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Most cited protocols related to «Xenon»

High-Resolution Intracellular Ca2+ Imaging

Cited 58 times

Cultured cells were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) 2 or 3 days before imaging. Jurkat T cells were electroporated using a MicroPorator (MP-100, Digital Bio) 1 day before imaging. For cytosolic Ca²⁺ imaging using fura-2, cells were loaded with 5 μM fura-2 AM (Molecular Probes, USA) at room temperature (22–24 °C) for 40–60 min in 0.1% BSA-supplemented physiological salt solution (PSS) containing (in mM) 150 NaCl, 4 KCl, 2 CaCl₂, 1 MgCl₂, 5.6 glucose and 25 HEPES (pH 7.4). Before imaging, the loading solution was replaced with PSS without BSA.
The images were captured using an inverted microscope (IX81, Olympus, Japan) equipped with a × 20 objective (numerical aperture (NA)=0.75, UPlanSApo, Olympus) or a × 40 objective (NA 0.90, UApo/340, Olympus), an electron-multiplying cooled-coupled device (EM-CCD) camera (ImagEM, Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan), a filter wheel (Lambda 10-3, Sutter Instrument, USA), a xenon lamp (ebx75) and a metal halide lamp (EL6000, Leica, Germany) at a rate of one frame per 2 or 3 s with the following excitation/emission filter settings: 472±15 nm/520±17.5 nm for G-GECO1.1, CEPIA1er, G-CEPIA1er, CEPIA2–4mt and EYFP-er; 562±20 nm/641±37.5 nm for R-GECO1, R-CEPIA1er and mCherry-STIM1; 377±25 nm/466±20 nm and 377±25 nm/520±17.5 nm for GEM-GECO1 and GEM-CEPIA1er; 340±13 nm/510±42 nm and 365±6 nm/510±42 nm for fura-2; 440±10.5 nm/480±15 nm and 440±10.5 nm/535±13 nm for D1ER19 (link)20 (link). For analysis of the ratiometric indicators, we calculated the fluorescence ratio (F₄₆₆/F₅₂₀ for GEM-GECO1 and GEM-CEPIA1er; F₃₄₀/F₃₆₅ for fura-2; F₅₃₅/F₄₈₀ for D1ER). Photobleaching was corrected for using a linear fit to the fluorescence intensity change before agonist stimulation. All images were analysed with ImageJ software.
To image subcellular ER Ca²⁺ dynamics during agonist-induced Ca²⁺ wave formation, we imaged HeLa cells expressing either G-CEPIA1er or R-CEPIA1er. Images were captured at a rate of one frame per 30–100 ms using a × 60 objective (NA 1.45, PlanApo TIRF, Olympus) and the metal halide lamp or an LED lamp (pE-100, CoolLED, UK). To evaluate Ca²⁺ wave velocity in the ER and cytosol, images were normalized by the resting intensity, and a linear region of interest (ROI) was defined along the direction of wave propagation. A line-scan image was created by averaging 30 adjacent linear ROIs parallel to the original ROI, and time derivative was obtained to detect the time point that showed maximal change during the scan duration. Then, the time points were plotted against the pixel, and the wave velocity was estimated by the slope of the least-squares regression line.
For mitochondrial Ca²⁺ imaging with ER and cytosolic Ca²⁺, mitochondrial inner membrane potential or mitochondrial pH at subcellular resolution, we imaged HeLa cells with a confocal microscope (TCS SP8, Leica) equipped with a × 63 objective (NA 1.40, HC PL APO, Leica) at a rate of one frame per 2 or 3 s with the following excitation/emission spectra: R-GECO1mt (552 nm/560–800nm), G-CEPIA1er (488 nm/500–550 nm) and GEM-GECO1 (405 nm/500–550 nm); GEM-GECO1mt (405 nm/500–550 nm), JC-1 (488 nm/500–550 nm and 488 nm/560–800nm); R-GECO1mt (552 nm/560–800nm), SypHer-dmito (405 nm/500–550 nm and 488 nm/500–550 nm). For analysis of JC-1 and SypHer-dmito, we calculated the fluorescence ratio (488 nm/560–800 nm over 488 nm/500–550 nm for JC-1 (ref. 55 (link)); 488 nm/500–550 nm over 405 nm/500–550 nm for SypHer-dmito62 (link)).
To perform in situ Ca²⁺ titration of CEPIA, we permeabilized the plasma membrane of HeLa cells with 150 μM β-escin (Nacalai Tesque, Japan) in a solution containing (in mM) 140 KCl, 10 NaCl, 1 MgCl₂ and 20 HEPES (pH 7.2). After 4 min treatment with β-escin, we applied various Ca²⁺ concentrations in the presence of 3 μM ionomycin and 3 μM thapsigargin, and estimated the maximum and minimum fluorescent intensity (R_max and R_min), dynamic range (R_max/R_min), K_d and n.
For the estimation of [Ca²⁺]_ER based on the ratiometric measurement using GEM-CEPIA1er (Figs 1e,f and 5b and Supplementary Fig. 5f), [Ca²⁺]_ER was obtained by the following equation:

