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Squalene

Squalene is a natural, unsaturated hydrocarbon compound found in the tissues of various organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
It is a precursor to many important biological molecules, including sterols, vitamins, and hormones.
Squalene has been studied for its potential health benefits, including its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cholesterol-lowering properties.
Researchers are actively investigating the use of squalene in a wide range of applications, such as cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals.
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Most cited protocols related to «Squalene»

1
Evaluating Analytical Accuracy of Environmental Samples
Cited 11 times
Typical samples that we anticipate analyzing with the method described in this paper include biological tissue extracts [14 (link)], LDPE passive sampling device extracts deployed in river water [17 (link)], and silicone wristbands that were worn by people [15 (link), 18 (link)]. We evaluated the detection rate and quantitative accuracy and precision of 112 chemicals added to samples representative of typical background matrices. Silicone wristbands tend to have variable and high backgrounds of silicone, fatty acids, and steroidal chemicals (cholesterol, squalene). Five people wore a silicone wristband for 5 days to generate samples with background matrices typical of deployed wristbands. The samples were randomized and no personal information was collected which might be used to identify the participants. Aliquots of the five deployed wristbands were cleaned with C18 solid-phase extraction as described elsewhere [19 (link)]. Both pre- and post-SPE-cleaned wristband samples were evaluated. We also tested the overspike solution in one crayfish extract [14 (link)], one pre-deployment LDPE, one pre-deployment wristband, and four deployed LDPE [17 (link)].
Bergmann A.J., Points G.L., Scott R.P., Wilson G, & Anderson K.A. (2018). Development of quantitative screen for 1550 chemicals with GC-MS. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 410(13), 3101-3110.
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Publication 2018
Astacoidea Biopharmaceuticals Cholesterol Fatty Acids Medical Devices Polyethylene, Low-Density Rivers Silicones Solid Phase Extraction Squalene Steroids Tissue Extracts
2
Doxorubicin and Paclitaxel-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
Cited 6 times

