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Hypodermic Needles

Hypodermic needles are small, hollow tubes used to inject or withdraw fluids from the body.
These needles are typically made of stainless steel and are designed to be inserted under the skin, delivering medications, vaccines, or other substances directly into the subcutaneous tissue.
Hypodermic needles come in a variety of sizes and shapes to accommodate different medical procedures and patient needs.
Their precise and reliable use is crucial for ensuring the safety and efficacy of intradermal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular injections.
Resreach on hypodermic needles focuses on optimizing their design, materials, and usage protocols to enhance reproducibility, accuracy, and patient comfort.

Most cited protocols related to «Hypodermic Needles»

1
Isolation of Murine Cardiac Myocytes
A schematic overview of the myocyte isolation procedure is shown in Figure 2. An expanded description of the procedure, accompanied with images and videos, and complete materials list is available in the Online Data Supplement, alongside full details of additional methods applied in this study (Appendix A-ix). All animal work was undertaken in accordance with Singapore National Advisory Committee for Laboratory Animal Research guidelines. Relevant national and institutional guidelines and regulations must be consulted before commencement of all animal work.
Buffers and media were prepared as detailed in Appendix D. EDTA, perfusion, and collagenase buffers were apportioned into sterile 10 mL syringes, and sterile 27 G hypodermic needles were attached (Online Figure IA).
C57/BL6J mice aged 8 to 12 weeks were anesthetized, and the chest was opened to expose the heart. Descending aorta was cut, and the heart was immediately flushed by injection of 7 mL EDTA buffer into the right ventricle. Ascending aorta was clamped using Reynolds forceps, and the heart was transferred to a 60-mm dish containing fresh EDTA buffer. Digestion was achieved by sequential injection of 10 mL EDTA buffer, 3 mL perfusion buffer, and 30 to 50 mL collagenase buffer into the left ventricle (LV). Constituent chambers (atria, LV, and right ventricle) were then separated and gently pulled into 1-mm pieces using forceps. Cellular dissociation was completed by gentle trituration, and enzyme activity was inhibited by addition of 5 mL stop buffer.
Cell suspension was passed through a 100-μm filter, and cells underwent 4 sequential rounds of gravity settling, using 3 intermediate calcium reintroduction buffers to gradually restore calcium concentration to physiological levels. The cell pellet in each round was enriched with myocytes and ultimately formed a highly pure myocyte fraction, whereas the supernatant from each round was combined to produce a fraction containing nonmyocyte cardiac populations.
CM yields and percentage of viable rod-shaped cells were quantified using a hemocytometer. Where required, the CMs were resuspended in prewarmed plating media and plated at an applicationdependent density, onto laminin (5 μg/mL) precoated tissue culture plastic or glass coverslips, in a humidified tissue culture incubator (37°C, 5% CO2). After 1 hour, and every 48 hours thereafter, media was changed to fresh, prewarmed culture media.
The cardiac nonmyocyte fraction was collected by centrifugation (300g, 5 minutes), resuspended in fibroblast growth media, and plated on tissue-culture treated plastic, area ≈ 23 cm2 (0.5× 12-well plate) per LV, in a humidified tissue culture incubator. Media was changed after 24 hours and every 48 hours thereafter.
Ackers-Johnson M., Li P.Y., Holmes A.P., O’Brien S.M., Pavlovic D, & Foo R.S. (2016). A Simplified, Langendorff-Free Method for Concomitant Isolation of Viable Cardiac Myocytes and Nonmyocytes From the Adult Mouse Heart. Circulation research, 119(8), 909-920.
Publication 2016
Animals Animals, Laboratory Ascending Aorta Buffers Calcium Centrifugation Chest Collagenase Culture Media Descending Aorta Dietary Supplements Digestion Edetic Acid enzyme activity Fibroblasts Forceps Gravity Heart Heart Atrium Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hypodermic Needles isolation Laminin Left Ventricles Mus Muscle Cells Perfusion physiology Population Group Retreatments Rod Photoreceptors Sterility, Reproductive Syringes Tissues Ventricles, Right