where R=(F at 466 nm)/(F at 510 nm), n=1.37 and K_d=558 μM.
To evaluate pH-dependent change of EYFP-er fluorescence (Supplementary Fig. 4a–d), we stimulated HeLa cells expressing EYFP-er in a PSS (adjusted to pH 6.8) containing monensin (10 μM, Wako) and nigericin (10 μM, Wako). Subsequently, the cells were alkalinized with a solution containing (in mM) 120 NaCl, 30 NH₄Cl, 4 KCl, 2 CaCl₂, 1 MgCl₂, 5 HEPES and 5.6 Glucose (pH 7.4)67 (link).

Suzuki J., Kanemaru K., Ishii K., Ohkura M., Okubo Y, & Iino M. (2014). Imaging intraorganellar Ca2+ at subcellular resolution using CEPIA. Nature Communications, 5, 4153.

Publication 2014

Aftercare Cells Cultured Cells Cytosol Electrons Escin Fingers Fluorescence Fura-2 fura-2-am Glucose HeLa Cells HEPES Ionomycin Jurkat Cells lipofectamine 2000 Magnesium Chloride Medical Devices Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial Metals Microscopy Microscopy, Confocal Mitochondria Molecular Probes Monensin Nigericin physiology Plasma Radionuclide Imaging Reading Frames Reproduction Sodium Chloride STIM1 protein, human Thapsigargin Titrimetry Xenon

Single-Cell Electrophysiology of Mouse Retinal Photoreceptors

Cited 31 times

Mice were killed, the eyes enucleated, and whole retinas removed from eye cups under infra-red illumination. Small pieces of retina were dissected in a drop of chilled Locke's solution (112.5 mM NaCl, 3.6 mM KCl, 2.4 mM MgCl₂, 1.2 mM CaCl₂, 10 mM HEPES, 0.02 mM EDTA, 20 mM NaHCO₃, 3 mM Na₂-succinate, 0.5 mM Na-glutamate, 10 mM glucose), and placed into a recording chamber. The chamber was continuously refreshed with Locke's solution, pH 7.4, equilibrated with 95% O₂/5% CO₂, and maintained at 35–37°C with a heating system designed for microscopy (ALA Scientific). Using silanized suction pipettes, we recorded from photoreceptors embedded in 50–100-μm diameter slices of retina exclusively in the “OS out” configuration (Nikonov et al., 2005 (link)); in this effort several nuclei and conjoined “inner segment” tissue were intentionally drawn into the pipette. Once the tissue was drawn into the pipette, responses were evoked with calibrated flashes of light delivered under control of a customized LabView (National Instruments) interface. The optical system in the configuration used for these experiments has two stimulation channels: the light source in one channel is a tungsten-halogen lamp, and in the second a xenon flash lamp that delivers ∼20-μs pulses. Experiments with WT mouse retinal slices required the use of steady illumination to suppress rod activity, and the tungsten-halogen channel was employed for this purpose.
The “inner segment” limb of the rod and cone circulating current is an outward membrane current, carried primarily by K⁺ channels; light responses recorded from inner segment membranes are thus recorded by the amplifier as negative-going, resulting from the suppression of the outward membrane current as the cell hyperpolarizes toward the K⁺ reversal potential. Here we will present all photocurrent responses in the conventional manner as positive-going. However, the actual sign (and direction) of the recorded membrane currents will be referred to as needed.
As the expression of mouse M-cone opsin in mice varies in a dorso-ventral gradient (Applebury et al., 2000 (link)), we developed a method that allows the dorsal or ventral region of the retina to be dissected under infrared illumination and used for suction pipette recordings (Nikonov et al., 2005 (link)). This method has played a critical role in the complete characterization of cone function in the WT mouse.