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Publication 2013
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine Bath Cations Dialysis Emulsions Freeze Drying Lipids Mannitol Molar Pharmaceutical Preparations Powder precirol ATO 5 Squalene Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Surfactants Tween 80 Ultrasonics
3
Membrane Formation and Voltage-Clamp Recording
Cited 6 times
Membrane formation was performed as previously described (Qiu et al. 1996). In brief, 20 μl asolectin (1% in pentane) was layered on top of the aqueous solutions in two compartments separated by a Teflon partition. The partition contained a 100–150-μm hole, which was pretreated on each side with ≈4 μl squalene (3% in petroleum ether). For experiments at pH 4.5 or 5.0, a comparable volume of 10 or 15% squalene was used instead, for greater membrane stability. After the solvents evaporated, the lipid layers were raised and lowered as required to form a membrane (Montal 1974).
For most macroscopic experiments, the aqueous solutions contained 100 mM KCl, 5 mM CaCl2, 1 mM EDTA, and an appropriate buffer: 20 mM HEPES, pH 8.0 or 7.2; 20 mM MES, pH 6.2; 100 mM MES, pH 5.0; or 20 mM fumaric acid, pH 4.5. The solutions for single-channel experiments were the same except that 1 M KCl was generally used. In addition, for experiments with unbiotinylated colicin mutants containing a cysteine residue, a reducing agent [5 mM DTT or 10 mM tris(2-carboxyethyl)-phosphine; Pierce Chemical Co.] was generally added. The volume of solution in each compartment was ≈1 ml.
Voltage-clamp recording was done as previously described (Jakes et al. 1990; Qiu et al. 1996), with an OPA102 operational amplifier (Burr Brown Corp.) configured as a current–voltage converter, the membrane voltage supplied by a homemade pulser, and the voltage and current filtered and recorded on a Physiograph chart recorder (Narco Biosystems, Inc.). The voltage is that of the cis compartment, defined as the side to which colicin was added, with respect to that of the opposite trans compartment. In later experiments, the pulser was replaced with a PCI-1200 I/O board (National Instruments) controlled by the Acquire program (X4.0.2; Bruxton Corp.) in a Pentium III computer (Micron Electronics, Inc.); the voltage from the D/A converter was passed through a voltage divider before going to the membrane. The output of the amplifier was boosted 10-fold with a noninverting amplifier and further boosted and low-pass filtered with a variable frequency filter (AP-255-5; A. P. Circuit Corp.) before going to the PCI-1200 for digitization (typically with a 6-ms sampling interval) and recording onto computer disk. The programs Review (X3.0.1; Bruxton Corp.) and Igor Pro (π; WaveMetrics, Inc.) were used for subsequent data analysis. The digitized results were confirmed by the Physiograph.
Colicin was sometimes mixed with a 1% solution of octyl glucoside to increase its channel-forming activity (Bullock and Cohen 1986); however, this was generally not necessary. Octyl glucoside and streptavidin were from Calbiochem-Novabiochem, the antibody to the His-tag was Penta-His mouse mAb (QIAGEN), anti–β-galactosidase mouse mAb was from Promega, and TPCK (l-1-tosylamide-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone)-treated trypsin and soybean trypsin inhibitor were from Worthington Biochemical Corp.
Kienker P.K., Jakes K.S, & Finkelstein A. (2000). Protein Translocation across Planar Bilayers by the Colicin Ia Channel-Forming Domain: Where Will It End?. The Journal of General Physiology, 116(4), 587-598.
Publication 2000
asolectin beta-Galactosidase Buffers Colicin Cysteine Edetic Acid fumaric acid HEPES Immunoglobulins Ketones Lipids Mice, Laboratory naphtha natural heparin pentasaccharide octyl glucoside pentane phosphine Promega Reducing Agents Solvents Soybeans Squalene Streptavidin Teflon Tissue, Membrane Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone Tromethamine Trypsin Trypsin Inhibitors
4
Immunization with Recombinant Antigens
Cited 5 times
Mice were immunized subcutaneously (s.c.) at the base of the tail three times at three-week intervals. Adjuvants were mixed with 5 μg recombinant antigen or 1 μg of HA by vortexing to a final volume of 200 μl for each injection. CAF01 (dose 250 μg/50 μg (DDA/TDB)/200 μl)15 (link), IC31® (dose 100 nmol/4 nmol (KLK/ODN1a)/200 μl)16 (link), GLA-SE (dose 5 μg GLA and 2% v/v squalene in 200 μl)17 (link), Alhydrogel 2.0% (dose 500 μg aluminum content /200 μl)18 (link), MF59® (dose of 100 μl 4.3% w/v squalene, 0.5% w/v Tween 80, 0.5% w/v Span 85 mixed 1:1 with PBS)19 (link). Control mice received three injections of 5 μg recombinant antigen or 1 μg HA in 200 μL PBS, respectively, while negative controls received three injections of sterile PBS (pH 7.4). The study designs for the three disease models are shown in Fig. 1.
Knudsen N.P., Olsen A., Buonsanti C., Follmann F., Zhang Y., Coler R.N., Fox C.B., Meinke A., D´Oro U., Casini D., Bonci A., Billeskov R., De Gregorio E., Rappuoli R., Harandi A.M., Andersen P, & Agger E.M. (2016). Different human vaccine adjuvants promote distinct antigen-independent immunological signatures tailored to different pathogens. Scientific Reports, 6, 19570.
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Publication 2016
Alhydrogel Aluminum Antigens MF59 oil emulsion Mus Pharmaceutical Adjuvants Span 85 Squalene Sterility, Reproductive Tail Tween 80
5
Validation of Gene Expression Profiles
Cited 5 times
To validate the expression profiles of the assembled genes obtained through sequencing data analysis, quantitative real-time (RT-qPCR) was performed for selected genes. Genes associated with biomass degradation processes were selected and are shown in Table S1, together with the primers and annealing temperatures.
Quantification of gene expression was performed by continuously monitoring SYBR Green fluorescence. The reactions were performed in triplicate in a total volume of 6.25 µl. Each reaction included 3.12 µl of SYBR Green Master Mix (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 1.0 µl of direct and reverse primers, 0.5 µL of cDNA and 1.6 µl of water. The reactions were assembled in 384-well plates. PCR amplification-based expression profiling of the selected genes was performed using a gene for squalene-epoxidase as endogenous control. Four genes were tested as endogenous control: genes for actin, beta-tubulin, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and squalene-epoxidase. The last one had the best performance in RT-qPCR analysis, remaining constant in all treatments. The enzyme squalene-epoxidase catalyses the conversion of squalene to 2,3-(S) oxidosqualene, which is an intermediate in the synthesis of the fungal cell membrane component ergosterol. RT-qPCR was conducted in an ABI PRISM 7500 HT (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Gene expression was calculated via the Delta-Delta cycle threshold method [47] (link). All statistical comparisons were done using Student's t test (P<0.05). The obtained RT-qPCR results were in agreement with the RNA expression analyses of the generated assemblies. The same expression profile was observed for the genes encoding GH16, GH10, CE5, and GH5. Figure 1 shows the expression of the selected genes.
Horta M.A., Vicentini R., Delabona P.D., Laborda P., Crucello A., Freitas S., Kuroshu R.M., Polikarpov I., Pradella J.G, & Souza A.P. (2014). Transcriptome Profile of Trichoderma harzianum IOC-3844 Induced by Sugarcane Bagasse. PLoS ONE, 9(2), e88689.
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Publication 2014
Actins Anabolism beta-Tubulin Catalysis Cellular Structures DNA, Complementary Enzymes Ergosterol Fluorescence Gene Expression Genes Genes, vif Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases Oligonucleotide Primers oxidosqualene prisma Squalene Squalene Monooxygenase SYBR Green I Tissue, Membrane Transcription, Genetic