2
Transgenic Mouse Models for Prion Disease Research
The tg650 transgenic mouse line over expresses human PrP M129 at a 6-fold level on a mouse PrP null background [35] (link). The tg340 mouse line expressing about 4-fold level of human PrP M129 on a mouse PrP null background has been generated following the same procedure previously described for the generation of other transgenic mouse line expressing different species PrP [51] (link). The details of this procedure are described below. Tg110 and tg540 mouse lines expresses bovine PrP at levels approximately 8-fold that in cattle brain [51] (link), [52] (link).
All inocula were prepared from brain tissues as 10% (w/v) homogenates. Individually identified 6–10 week-old mice were anesthetized and inoculated with 2 mg of brain homogenate in the right parietal lobe using a 25-gauge disposable hypodermic needle. Mice were observed daily and the neurological status was assessed weekly. When progression of a TSE disease was evident or at the end of lifespan, animals were euthanized because of ethical reasons. Once euthanized, necropsy was performed and brain was taken. A part of the brain was fixed by immersion in 10% formol to quantify spongiform degeneration by histopathology and PK resistant PrP accumulation (PrPres) by immunohistochemistry (IHQ) or histoblotting and the other was frozen at −20°C to determine presence of PrPres by Western blot (WB). In all cases, survival time and attack rate were calculated for each isolate. Survival time was expressed as the mean of the survival days post inoculation (d.p.i.) of all the mice scored positive for PrPres, with its correspondent standard error. Attack rate was determined as the proportion of mice scored positive for PrPres from all the mice inoculated. When all mice were scored negative for PrPres, the survival time range was shown. Brain homogenates from PrPres positive mice, when available, were used for further passaging. When all mice were scored negative for PrPres on primary passage, PrPres-negative brain homogenates were used for second passage.
Padilla D., Béringue V., Espinosa J.C., Andreoletti O., Jaumain E., Reine F., Herzog L., Gutierrez-Adan A., Pintado B., Laude H, & Torres J.M. (2011). Sheep and Goat BSE Propagate More Efficiently than Cattle BSE in Human PrP Transgenic Mice. PLoS Pathogens, 7(3), e1001319.
Publication 2011
Animals Autopsy Bos taurus Brain Cattle Disease Progression Formol Freezing Homo sapiens Hypodermic Needles Immunohistochemistry Mice, Laboratory Mice, Transgenic Parietal Lobe Porifera POU3F2 protein, human PrPSc Proteins Submersion Tissues Vaccination Western Blot
3
Intrathecal CPEB Antisense Delivery
The antisense ODN sequence for CPEB, 5’-CATACACCACTCCACCAAATAG-3’ (Invitrogen), was directed against a unique region of the rat mRNA sequence. The corresponding NCBI GeneBank accession number and ODN position within the mRNA-sequence are NM_001106276.1 and 1354 to 1375. The mismatch ODN sequence 5’-AATAGAACACACCACCTGATAC-3’ corresponds to the antisense sequence with 7 bases mismatched (denoted in bold).
ODN was reconstituted in nuclease-free 0.9% NaCl (10 µg/µl) and stored at −20°C until use. For each injection, rats were anesthetized with 2.5% isoflurane. A dose of 40 µg (injection volume 20 µl) of CPEB antisense or mismatch ODN were administered using a 3/10 cc insulin syringe with a 29-gauge ultra fine ½-inch fixed hypodermic needle (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) inserted intrathecally, on the midline between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae, once daily over 3 consecutive days. Using this protocol others and we have previously demonstrated the downregulation of several different proteins including the tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant sodium channel, NaV1.8 (Lai et al., 2002 (link)), PLC β-3 (Joseph et al., 2007 (link)), gp130, a receptor subunit for IL-6 (Summer et al., 2008 (link)) or the mitochondrial fission regulator dynamin-related protein 1 (Ferrari et al., 2011 (link)).