Nikonov S.S., Kholodenko R., Lem J, & Pugh EN J.r. (2006). Physiological Features of the S- and M-cone Photoreceptors of Wild-type Mice from Single-cell Recordings. The Journal of General Physiology, 127(4), 359-374.

Publication 2006

Bicarbonate, Sodium Cell Nucleus Cells Cone Opsins Edetic Acid Glucose Glutamate Halogens HEPES Infrared Rays Light Locke's solution Magnesium Chloride Microscopy Mus Photoreceptor Cells Pulses Retina Retinal Cone Rod Cell Inner Segment Sodium Chloride Succinate Suction Drainage Tissue, Membrane Tissues Tungsten Xenon

Imaging Actin Dynamics in Hippocampal Neurons

Cited 21 times

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2010

Actins Arecaceae Clathrin Cloning Vectors F-Actin lipofectamine 2000 Neurons Radius Rattus norvegicus Reading Frames Sapphire Transfection Xenon

Holographic Microscope for Targeted Photolysis

Cited 18 times

The holographic microscope (Fig. 1a) was mounted around a commercial epi-fluorescence upright microscope (Olympus BX50WI). As a source for uncaging laser we used a 405nm diode laser (CUBE 405−50, Coherent).
The output beam was expanded (25x) to match the input window of a PALM-SLM (PPM X8267, Hamamatsu) which operates in reflection mode. A 4f telescope (L1 = 750mm, L2 = 300mm) was used to image via a dichroic mirror (DM) (Chroma Technology 425DCXR) the plane of the SLM to the rear aperture of the objective (LUMPLFL60XW/IR). The main source of power loss with an SLM device is related to the portion of un-diffracted light that forms an unwanted central spot (zero order) in the excitation field and to the light diffracted into higher orders (about 40% in total). The diffracted beam was spatially displaced from the zero order spot by introducing a phase grating in the hologram. The zero order spot, the higher orders and the ghost image were eliminated by placing a beam blocker and a diaphragm in the intermediate Fourier plane. This reduced the excitation field to a square of approximately 50×50µm2 (link). Alexa 594 was excited with a 75-W Xenon arc source coupled to a monochromator (Optoscan, Cairn Research) (centre-wavelength at 540nm, slit width 30nm) and imaged using an emission filter Chroma Technology HQ 600/40M. The laser intensity and duration were controlled using a 1MHz Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) (National Instruments 6713), whose output clock was linked to the clock of the Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC), in order to synchronize the illumination pulse and voltage-clamp acquisition. Sample fluorescence was captured on a CCD camera (CoolSNAP HQ2, Roper Scientific), at the upper port of the microscope. For the experiments on cerebellum slices a similar setup was integrated into a modified photolysis system (Prairie Technologies, WI, USA) on an upright microscope (Nikon) equipped with a 100x water immersion objective (Nikon, Plan 1.1 NA) and a 405 nm diode laser (Deep Star, Omicron, Germany). For a description of preparation of brain slices, recording conditions and data analysis see Supplementary Method online.

Lutz C., Otis T.S., DeSars V., Charpak S., DiGregorio D.A, & Emiliani V. (2008). Holographic photolysis of caged neurotransmitters. Nature methods, 5(9), 821-827.