Most recents protocols related to «Squalene»

1
Formulation of Combination Cleanser
Not available on PMC !

Example 70

Heat lauric acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, squalene oil, rosehip oil, lemongrass oil, olive oil, and/or jojoba oil to about 75° C. Then dissolve NaOH in water (or an initial aliquot of water) and heat the solution to about 70° C. To the NaOH solution add glycerin and silk, then add the blend of lauric acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, squalene oil, rosehip oil, lemongrass oil, olive oil, and/or jojoba oil. Allow the mixture to cool. Where applicable, reheat the mixture and add rosehip oil, squalene oil, and/or 2M HCl. Then, where applicable, add an ending aliquot of water and/or olive oil. Finally, add aspen bark and/or sodium anisate to yield the combination cleanser.

US11878070B2. Silk-based moisturizer compositions and methods thereof (2024-01-23). Evolved By Nature, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Gregory H. Altman [US], Dylan S. Haas [US], Kevin T. Healy [US].
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Patent 2024
Glycerin jojoba wax Kidney Cortex lauric acid Myristic Acid Oil, Olive Oleic Acid Rosehips Silk Sodium Squalene stearic acid west indian lemongrass oil
2
MF59-like Adjuvant Immunogenicity Evaluation
MF59-like adjuvant was performed according to a previous report [49 (link)]. The MF59-like adjuvant was an oil-in-water emulsion consisting of squalene (4.3%) in citric acid buffer, Tween 80 (0.5%) and Span 85 (0.5%), which had similar manufacture craft and physicochemical properties to MF59. The RBDβ-HR/trimer protein was mixed with MF59-like adjuvant at a volume ratio of 1:1. Six or five mice were enrolled in three groups at random. Mice received immunization by intramuscular injection on days 0, 21, and 42. Each group of mice was immunized with 100 µL volume of PBS, MF59-like adjuvant, or RBDβ-HR/trimer vaccine (mixed equal volume of MF59-like adjuvant and RBDβ-HR/trimer protein, 10 μg per mice). Pre-immunization blood sample was collected via the ocular veniplex before the prime vaccination and was collected on day 7 and/or day 14 after each vaccination. After standing for 2 h, sera were obtained by centrifuging at 6000 rpm and kept at -80 °C before use.
He C., Chen L., Yang J., Chen Z., Lei H., Hong W., Song X., Yang L., Li J., Wang W., Shen G., Lu G, & Wei X. (2023). Trimeric protein vaccine based on Beta variant elicits robust immune response against BA.4/5-included SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants. Molecular Biomedicine, 4, 9.
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Publication 2023
BLOOD Buffers Citric Acid Emulsions Eye Immunization Intramuscular Injection MF59 oil emulsion Mus Pharmaceutical Adjuvants Proteins Serum Span 85 Squalene Tween 80 Vaccination Vaccines
3
Multivalent SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Formulations
For primary immunization, the mRNA vaccines were SARS-CoV-2 prefusion spike constructs 2 P, GSAS, 2 P/GSAS, 2 P/GSAS/ALAYT, and 6 P/GSAS described in ref. 28 (link), the subunit vaccines were CoV2 preS dTM-AS03 vaccines, where the antigens were produced using the phase-I/-II manufacturing process, 1.3- and 2.6-µg doses, or using an intermediate manufacturing process, 2.4 µg dose.
For the booster, the CoV2 preS dTM derived from the ancestral strain (D614) and the Beta variant were produced using an optimized purification process to ensure a minimum of 90% purity.
The antigens were formulated in monovalent or bivalent formulations with AS03 adjuvant. The CoV2 preS dTM was produced from a Sanofi proprietary cell culture technology based on the insect cell—baculovirus system, referred to as the Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS). The CoV2 preS dTM (ancestral D614) sequence was designed based on the Wuhan YP_009724390.1 strain S sequence, modified with 2 prolines in the S2 region, deletion of the transmembrane region, and addition of the T4 foldon trimerization domain. The CoV2 preS dTM (Beta) was designed based on the Beta (B.1.351) sequence (GISAID Accession EPI_ISL_1048524) and contains the same modifications.
AS03 is a proprietary adjuvant system composed of α-tocopherol, squalene, and polysorbate-80 in an oil-in-water emulsion manufactured by GSK. Vaccine doses were formulated by diluting the appropriate dose of preS dTM with PBS–tween to 250 µL, then mixing with 250 µL of AS03, followed by inversion five times for a final volume of 500 µL. Each dose of AS03 contains 11.86 mg of α-tocopherol, 10.69 mg of squalene, and 4.86 mg of polysorbate-80 (Tween 80) in PBS.