Bogen O., Alessandri-Haber N., Chu C., Gear R.W, & Levine J.D. (2012). Generation of a Pain Memory in the Primary Afferent Nociceptor Triggered by PKCε Activation of CPEB. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(6), 2018-2026.
Publication 2012
DNM1L protein, human Down-Regulation Hypodermic Needles IL6ST protein, human Insulin Interleukin 6 Receptor Isoflurane Mitochondria Normal Saline PLCB3 protein, human Proteins Protein Subunits Rattus RNA, Messenger Sodium Channel Syringes Tetrodotoxin Vertebrae, Lumbar
4
Neonatal Mouse Brain Targeted Gene Delivery
In all oncogene experiments 25% mannitol (20 µl) was injected intraperitoneally immediately prior hypothermia anesthesia and PEI/DNA injection. Neonatal mice were then placed on ice for three minutes to induce anesthesia before being secured in a cooled, “neonatal rat” stereotaxic frame (Stoelting) maintained at 4–8°C by a dry ice/ethanol reservoir. A 10 µl syringe (Hamilton Company) fitted with a 30 gauge hypodermic needle (12.5° bevel, Hamilton Company) attached to a micropump (Stoelting) was used to inject plasmids at a flow rate of 0.7 µl/minute into the right lateral cerebral ventricle. Coordinates for injection were +1.5AP, 0.7ML, and −1.5DV from lambda. PEI/DNA complexes were prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions to achieve N/P ratio of 7 (Polyplus Transfection) (29 (link)). One half to two microliters of PEI/DNA solution was administered at a maximum concentration of 0.5 µg/µl (higher concentrations resulted in precipitation). No incision was made for injection. The skull of a neonate was penetrated with the needle (sharp, beveled needle is critical) for all injections.
Wiesner S.M., Decker S.A., Larson J.D., Ericson K., Forster C., Gallardo J.L., Long C., Demorest Z.L., Zamora E.A., Low W.C., SantaCruz K., Largaespada D.A, & Ohlfest J.R. (2009). De Novo Induction of Genetically Engineered Brain Tumors In Mice Using Plasmid DNA. Cancer research, 69(2), 431-439.
Publication 2009
Anesthesia Cranium Dry Ice Ethanol Hypodermic Needles Infant, Newborn Mannitol Mice, House Needles Oncogenes Plasmids Reading Frames Syringes Transfection Ventricle, Lateral Ventricles, Right
5
Lens Capsular Injury Mouse Model
All animal studies conformed to the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. Animal care and experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines of Ethics Committee in Animal and Human Experimentation of Sun Yat-sen University. Lens capsular injury in mouse eyes were performed as described previously14 (link)19 (link). Briefly, 4 to 6 weeks old C57BL/6J mice were anesthetized generally with intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (70 mg/kg) and topically with dicaine eyedrop. After topical application of mydriatic, a small incision was made in the central anterior capsule of the right eye through the cornea with the blade part of a 26-gauge hypodermic needle. The depth of injury was approximately 300 μm or one-fourth of the length of the blade part of the needle, which has been reported previously to lead to the formation of fibrotic tissue around the capsular wound14 (link)19 (link). The mice were allowed to heal for 3, 5 and 7 days. At different time points, mice were sacrificed and the eyes were enucleated for the following experiments.
For TSA treatment, 1 μl of 1 μM of TSA was injected into the anterior chamber of the eye after injury with a microsyringe (30-gauge, Hamilton), and the mice were healed for 7 days. Equivalent amount of PBS was injected to all control eyes.
Xiao W., Chen X., Li W., Ye S., Wang W., Luo L, & Liu Y. (2015). Quantitative analysis of injury-induced anterior subcapsular cataract in the mouse: a model of lens epithelial cells proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Scientific Reports, 5, 8362.
Publication 2015
Animals Capsule Chambers, Anterior Cornea Dicaine Ethics Committees Eye Eye Drops Fibrosis Hypodermic Needles Injections, Intraperitoneal Injuries Lens Capsule, Crystalline Mice, House Mice, Inbred C57BL Mydriatics Needles Pentobarbital Sodium thymic shared antigen-1 Tissues Vision