Publication 2008

Alexa594 Arecaceae Brain Cerebellum Fluorescence Holography Lasers, Semiconductor Light Medical Devices Microscopy Microscopy, Fluorescence Photolysis Pulse Rate Red Cell Ghost Reflex Submersion Telescopes Vaginal Diaphragm Xenon

Optimized Setup for BioLector Measurements

Cited 17 times

As the measurement device, the same setup like that formerly reported by Samorski et al. [21 (link)] was applied with only few but influential changes referring to signal qualities. The major change was varying the distance between the optical light fiber and the microtiter plate bottom as well as the tilting angle. The distance of the optical light fiber to the microtiter plate bottom was reduced from 7 mm to 4 mm, and the tilting angle was increased from 23° to 35°. This adjustment mainly reduced the back scattering of light from internal reflections within the wells, thus stabilizing the measurement signals. Moreover, the flashes of the xenon flash lamp during one measurement were reduced from 200 to 50 flashes to improve the life-time of the lamp. The biomass concentrations were measured via scattered light at 620 nm excitation without an emission filter. The GFP concentrations were monitored through an excitation filter of 485 nm and an emission filter of 520 nm. Furthermore, NADH was monitored by an excitation of 340 nm and an emission of 460 nm. The FbFP preferred an excitation of 460 nm and an emission of 520 nm. The sensitivity of the photomultiplier (Gain) was adapted to the different measurement tasks and, therefore, different signal intensities were obtained. The entire device was called "BioLector" in the following text to facilitate referencing of the measurement device. The BioLector holds a data reproducibility of smaller than 5% standard deviation, when cultivating the same clone in the same medium on a microtiter plate. Due to small standard deviation and the high information content, error bars in the figures were omitted.
The pH was measured by adding a sterile solution of HPTS (8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt, part number: 56360, Fluka, Germany) to TB medium before inoculation with cells. The soluble fluorescent pH indicator was applied in a final concentration of 20 mg/L in the fermentation media. This indicator was excited by filtered xenon light with a wavelength of 410 nm and 460 nm and the emission was detected for both excitation wavelengths at 510 nm. The pH value could be derived from a calibration with buffers in which the same concentration of HPTS (20 mg/L) as in the culture medium was added. Buffers ranging from pH 4.0 to 9.0 and having an ionic strength of 120 mM (20 mM buffer and 100 mM NaCl) were applied to calibrate the measurement device. For each buffer condition, the intensity ratio I_Rwas calculated as follows:

After determining I_Rfor the different buffers, the pH values were correlated with the Boltzmann equation [25 (link)] as follows:

The calibration parameters pH_O, dpH, I_{R, min}and I_{R, max}were calculated with an Excel sheet by using the implied Solver function, determining the least square root of the function (2).
The experiments were exclusively carried out with black standard round 96 well microtiter plates with an optical bottom from Greiner Bio-One, Germany (μclear, part number: 655087), that were covered with a gas permeable membrane from Abgene, UK (part number: AB-0718). If not otherwise specified, the experiments were conducted with 200 μL working volume of culture or medium and normally 995 rpm shaking frequency (shaking diameter of 3 mm). At this operation condition a k_La value of 150 1/h was achieved [10 (link)].

Kensy F., Zang E., Faulhammer C., Tan R.K, & Büchs J. (2009). Validation of a high-throughput fermentation system based on online monitoring of biomass and fluorescence in continuously shaken microtiter plates. Microbial Cell Factories, 8, 31.

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Publication 2009

Acids Buffers Cell Membrane Permeability Cells Clone Cells Fermentation Hypersensitivity Light Medical Devices NADH Plant Roots Reflex Sodium Chloride Sterility, Reproductive Vaccination Xenon

Most recents protocols related to «Xenon»

Lightfastness Evaluation of Hydrolysis Resistant Polyester Films

Not available on PMC !

Example 5

The lightfastness of the dyed hydrolysis resistant polyester films of the present disclosure was determined by using the accelerated weathering tester of Atlas UV test and Xenon Arc Weatherometer (atlas company). The films were exposed continuously to alternate cycles of light and dark; and monitored for changes.

The films are found to withstand exposure for more than 2000 hours.

US11859060B2. Process for dyeing a hydrolysis resistant polyester film (2024-01-02). GARWARE HI-TECH FILMS LIMITED [IN]. Inventors: Shashikant Bhalchandra Garware [IN], Monika Shashikant Garware [IN], Sonja Shashikant Garware [IN], Sarita Garware Ramsay [IN].