Pavot V., Berry C., Kishko M., Anosova N.G., Li L., Tibbitts T., Huang D., Raillard A., Gautheron S., Gutzeit C., Koutsoukos M., Chicz R.M, & Lecouturier V. (2023). Beta variant COVID-19 protein booster vaccine elicits durable cross-neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants in non-human primates. Nature Communications, 14, 1309.
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Publication 2023
alpha-Tocopherol Antigens AS03 adjuvant Baculoviridae Base Sequence Cell Culture Techniques Cells Cloning Vectors Deletion Mutation Emulsions Immunization Insecta Inversion, Chromosome mRNA Vaccines Pharmaceutical Adjuvants Polysorbate 80 Pressure Proline SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 variant Secondary Immunization Squalene Strains Tween 80 Tweens Vaccines Vaccines, Subunit
4
Soybean Growth Response to Lovastatin
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cv. ‘Wuhei’ (provided by Soybean Germplasm Innovation and Utilization Laboratory, Shanxi Agricultural University) was used in this experiment. The materials used adhere to the relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. LOV treatment was performed as previously reported3 (link). We dissolved 10 mM fresh LOV (Solarbio Science, China) in hydrolysate (0.2% NaOH and 20% ethanol, w/v) and incubated the corresponding hydrolysate at 65 °C for 1.5 h to hydrolyze the lactone ring. After that, it was stored at 4 °C after being filter sterilized with a filter membrane (0.22 μm). During the experiment, LOV stock solutions were added into MS medium and diluted to create the final working solution concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 µM. The control samples were merely treated with water distillate. ‘Wuhei’ seeds were sterilized and germinated in the dark at 25 °C. Germinating seeds with similar growth sizes were moved to MS medium having different LOV concentrations and grew at 25 ℃ for 16-h-light/8-h-dark cycle conditions. Each bottle planted 3 soybean seedlings. For each treatment, three replicates of 20 bottles (60 plantlets) were conducted. After 25 days, the soybean seedlings were harvested for phenotype observation, including plant height, plant weight (fresh weight, FW), root–shoot ratio, primary root length, root weight (FW), number of lateral roots, and lateral root length distribution. Then, some of the seedlings from each treatment were taken to make tissue sections. The remaining seedlings were divided into three groups. Fresh leaves from the first group were taken for determination of chlorophyll content. The second group was dried in a freeze dryer for 48 h to a constant weight for analyzing the content of isoprenoids, including squalene, sterols, soyasapogenol and tocopherols. We froze the last group in liquid nitrogen and kept it at − 80 ℃ to study the related genes’ expression.
Wang S., Feng Y., Lou Y., Niu J., Yin C., Zhao J., Du W, & Yue A. (2023). 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase genes from Glycine max regulate plant growth and isoprenoid biosynthesis. Scientific Reports, 13, 3902.
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Publication 2023
Chlorophyll Desiccation Ethanol Freezing Gene Expression Hartnup Disease Isoprenoids Lactones Nitrogen Phenotype Phytosterols Plant Embryos Plant Roots Plants Seedlings Soybeans Squalene Tissue, Membrane Tissues Tocopherol
5
Quantification of Squalene, Sterols, and Tocopherols
The analysis of squalene and sterols (including cholesterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, and β-sitosterol) was based on Slavin et al.66 (link). 0.2 g freeze-dried sample was extracted and saponified. The contents of sterols and squalene were analyzed by HPLC using 100% methanol mobile phases. As previously described, the UV absorption was monitored at 204 nm and the solvent flow rate was set at 1.0 mL∙min−1. Sui et al.’s67 (link) extraction method was used to extract the tocopherols (α-tocopherol, ϒ-tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol). Specifically, 0.1 g lyophilized sample and 0.125 g ascorbic acid were extracted with ethanol and n-hexane, and dried using a stream of nitrogen at room temperature. The extract was redissolved in methanol for HPLC detection. As described, 100% methanol was used as the mobile phase, whose flow rate was 1.0 mL∙min−1. UV absorption was monitored at 295 nm.
Wang S., Feng Y., Lou Y., Niu J., Yin C., Zhao J., Du W, & Yue A. (2023). 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase genes from Glycine max regulate plant growth and isoprenoid biosynthesis. Scientific Reports, 13, 3902.
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Publication 2023
alpha-Tocopherol Ascorbic Acid campesterol Cholesterol delta-tocopherol Ethanol Freezing High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Methanol n-hexane Nitrogen NM 295 Phytosterols sitosterol Solvents Squalene Stigmasterol Tocopherol Vitamin E