Most recents protocols related to «Hypodermic Needles»

1
Fabrication of Fibrous Acetaminophen Dosage Forms
Not available on PMC !

Example 2

Dosage forms B and C were prepared as follows. 20 wt % acetaminophen drug particles were first mixed with the excipient, 80 wt % HPMC of molecular weight 120 kg/mol. The mixture was then combined with a solvent, either DMSO (for preparing dosage form B) or water (for dosage form C). The volume of solvent per mass of excipient was 5.5 ml/g and 3.33 ml/g, respectively, for preparing dosage forms B and C. The drug-excipient-solvent mixture was then extruded through a laboratory extruder to form a uniform viscous paste. The viscous paste was put in a syringe equipped with a hypodermic needle of inner radius, Rn=130 μm (for preparing dosage form B) or Rn 500 μm (for preparing dosage form C). The paste was then extruded through the needle and patterned as a fibrous dosage form with cross-ply arrangement of fibers. The nominal inter-fiber distance in a ply was uniform and equal to 730 μm (for preparing dosage form B) or 2800 μm (for preparing dosage form C). During and after patterning, warm air at a temperature of 60° C. and a velocity of about 2.3 m/s was blown over the fibrous dosage forms for a time, tdry˜40 minutes, to evaporate the solvent and freeze the structure. The process parameters to prepare the dosage forms are summarized in Table 1. After drying, the structure was trimmed to a square disk shaped dosage form of side length, L0˜8 mm. The thickness, H0, of the dosage forms B and C was about 3 mm.

Single fibers B and C were prepared as dosage forms B and C, but without structuring the fibrous extrudate to a dosage form.

TABLE1
Process parameters to prepare the single fibers and fibrous dosage forms.
v'sRnλntdry
solvent(ml/g)(μm)(μm)Rn/λn(min)
ADMSO0.90130 7300.1835
BDMSO5.50130 7300.1840
Cwater3.3350028000.1840
v's : volume of solvent/ mass of excipient,
Rn: inner radius of needle,
λn: nominal inter-fiber spacing,
td: drying time.
The microstructural parameters of dry dosage forms differ from the nominal parameters because the dosage form shrinks during drying (Table 2, later). In all formulations the drug weight fraction in the drug-excipient mixture was 0.2.

