, and other conditions requiring sedation or hypnosis.

What are the common uses and applications of hypnotics and sedatives?

Hypnotics and sedatives are primarily used to treat insomnia, anxiety disorders, seizures, and other conditions that may benefit from the calming and sleep-inducing effects of these medications. They can also be used as anesthetics, muscle relaxants, and to manage alcohol withdrawal symptoms. It's important to use these drugs carefulty under medical supervision, as they can have side effects and the potential for abuse or dependence.

How can PubCompare.ai help with research on hypnotics and sedatives?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can greatly assist researchers studying hypnotics and sedatives. The platform allows you to efficiently screen the literature and identify the most effective and reproducible protocols related to these medications. Its advanced AI comparisons can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling you to choose the best option for your specific research goals and ensuring more accurate and reliable outcomes. This helps optimize your research efforts and saves time, leading to better results.

What are some common challenges in using hypnotics and sedatives?

One of the main challenges with hypnotics and sedatives is the potentail for abuse, dependence, and tolerance. These drugs can also cause side effects like daytime drowsiness, cognitive impairment, and increased risk of falls, especially in older adults. Proper dosing and monitoring by healthcare providers is crucial to minimize these risks. Additionally, some patients may experience paradoxical reactions, where the medication has the opposite effect and causes increased alertness or agitation.

How does PubCompare.ai help optimize the use of hypnotics and sedatives?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven analysis can help researchers optimize the use of hypnotics and sedatives by identifying the most effective and reproducible protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents. The platform's advanced comparisons can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, allowing researchers to choose the best option for their specific needs. This helps ensure their research is efficient, accurate and successful, leading to better outcomes when using these medications. PubComapre.ai is a valuable tool for anyone studying hypnotics and sedatives.

More about "Hypnotics and Sedatives"

Hypnotics and sedatives are a class of medications used to induce sleep, reduce anxiety, and promote relaxation.
These central nervous system depressants work by calming the brain, resulting in a soothing effect that can benefit individuals with sleep disorders, anxiety, and other conditions requiring sedation.
Closely related terms include anesthetics, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and soporifics.
Abbreviations like CNS depressants or sedative-hypnotics are also commonly used.
Key subtopics include mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, side effects, and addiction potential.
PubCompare.ai is an AI-driven platform that can optimize your research in this area.
Using advanced comparisons, it helps identify the most reproducible and accurate protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents.
This ensures your Hypnotics and Sedatives research is efficient and successful, leading to more reliable outcomes.
For data analysis, tools like SAS 9.4, ALICE 5, SPSS version 24, Stata 11, and Cefazolin can be leveraged.
The latest versions of SAS software and SPSS (version 23.0 for Windows) offer enhanced capabilities for statistical modeling and data visualization related to this pharmaceutical class.
A cohesive, well-designed approach with the right analytical tools can yield more accurate and insightful results.