Top products related to «Squalene»

1
Squalene by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, China, Spain, Japan, Italy
Squalene is a natural organic compound that is widely used in laboratory settings as a component in various types of lab equipment. It functions as a key ingredient in the formulation of various substances used in scientific research and testing. Squalene is derived from natural sources and is a commonly used material in the manufacture of specialized laboratory equipment and consumables.
2
Addavax by InvivoGen
Sourced in United States, France, Denmark
AddaVax is a squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant. It is designed to enhance the immune response to vaccines.
3
Tween 80 by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, India, Italy, France, Sao Tome and Principe, Spain, Poland, China, Belgium, Brazil, Switzerland, Canada, Australia, Macao, Ireland, Chile, Pakistan, Japan, Denmark, Malaysia, Indonesia, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Bangladesh, Croatia, Mexico, Portugal, Austria, Puerto Rico, Czechia
Tween 80 is a non-ionic surfactant and emulsifier. It is a viscous, yellow liquid that is commonly used in laboratory settings to solubilize and stabilize various compounds and formulations.
4
β sitosterol by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Australia, Italy, France, Japan
β-sitosterol is a phytosterol compound commonly found in plants. It is a naturally occurring sterol that is structurally similar to cholesterol. β-sitosterol is often used as a reference standard in analytical applications.
5
Campesterol by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Australia, Italy, France
Campesterol is a plant sterol compound found in various plant sources. It is a natural component that can be isolated and used as a reference standard or analytical tool in laboratory settings.
6
α tocopherol by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy, China, France, Mexico, Australia, Macao, Japan, New Zealand, Canada, Malaysia, Singapore, Sao Tome and Principe, Poland, Spain, United Kingdom, Chile
α-tocopherol is a chemical compound that functions as a natural antioxidant. It is a type of vitamin E found in various plant oils and other food sources.
7
Cholesterol by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, India, Japan, Sao Tome and Principe, China, France, Spain, Canada, Switzerland, Italy, Australia, Israel, Brazil, Belgium, Poland, Hungary, Macao
Cholesterol is a lab equipment product that measures the concentration of cholesterol in a given sample. It provides quantitative analysis of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels.
8
Stigmasterol by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Australia, Spain, United Kingdom, Italy, France
Stigmasterol is a plant-derived sterol compound commonly used as a reference standard and analytical tool in laboratory settings. It serves as a key component in various analytical techniques, such as chromatography and spectroscopy, to identify and quantify similar sterol compounds in samples. Stigmasterol's core function is to provide a reliable and well-characterized reference point for the analysis and identification of other sterols in research and testing applications.
9
Methanol by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States, Italy, India, United Kingdom, China, France, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, Sao Tome and Principe, Brazil, Ireland, Japan, Belgium, Portugal, Singapore, Macao, Malaysia, Czechia, Mexico, Indonesia, Chile, Denmark, Sweden, Bulgaria, Netherlands, Finland, Hungary, Austria, Israel, Norway, Egypt, Argentina, Greece, Kenya, Thailand, Pakistan
Methanol is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid that is widely used in various industrial and laboratory applications. It serves as a solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate. Methanol has a simple chemical formula of CH3OH and a boiling point of 64.7°C. It is a versatile compound that is widely used in the production of other chemicals, as well as in the fuel industry.
10
Acetonitrile by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States, Italy, India, China, United Kingdom, France, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, Brazil, Sao Tome and Principe, Ireland, Belgium, Macao, Japan, Singapore, Mexico, Austria, Czechia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Egypt, Denmark, Chile, Malaysia, Israel, Croatia, Portugal, New Zealand, Romania, Norway, Sweden, Indonesia
Acetonitrile is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid. It is a commonly used solvent in various analytical and chemical applications, including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and other laboratory procedures. Acetonitrile is known for its high polarity and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds.

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