US11865216B2. Expandable structured dosage form for immediate drug delivery (2024-01-09). None [US]. Inventors: Aron H. Blaesi [US], Nannaji Saka [US].
Patent 2024
Acetaminophen Cocaine Dosage Forms Excipients Fibrosis Freezing Hypodermic Needles Needles Pastes Pharmaceutical Preparations Radius Solvents Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Syringes Viscosity
2
Synthesis and Characterization of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Monoliths
The MF precondensate prepared as described
above was used to synthesize both imprinted (MIPs) and nonimprinted
(NIPs) monolithic MF polymers by the one-pot synthesis route shown
in Figure 1b. In this
procedure, the MF precondensate (780 μL) was mixed with NIP
or MIP porogen solution (600 μL) and formic acid (35 μL)
in a 2 mL GC glass vial, then ultrasonically agitated as above to
prepare homogeneous solutions. The sonicated vials were capped with
PTFE-lined septa, shaken vigorously, and given an additional 30 s
ultrasonic treatment. Pretreated capillaries C3 cut into
50 cm long pieces were then filled with the MF precursor solution
by inserting one end through the pre-pierced septa of the precursor-containing
vial and the other end likewise into an empty septum-capped vial.
Slight N2 overpressure applied to the vial containing the
precursor solutions caused a slow flow, keeping the capillary inlet
submerged so that gas bubbles did not enter into the capillary. After
several drops of precursor solution had exited from the capillary
outlet, N2 pressure was released by piercing the septum
of the pressurized vial by a hypodermic needle. The filled capillary
was thereafter withdrawn from both vials and capped by piercing the
ends into silicone GC septa. Both the capped capillaries and the left-over
solutions in the source vials were transferred to a Binder ED53 convective
oven (Tuttlingen, Germany) where polymerization took place under static
conditions for 4 h at 80 °C. The capillaries were thereafter
allowed to cool to ambient temperature.
The polymerized capillaries
were detached from the septa and cut into monolith columns of 70 mm
length. The glass vials were disintegrated with minimal force to render
the bulk monolithic materials formed therein as intact as possible,
then parting it into roughly cubiform pieces with 2–3 mm sides,
which were transferred to cellulose extraction thimbles. Unreacted
precondensate, mesoporogen/template, co-porogen, solvents, and reaction
by-products were flushed from the capillaries by pumping with methanol
for 24 h at 20 μL/min. The parted bulk monoliths were Soxhlet-extracted
for 24 h with methanol. Cleaning of the capillary monoliths was followed
by flushing with at least ten column volumes of 70:30% (v/v) acetonitrile/water,
which was also used to store the capillary MIP and NIP monoliths in
a refrigerator at +4 °C. The Soxhlet-extracted bulk monolithic
materials were finally dried under reduced pressure (≈100 Pa)
in a Gallenkamp (Loughborough, UK) vacuum oven at 40 °C overnight,
followed by crushing and sieving (37–74 μm) prior to
further characterization.
Huynh C.M., Arribas Díez I., Thi H.K., Jensen O.N., Sellergren B, & Irgum K. (2023). Terminally Phosphorylated Triblock Polyethers Acting Both as Templates and Pore-Forming Agents for Surface Molecular Imprinting of Monoliths Targeting Phosphopeptides. ACS Omega, 8(9), 8791-8803.
Publication 2023
acetonitrile Anabolism Capillaries Cellulose Dietary Fiber formic acid Hypodermic Needles Methanol Polymers Pressure Silicones Solvents Vacuum
3
Thyroid FNA Cytology Workflow in Saudi Arabia