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Patent 2024

Hydrolysis Light Polyesters Xenon

Photocatalytic Degradation and Reduction

The photocatalytic behaviour was investigated by the oxidation of methylene blue and reduction of Cr(VI). The photocatalytic performance was evaluated under simulated solar light using a 300 W Xe lamp (a high-pressure 150 W xenon lamp, LOT – QuantumDesign GmbH equipped with the AM1.5G filter). The intensity of the incident light that reaches the surface of the investigated solution was equal to 100 mWcm⁻² (measured using a Coherentâ FieldMate Laser Power Meter). In a typical test, 20 mg of catalyst was placed in a 50 mL aqueous pollutant solution. The concentration of MB and Cr(VI) was 1·10^–5 M. Before irradiation, the suspension was vigorously stirred in the dark for 30 min to reach desorption-adsorption equilibrium. The change in MB and Cr(VI) concentration was monitored by its absorption at 665 nm and 351 nm, respectively, from the UV–Vis (Spektrofotometr UV5100) spectra of the solution, using distilled water as a reference. A total of 0.75 ml of suspension was collected and centrifuged before UV‒Vis measurement. In the case of Cr(VI) photoreduction, the process was conducted in acidified (pH = 3) solutions.
To study the reusability of the prepared photocatalysts, the cycle experiment was repeated 4 times for the photodegradation of methylene blue. After each photodegradation test, the catalyst was collected by centrifugation, dried under natural conditions and used for the next degradation experiment. Moreover, to indicate the role of hydroxyl radicals (·OH), (h +) holes and superoxide radicals (·O2-) in the process of MB degradation, experiments were performed in the presence of appropriate scavengers: t-butanol (TBA), ammonium oxalate (AO) and benzoquinone (BQ). The concentration of each scavenger was equal to 1 mM.

Nadolska M., Szkoda M., Trzciński K., Ryl J., Lewkowicz A., Sadowska K., Smalc-Koziorowska J, & Prześniak-Welenc M. (2023). New light on the photocatalytic performance of NH4V4O10 and its composite with rGO. Scientific Reports, 13, 3946.

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Publication 2023

1,4-benzoquinone Adsorption Ammonium Oxalate blue 4 carbene Centrifugation Environmental Pollutants Gas Scavengers Hydroxyl Radical Light Methylene Blue Photodegradation Pressure Radiotherapy Superoxides tert-Butyl Alcohol Xenon

Photochemical Stability of Thionine-Conjugated Fabrics

The thionine-conjugated TC-TA and the four dual-dyed TC-DR-TA, TC-DY-TA, TC-DG-TA and TC-DB-TA fabrics were cut into 3 cm × 3 cm swatches and then illuminated at a vertical distance of 15 cm for 12 h with a xenon lamp (500 W) equipped with a long-pass filter (λ ≥ 420 nm), and these samples are referred to with the suffix ‘B12h’. One control group of fabrics was similarly illuminated but under a humid environment with 1 mL water added to the fabric swatch every 2 h for 12 h, referred to with the suffix ‘HB12h’. Another control group of fabrics was illuminated under a commercially available LED light (white light, 10 W) at a vertical distance of 18 cm for 5 days without any other light sources, and is referred with a suffix ‘LED’.

Jiang C., Dejarnette S., Chen W., Scholle F., Wang Q, & Ghiladi R.A. (2023). Color-variable dual-dyed photodynamic antimicrobial polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/cotton blended fabrics. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences.

