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Ligature

Ligature is a visual connection between two or more letters or symbols, often used in traditional typesetting and calligraphy.
These connections can enhance the aesthetic appeal and readability of text.
Ligatures help to create a more fluid and cohesive appearance, improving the overall typography of a document.
Researchers and designers may utilize ligature analysis techniques to study and optimize the visual characteristics of text, contributing to improved readability and design quality.
Ligatures are an important consideration in the field of typography and visual communication.

Most cited protocols related to «Ligature»

1
Ligature-Induced Maxillary Bone Loss

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Publication 2013
Bones Ligature Maxilla Molar Mus Osteopenia Periodontium Silk Surgical Instruments Sutures
2
Murine Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis Model
This model provides a total stasis environment and results in the most severe vein wall reaction to thrombosis of the models discussed.8 (link),17 (link),20 (link),23 Studies in rats suggest that after IVC ligation a combination of stasis-induced vein wall injury and enhanced tissue factor expression in endothelial cells and leukocytes produce thrombosis.42 (link) In this model, mice are anesthetized and a midline laparotomy is performed. The small bowel is exteriorized and placed on a moistened gauze pad to the animal’s left. The infrarenal IVC is identified and all side branches are ligated with nonreactive 7-0 Prolene suture. Posterior venous branches are cauterized.23 A 7-0 Prolene suture is tied down on the IVC, caudal to the left renal vein. This model has been widely used by our group for the study of venous thrombosis.8 (link),17 (link),20 (link),21 (link) It provides reproducible thrombus weights beginning at 3 hours and extending to 21 days, for most mouse strains. It has proven valuable in the study of interactions between the vein wall and thrombus during the progression from acute to chronic inflammation and remodeling of the vein wall. Disadvantages include the lack of blood flow. A technical pitfall unique to this procedure is the potential to induce initial hypotension. However, compensation by vertebral veins is observed and the survival rate for this model is around 95%, based on our laboratory’s observations. In addition, the IVC cannot reopen because of the ligature. This model cannot reproduce the clinical scenario where a thrombus is nonocclusive, but it can mimic complete occlusion (Figure 2 and Table). As a guideline, data from our laboratories in C57BL/6 mice shows, approximate thrombus weights (IVC+thrombus at harvest), of 33 mg at day 2, 29 mg at day 6, and 18 mg at day 14.
Diaz J.A., Obi A.T., Myers DD J.r., Wrobleski S.K., Henke P.K., Mackman N, & Wakefield T.W. (2012). Critical Review of Mouse Models of Venous Thrombosis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 32(3), 556-562.
Publication 2012
Animals Blood Circulation Dental Occlusion Disease Progression Endothelial Cells Inflammation Injuries Intestines, Small Laparotomy Leukocytes Ligation Ligature Mice, Inbred C57BL Mus Prolene Rattus norvegicus Strains Sutures Thromboplastin Thrombosis Thrombus Vein, Renal Veins Venous Thrombosis Vertebra
3
Periodontal Bone Measurement Protocol