This study received approval from the Committee of Biomedical Ethics at King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, KSA (No. 402-21). Two years retrospective review (2020– 2021) of the cytopathology archive yielded a total of 252 thyroid FNA cases. All FNAs were done by radiologists under ultrasound guidance using 22-gauge needles (Terumo Neolus® Hypodermic needles). However, larger needles diameter was also used precisely for cystic nodules to tackle the sloid component. Adequacy assessment was achieved based on TBSRTC criteria.[3 (link)] Average of two aspirates was done per case, diff-quick stained slides were prepared as well as alcohol-fixed slides for Papanicolaou staining. The needles were rinsed immediately in specimen vials containing SurePath preservative fluid (BD Diagnostics-TriPath, Burlington). For cell-blocks production, needle rinse fluid was centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 min and the supernatant was discarded. 10–15 mL of the cell-block preparation mix (200 ml of 100% absolute EMPRATA® ethanol alcohol + 200 mL of 100% absolute Sigma-Aldrich® formalin + 1600 ml of distilled water) was added and the specimen was gently agitated. Then, the specimen was centrifuged at 3400 rpm for 4 min and the supernatant was discarded. To prepare for processing, the pellet was wrapped loosely in a specimen paper with formalin drop, followed by placement in a sealed labeled tissue cassette.
The TBSRTC criteria were applied throughout the diagnosis process.[3 (link)] A presence of six clusters of minimums of ten follicular cells on one slide is required for the adequacy assessment call during the rapid on-site evaluation. Although, conditions such as colloid nodules, lymphocytic thyroiditis, and the presence of atypical cells are excluded from these criteria. Images were taken by Nikon’s light microscope.
, & Saharti S. (2023). The diagnostic value of add-on thyroid cell block in the evaluation of thyroid lesions. CytoJournal, 20, 3.
Publication 2023
Absolute Alcohol Aspiration Biopsy, Fine-Needle Colloids Cyst Diagnosis Ethanol Formalin Hashimoto Disease Hypodermic Needles Light Microscopy Needles Pharmaceutical Preservatives Radiologist Rapid On-site Evaluation Thyroid Gland Tissues Ultrasonics
4
Molecular Screening of Hematodinium Infection in Carcinus maenas
Carcinus maenas (n = 58) were collected using baited pots immersed in the Prince of Wales Dock, Swansea Bay (Wales, UK) in July 2021. Crab carapace width (mm) was measured with a Vernier callipers, and biometric data including moult stage (inter- or post-moult) sex (male, female), missing/damaged limbs, presence/absence of fouling or ectoparasites, and shell disease were recorded. Haemolymph (~550 µL) was accessed by inserting a 22-gauge hypodermic needle attached to a sterile syringe through the arthrodial membrane of a walking leg. For each crab, two haemolymph aliquots of ~100 µL and~300 µL (including haemocytes) were placed into separate sterile micro-centrifuge tubes and frozen immediately at −70°C for subsequent molecular work (DNA extraction, PCR), extracellular vesicle (EV) and proteomic measurements, respectively. An additional 25 µL of freshly withdrawn haemolymph was placed onto a glass slide for inspection of known microparasites via microscopy (e.g. yeast-like fungi, Haplosporidium spp.). Haemocytes were allowed to settle/adhere onto the glass slide for~10 minutes prior to inspection under phase contrast settings using an Olympus B×41 microscope. Hematodinium sp. presence was confirmed based on their appearance – the parasites retain their refractivity and do not spread (Figure 1(a,b)). Within a field of view, the ratio of Hematodinium to haemocytes was recorded. Finally, ~100 µL haemolymph was added to an equal volume of sterile 3% NaCl (w/v) solution and spread onto tryptone soya agar (TSA) plates (prepared with an additional 2% NaCl) to determine if cultivable bacterial colony forming units (CFUs) were present. TSA plates were incubated at 25°C for 48 h prior to CFU enumeration.