Publication 2023

Light thionine Xenon

Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria

Photodynamic inactivation studies employing the above bacteria were performed in triplicate as previously described [24 (link), 25 (link), 27 (link), 35 (link), 37 (link)]. Briefly, three fabric samples (1 × 1 cm, ∼40 mg) were individually placed into adjacent wells of two identically prepared 24-well plates. A 100 μL PBS aliquot containing 10⁷–10⁹ CFU/mL of bacteria was added to each of the three wells per plate. The 24-well plate was illuminated at a distance of 12 cm for a defined time period with a xenon lamp (500 W) equipped with a long-pass filter (λ ≥ 420 nm) to provide a light fluence of ~ 65 ± 5 mW/cm², while an identically prepared 24-well plate was kept without illumination as the dark control. Following illumination, 0.9 mL of sterile PBS was added to each well in both the illuminated and the dark control plates, and the plates were manually stirred with a pipet for 10 s to resuspend the bacteria. Each sample well was then 1:10 serially diluted (100 μL in 0.9 mL aliquots of PBS) six times, and 10 μL from each diluted well were separately plated in columns on gridded six column square plates (TS-agar for S. aureus and MRSA; LB-agar for E. coli), followed by overnight dark incubation at 37 °C. A material-free dark control was prepared by aliquotting 100 μL bacterial PBS solution into 0.9 mL sterile PBS, and following the same dilution process. The number of visible colonies on the agar plates was determined by colony counting, and the survival rate was determined by the ratio of CFU/mL of the illuminated plate versus that of the corresponding material-free dark control. The minimum detection limit was 10 CFU/well (based on the plated 10 μL aliquot from the 1 mL undiluted well), and the detection limits of bacterial survival for S. aureus and E. coli were 0.001% and 0.01%, respectively.

Publication 2023

Agar Bacteria Escherichia coli Light Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Sterility, Reproductive Technique, Dilution Xenon

Colorimetric Analysis of Material Specimens

The top surfaces of the specimens always were centered in front of the xenon lamp (light source of spectrophotometer) in the center of a spectrophotometer's tube, so repetitive measurements for each specimen could be taken from the same specimen's region (Figure 2). With the use of a spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States), the color was evaluated based on the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage's 1976 L^∗a^∗b′^∗ color space system at the Ministry of Science and Technology in Baghdad. They were incubated in distilled water in glass containers at a temperature of 37°C for 24 hrs with the use of an incubator after numbering the specimens of each subgroup from 1 to 10 for Deionized, Biofresh, and Sidrazac solution with a marker pencil that could not be removed by solutions. Baseline measurements have been then done for measuring light reflection regarding every one of the specimens through the spectrophotometer at visible wave lengths starting from 400 nm–700 nm at intervals of 10 nm, which is whyfor every one of the specimens, we make thirty-one. The values for X, Y, and Z were collected, and the system was transformed to the CIE color space using the MATLAB 8 (version 8, R2012b, 2012/USA). 3D colorimetric measurements are used by the CIE system: the brightness of a color is represented by L^∗ values, red-green content by a^∗ values, and yellow-blue content by b^∗ values, using the following equations [5 ]:

\begin{matrix} L * = 116 {(\frac{Y}{Y 0})}^{(1 / 3)} - 16, \\ a * = 500 [{(\frac{X}{X 0})}^{(1 / 3)} - {(\frac{Y}{Y 0})}^{(1 / 3)}], \\ b * = 200 [{(\frac{Y}{Y 0})}^{(1 / 3)} - {(\frac{Z}{Z 0})}^{(1 / 3)}] . \end{matrix}

where X, Y, Z tristimulus values previously measured, X0, Y0, Z0X, Y, Z values of a perfect white sample(standard), L∗ CIE Lab L value (lightness in Lab color space), a∗ CIE Lab a value (red-green value), and b∗ CIE Lab b value (yellow-blue value).

Al-Joubori S.K., Al-Mashhadany S.M, & Albo Hassan A.F. (2023). Color Stability of Rhodium-Coated Archwire after Immersion in Mouthwashes. International Journal of Dentistry, 2023, 7259012.

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Publication 2023

Colorimetry Light Reflex Xenon

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Fura-2 AM is a fluorescent calcium indicator used for measuring intracellular calcium levels. It is a cell-permeable derivative of the parent compound Fura-2. Fura-2 AM can be loaded into cells, where intracellular esterases cleave off the acetoxymethyl (AM) ester group, trapping the Fura-2 indicator inside the cell.

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A monochromator is an optical device that selects a specific wavelength or narrow range of wavelengths from a broader spectrum of light. It is a core component in various scientific and analytical instruments used for spectroscopy, fluorescence, and other applications that require monochromatic light.

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The Cary Eclipse is a fluorescence spectrophotometer designed for accurate and sensitive fluorescence measurements. It features a xenon flash lamp, double-monochromator system, and photomultiplier tube detector to provide high-performance fluorescence analysis.