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Publication 2013
Bones Cheek Cranium Eosin Fingers Junctions, Cementoenamel Ligature Maxilla Methylene Blue Microscopy Molar Mus Osteopenia Periodontium Ridge, Alveolar Third Molars TP63 protein, human Vestibule of the Mouth
4
Diabetic Wound Healing in Murine Ischemia
All procedures complied with the standards stated in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academy of Sciences, Bethesda, Md, 1996) and were covered by ethical approvals from the Italian Ministry of Health and the United Kingdom Home Office. In 6- to 7-week-old male CD1 mice (Charles River Laboratories, Milan, Italy, and Morgate, UK) diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (Sigma), as described.25 (link) Persistence of glycosuria of ≥10 g/L was checked over the duration of the experiments.
Four weeks after diabetes induction, bilateral hindlimb ischemia was induced by ligature of the proximal end of femoral arteries.13 (link) At the same occasion, full-thickness wounds were created in the thigh dorsal skin of both legs using a sterile 5-mm-wide biopsy punch.26 (link) The wounds were covered with type I collagen (Sigma) alone or collagen containing 2×104 CD133+ or CD133− cells. In separate experiments, wounds were covered with Extracel-HP hydrogel (Tebu-Bio, Le Perray en Yvelines, France),27 (link) containing undiluted CD133− or CD133+ CCM with or without the Wnt inhibitor secreted frizzled-related protein (sFRP)-1, or CD133+ CCM was applied together with neutralizing antibodies against VEGF, interleukin (IL)-6, or IL-8. Contralateral wounds were covered with hydrogel containing nonconditioned culture medium (NCCM). After surgery, animals were maintained in individual cages with food and water ad libitum and in a temperature and humidity-controlled environment. Clinical outcome was established by determining the rate of wound closure.26 (link)
An expanded Materials and Methods section is available in the online data supplement at http://circres.ahajournals.org.
Barcelos L.S., Duplaa C., Kränkel N., Graiani G., Invernici G., Katare R., Siragusa M., Meloni M., Campesi I., Monica M., Simm A., Campagnolo P., Mangialardi G., Stevanato L., Alessandri G., Emanueli C, & Madeddu P. (2009). Human CD133+ Progenitor Cells Promote the Healing of Diabetic Ischemic Ulcers by Paracrine Stimulation of Angiogenesis and Activation of Wnt Signaling. Circulation research, 104(9), 1095-1102.
Publication 2009
Animals Animals, Laboratory Antibodies, Neutralizing Biopsy Cells Collagen Collagen Type I Culture Media Diabetes Mellitus Dietary Supplements Environment, Controlled Femoral Artery Food frizzled related protein-1 Hindlimb Humidity Hydrogels Interleukin-6 Interleukin-8 Ischemia Leg Ligature Males Mus Operative Surgical Procedures Rivers Skin Sterility, Reproductive Streptozocin Thigh Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors Wounds
5
Murine Model of IVC Flow Restriction
Mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection as described previously (Massberg et al., 2002 (link)). A median laparotomy was performed and the IVC was exposed by atraumatic surgery. We positioned a space holder (FloppyR II Guide Wire 0.014 in [0.36 mm]; Guidant Corporation) on the outside of the vessel and we placed a permanent narrowing ligature (8.0 monofil polypropylene filament, Premilene; Braun) exactly below the left renal vein. Subsequently, the wire was removed to avoid complete vessel occlusion. Side branches were not ligated or manipulated. Flow velocity was determined immediately after the flow restriction (Cap-Image 7.1). Because we wanted to rule out endothelial injury as a trigger for venous thrombosis, all mice with bleedings or any injury of the IVC during surgery were excluded from further analysis. There was no difference in the exclusion rate across the different experimental groups. After the procedure, a subset of animals was investigated by intravital microscopy. In the remainder, the median laparotomy was immediately sutured by a 7.0 polypropylene suture (Ethicon). For weight measurement, the vessel was excised just below the renal veins and proximal to the confluence of the common iliac veins. After the restriction procedure the blood flow velocity was reduced by ∼80% (Fig. 1 B). The shear stress was 0.144 dyne/cm2 ± 0.02 SEM before the flow restriction and 0.072 dyne/cm2 ± 0.017 SEM after the procedure in the IVC close to the site of ligation. Sham experiments consisted of preparation of the IVC and placement of the filament under the vessel without ligation.
von Brühl M.L., Stark K., Steinhart A., Chandraratne S., Konrad I., Lorenz M., Khandoga A., Tirniceriu A., Coletti R., Köllnberger M., Byrne R.A., Laitinen I., Walch A., Brill A., Pfeiler S., Manukyan D., Braun S., Lange P., Riegger J., Ware J., Eckart A., Haidari S., Rudelius M., Schulz C., Echtler K., Brinkmann V., Schwaiger M., Preissner K.T., Wagner D.D., Mackman N., Engelmann B, & Massberg S. (2012). Monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets cooperate to initiate and propagate venous thrombosis in mice in vivo. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 209(4), 819-835.
Publication 2012
Animals Blood Flow Velocity Blood Vessel Cytoskeletal Filaments Dental Occlusion Endothelium Hemorrhage Iliac Vein Injections, Intraperitoneal Injuries Intravital Microscopy Laparotomy Ligation Ligature Mice, House Operative Surgical Procedures Polypropylenes Precipitating Factors Sutures TRAF3 protein, human Vein, Renal Venous Thrombosis