Hematodinium sp. morphotypes in the haemolymph of shore crabs, Carcinus maenas. Freshly withdrawn haemolymph was inspected using phase contrast microscopy. a) Appearance of haemolymph absent Hematodinium sp. b) Hematodinium sp. (white arrows) are highly refractile compared to shore crab haemocytes (H). When in contact with a surface, the haemocytes settle, spread, and lose their refractile properties. c) Higher magnification views of Hematodinium sp. variation; small (S) and large uninucleate, irregular and elongate shapes. Scale bars represent 20 µm (a, b) and 25 µm (c).

Genomic DNA was extracted from the haemolymph of six Hematodinium-positive crabs (3 male, 3 female) and six apparent Hematodinium-negative crabs (3 male, 3 female) and screened for subclinical Hematodinium spp. infection as described in [6 (link),7 (link)]. Briefly, genomic DNA (~3 µg per reaction) was amplified using validated PCR oligonucleotides (Hemat-For-1487 and Hemat-Rev-1654) targeting the 18S rRNA subunit [44 (link)] and thermo-cycling conditions: initial denaturation for 10 min at 94°C, followed by 30 rounds of 94°C for 15 s, 54°C for 15 s, and 72°C for 30 s, and a final elongation step of 72 °C for 10 min.
Coates C.J., Kraev I., Rowley A.F, & Lange S. (2023). Extracellular vesicle signatures and protein citrullination are modified in shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) infected with Hematodinium sp. Virulence, 14(1), 2180932.
Publication 2023
Agar Animal Shells Asymptomatic Infections Bacteria Brachyura Carcinus maenas Extracellular Vesicles Females Freezing Fungi Genome Hemolymph Hypodermic Needles Males Marijuana Abuse Microscopy Microscopy, Phase-Contrast Molting Ocular Refraction Oligonucleotides Parasites Protein Subunits RNA, Ribosomal, 18S Rumex Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sodium Chloride Soybeans Sterility, Reproductive Syringes Tissue, Membrane
5
Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Limb Surgery
Upon enrolment, the patients arriving at the operation theatre without premedication were given 8 ml kg−1 Ringer’s solution via an intraoperative maintenance infusion of 4 ml kg−1 h−1. Standard physical monitoring was performed using an automated non-invasive blood pressure (BP) monitor, 5-lead ECG and pulse oximetry. Systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and HR were recorded at intervals of 5 min during the entire operation. To objectively record the baseline parameters, baseline measurements were defined using the average of three readings obtained at an interval of 5 min before induction in the supine position on the operation bed.
PNB (femoral and sciatic nerve blocks) was performed under ultrasound guidance combined with a nerve stimulator (MultiStim SENSOR, PAJUNK, Geisingen, Germany). If electrical stimulation of ≤ 0.5 mA elicited a visible motor response in the quadriceps femoris for femoral nerve or in the gastrocnemius for sciatic nerve, approximately 20 ml of ropivacaine hydrochloride (3.5 mg ml−1) (Naropin, AstraZeneca AB, Sodertalje, Sweden) was injected. The block was considered satisfactory after confirming the presence of complete motor and sensory blocks. The presence of a motor block was assessed using the modified Bromage scale for the lower limb (0: normal motor function; 1: ability to only move the toes; and 2: inability to move the knee, ankle and toes), with a Bromage score of 2 indicating a complete block. The presence of a sensory block was assessed via the pin-prick method using a 26G hypodermic needle along the midline of the lower limb [15 (link)]. A successful sensory block was defined as a complete lack of pain sensation at the surgical field level. Patients who successfully achieved a complete block were randomly administered with 1.5 µg kg−1 h−1 DEX [16 (link)] (H20090248, Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China) or 50 µg kg−1 h−1MID (H10980025, Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Xuzhou, China) [17 (link)]. The drug dosage was calculated according to the lean body weight (LBM), and the drugs were continuously administered during the procedure until wound irrigation. The parameters were recorded even after the operation was completed.
During inhalation of air, side effects such as hypotension (SBP < 90 mmHg or DBP < 60 mmHg), bradycardia (HR < 55 bpm) and hypoxemia (SpO2 level < 93%) were observed and noted. An SpO2 level of < 93% was treated with 2–4 l min−1 oxygen administration. Hypotension was treated with 6 mg of intravenous ephedrine administration. Further, sinus bradycardia was treated with 0.5 mg of intravenous atropine administration. These side effects were reported by the anaesthesiologist who was blinded to the study protocol.
Wang X., Zhang S., Wang C., Huang Y., Wu H., Zhao G, & Wang T. (2023). Real-time evaluation of the independent analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine. BMC Anesthesiology, 23, 68.
Publication 2023
Anesthesiologist Ankle Atropine Body Weight Continuous Sphygmomanometers Ephedrine Femur Hypodermic Needles Inhalation Intravenous Infusion Knee Lower Extremity Muscle, Gastrocnemius Naropin Nerve Block Nerves, Femoral Nervousness Oximetry, Pulse Pain Perception Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physical Examination Premedication Pressure, Diastolic Quadriceps Femoris Ringer's Solution Ropivacaine Hydrochloride Saturation of Peripheral Oxygen Sciatic Nerve Sinuses, Nasal Stimulations, Electric Systolic Pressure Therapies, Oxygen Inhalation Toes Ultrasonography Wounds

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1
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
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Penicillin streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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More about "Hypodermic Needles"

Hypodermic needles, also known as injectable syringes or subcutaneous needles, are essential medical devices used to administer various substances into the body.
These small, hollow tubes are typically made of stainless steel and are designed to be inserted under the skin, delivering medications, vaccines, or other fluids directly into the subcutaneous tissue.
Hypodermic needles come in a variety of sizes and shapes to accommodate different medical procedures and patient needs, from intramuscular injections to intravenous (IV) infusions.
Research on hypodermic needles focuses on optimizing their design, materials, and usage protocols to enhance reproducibility, accuracy, and patient comfort.
Key areas of study include needle gauge (thickness), length, bevel shape, and coatings to minimize pain and tissue damage.
Factors like FBS (fetal bovine serum), Penicillin/streptomycin, and Matrigel can also influence needle performance and patient outcomes.
In addition to traditional hypodermic needles, specialized devices like Vacuette blood collection tubes and Thermanox coverslips are used in various medical and research applications.
Proper handling and sterilization of these tools, as well as the use of anesthetics like Avertin, are crucial for ensuring the safety and efficacy of procedures involving C57BL/6J mice and other animal models.
By continuously improving hypodermic needle technology and protocols, researchers and healthcare providers can enhance the reproducibilitly, accuracy, and comfort of intradermal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular injections, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes and more efficient medical interventions.