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What is Xenon and how can it be used in research?

Xenon is a rare, dense gas with unique properties that make it useful in a variety of research applications. It is an inert gas, meaning it does not readily react with other elements, which makes it well-suited for use as a tracer or in non-reactive experimental conditions. Xenon has been used in medical imaging, anesthesia, and even as a propellant for spacecraft. PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can help researchers identify the most effective protocols related to Xenon for their specific research goals, by leveraging advanced natural language processing to analyze research methodologies and highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness.

What are some common challenges in using Xenon for research?

One of the main challenges in using Xenon for research is its rarity and relatively high cost compared to other gases. Xenon is also quite dense, which can make it more difficult to work with in some experimental setups. Additionally, the inert nature of Xenon can sometimes pose challenges in terms of achieving the desired reactions or interactions. PubCompare.ai's platform can help researchers overcome these challenges by providing access to a wide range of Xenon-related protocols and highlighting the most effective approaches for their specific research needs.

How can PubCompare.ai assist in the optimal use and comparison of Xenon-related research protocols?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can be extremely helpful for researchers working with Xenon in several ways. First, the platform allows users to screen protocol literature more efficiently, leveraging advanced natural language processing to identify the most relevant and effective protocols. Second, the platform's AI analysis can pinpoint critical insights, helping researchers to understand the key differences in protocol effectiveness and choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy. By providing access to a wide range of Xenon-related protocols and highlighting the most effective approaches, PubCompare.ai can greatly assist researchers in optimizing their use of Xenon and improving the reproducibility of their studies.

Are there different variations or types of Xenon that researchers should be aware of?

Yes, there are a few different variations or isotpes of Xenon that researchers should be aware of. The most common isotope is Xenon-132, but other isotopes like Xenon-129 and Xenon-131 also have important applications. For example, Xenon-129 is used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), while Xenon-131 has applications in nuclear medicine. Researchers need to carefully consider which Xenon isotpe is best suited for their particular experiment or study. PubCompare.ai's platform can help researchers identify the most appropriate Xenon protocols and isotope based on their specific research goals and needs.

What are some specific applications of Xenon in research?

Xenon has a wide range of applications in research, including: - Medical imaging: Xenon can be used as a contrast agent in computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonancse imaging (MRI) scans, providing detailed images of the body. - Anesthesia: Xenon has anesthetic properties and has been used as a safer alternative to traditional anesthetic gases. - Propulsion: Xenon can be used as a propellant in ion thrusters for spacecraft, due to its high atomic mass and low reactivity. - Lighting: Xenon gas-filled lamps are used in movie projectors, automobile headlights, and other high-intensity lighting applications. - Research experiments: Xenon's unique properties make it useful for a variety of experimental applications, such as studying the properties of other gases or testing the performance of materials.

More about "Xenon"

Xenon is a cutting-edge AI-driven platform developed by PubCompare.ai that helps researchers optimize their research protocols and improve the reproducibility of their studies.
This innovative solution leverages advanced natural language processing and machine learning techniques to analyze research methodologies, identify optimal protocols, and facilitate the replication of high-impact studies.
One of the key features of Xenon is its ability to locate the best research protocols from a vast array of sources, including peer-reviewed literature, preprints, and patents.
By performing AI-driven comparisons, Xenon helps users identify the most effective and reliable protocols, boosting their productivity and enhancing the overall quality of their research.
Beyond protocol optimization, Xenon also integrates seamlessly with other powerful tools and technologies used in scientific research, such as Fura-2 AM, S-4800, D8 Advance, Monochromator, Lambda DG-4, Fluorolog-3 spectrofluorometer, MetaFluor software, Cary Eclipse, MATLAB, and FLS980.
This integration allows researchers to streamline their workflows and access a comprehensive suite of resources to support their work.
By harnessing the power of AI and leveraging a wealth of research data, Xenon empowers scientists to take their research to new heights.
Whether you're a seasoned researcher or just starting your scientific journey, Xenon is a must-have tool that can help you optimize your research protocols, improve reproducibility, and unlock new discoveries.