Most recents protocols related to «Ligature»

1
Equine Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Protocol
General anesthesia was induced with 0.1 mg/kg BW diazepam (Ziapam 5 mg/kg, Ecuphar GmbH, Greifswald, Germany) and 2.2 mg/kg BW ketamine (Narketan, Vétoquinol GmbH, Ismaning, Germany) after premedication with 0.7 mg/kg BW xylazine (Xylavet 20 mg/ml, CP-Pharma GmbH, Burgdorf, Germany). Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane (Isofluran CP, CP-Pharma GmbH) in 100% oxygen, and continuous rate infusions with lactated Ringer's solution (Ringer-Laktat EcobagClick, B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany) and dobutamine (Dobutamin-ratiopharm 250 mg, Ratiopharm GmbH, Ulm, Germany) were given to effect, to maintain the mean arterial blood pressure between 60 and 80 mmHg. A routine pre-umbilical median laparotomy was performed in dorsal recumbency following aseptic preparation. Segmental small intestinal ischemia was induced in 1.5 m jejunum by occlusion of the mesenteric vessels with umbilical tape. The ligature was tightened under monitoring of intestinal microperfusion with microlightguide spectophotometry and laser Doppler flowmetry (O2C, LEA Medizintechnik GmbH, Giessen, Germany), and the ligature was tied when the blood flow was reduced by 90% of the pre-ischemic measurement. The ischemia was maintained for 90 min. In group C, the ligature was released without manipulation of the vessels and reperfusion was initiated without delay. In group IPoC, postconditioning was implemented after release of ischemia by clamping the mesenteric vessels for three cycles of 30 s, alternated with 30 s of reperfusion. This was followed by 120 min of reperfusion in both groups. Subsequently, the horses were euthanized with 90 mg/kg BW pentobarbital intravenously (Release 50 mg/mL, WDT eG, Garbsen, Germany) without regaining consciousness.
Verhaar N., de Buhr N., von Köckritz-Blickwede M., Dümmer K., Hewicker-Trautwein M., Pfarrer C., Dengler F, & Kästner S. (2023). Hypoxia signaling in the equine small intestine: Expression and distribution of hypoxia inducible factors during experimental ischemia. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1110019.
Publication 2023
Anesthesia Asepsis Blood Circulation Blood Vessel Consciousness Diazepam Dobutamin-ratiopharm Dobutamine Equus caballus General Anesthesia Intestines Intestines, Small Ischemia Isoflurane Jejunum Ketamine Lactated Ringer's Solution Laparotomy Laser-Doppler Flowmetry Ligature Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Mesentery Oxygen Pentobarbital Premedication Reperfusion Umbilicus Xylazine
2
Uniportal and Multiportal VATS Segmentectomy
UVATS segmentectomy (Figure 1): we conduced surgery under general anesthesia with a double lumen endotracheal tube. The patient was positioned in lateral decubitus. We made a 3 to 4 cm skin incision located at the 5th or 6th intercostal space in the anterior-axillary line. We used a wound protector for exposure and utilized standard thoracoscopic instruments in conjunction with uniportal instruments for dissection. The technique used to perform segmentectomies was followed as described in detail by Okada and colleagues (21 ). We transected the segmental pulmonary veins and pulmonary arteries using either a vascular stapler, bipolar energy or between silk ligature depending on their size (Figure 2). The segmental bronchi were divided with either a surgical stapler or suture closed with vicryl. The delineation of the intersegmental plane was done by a combination of following the intersegmental veins, and by selective ventilation to create an inflation-deflation demarcation line. The parenchyma was divided with a surgical stapler. For lung cancer cases, we used intraoperative frozen exam routinely for regional N1 lymph nodes, and selectively for bronchial and parenchymal margins, to confirm absence of metastatic disease. If N1 lymph nodes were positive for malignancy, a completion lobectomy was performed.
MVATS segmentectomy: patients underwent similar anesthetic and patient positioning to UVATS. A 4 cm utility incision was made in the 4th or 5th intercostal space, one 12 mm port in the 8th intercostal space (posterior axillary line), and a 5 mm port just below the tip of the scapula. The technique used to perform segmentectomy was conducted in a similar fashion to UVATS, although uniportal instruments were not required for MVATS.
We routinely performed regional anesthesia to aid in postoperative pain control, using an erector spinae block, paravertebral catheter, or liposomal bupivacaine at the discretion of the operating team. We cared for patients in a step-down unit using a standardized enhanced recovery after surgery protocol for thoracic surgery, which was specific to each academic institution although they did not differ significantly in content.
Diaz-Gutierrez I., Menier C.A., Savoie-White F.H., Doyle J.E., Wang Q., Andrade R.S, & Figueroa P.U. (2023). Uniportal vs. multiportal thoracoscopic segmentectomy: a north American study. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 15(2), 335-347.
Publication 2023
Anesthesia Anesthesia, Conduction Anesthetics Axilla Blood Vessel Bronchi Bupivacaine Catheters Dissection Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Freezing General Anesthesia Ligature Liposomes Lung Cancer Malignant Neoplasms Neoplasm Metastasis Nodes, Lymph Operative Surgical Procedures Pain, Postoperative Patients Pulmonary Artery Scapula Segmental Mastectomy Silk Skin Surgical Staplers Sutures Tertiary Bronchi Thoracic Surgical Procedures Thoracoscopes Veins Veins, Pulmonary Vicryl Wounds
3
Traumatic Brain Injury in Male Pigs
All procedures on pigs were approved by the Johns Hopkins University Animal Care and Use Committee and by the Animal Care and Use Review Office of the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command for Award Number W81XWH-19-C-0022 (Fort Detrick, MD). In conducting research using animals, the investigators adhered to the Animal Welfare Act Regulations and other Federal statutes relating to animals and experiments involving animals and the principles set forth in the current version of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, National Research Council.
Because there can be sex differences in the response to TBI (43 (link), 44 (link)) and TBI in the young and in military personnel is more prevalent in males (45 (link)), the study was conducted in male pigs. A total of 48 pigs weighing 28 ± 2 kg and approximately 3 months of age were used in the overall study. The experimental protocols for the TBI + HS experiment and the TBI alone experiment are delineated in Figure 1. The pigs were sedated with intramuscular injection of Telazol (50 mg/ml tiletamine and 50 mg/ml zolazepam, 4.4 mg/kg each component), ketamine 2.2 mg/kg and xylazine 2.2 mg/kg. Isoflurane (4% in 30% O2) was administered via face mask to produce an anesthetic depth for oral intubation of the trachea. After a surgical plane of anesthesia was achieved, as assessed by the lack of limb withdrawal to hoof pinching and by looseness of muscle tone in the jaw, anesthesia was maintained with 2% isoflurane in approximately 30% O2 with mechanical ventilation of the lungs. The antibiotic Baytril 10 mg/kg (100 mg/ml) was injected intramuscularly. Surgery was conducted using aseptic techniques. Through a 5-cm neck incision, an external jugular vein was isolated by blunt dissection. The vein was ligated and a catheter was advanced toward the heart and secured with another ligature. For arterial catheterization, we chose the axillary artery because occlusion of the carotid artery could limit cerebral blood flow after TBI and catheterization of the femoral artery can limit use of the hindlimb. An incision was made in the axilla, and the axillary artery was isolated, ligated, and cannulated with a flexible polyvinyl catheter that minimized kinking. The arterial and venous catheters were tunneled subcutaneously to the back of the neck, where they exited through a small incision. Pigs were able to bear weight on the forelimb and ambulate on the day after surgery.
Wang J., Shi Y., Cao S., Liu X., Martin L.J., Simoni J., Soltys B.J., Hsia C.J, & Koehler R.C. (2023). Polynitroxylated PEGylated hemoglobin protects pig brain neocortical gray and white matter after traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock. Frontiers in Medical Technology, 5, 1074643.
Publication 2023
Anesthesia Anesthetics Animals Animals, Laboratory Antibiotics Arterial Occlusion Arteries Asepsis Axilla Axillary Artery Baytril Bears Carotid Arteries Catheterization Catheters Cerebrovascular Circulation Common Carotid Artery Dental Occlusion Dissection Face Femoral Artery Heart Hindlimb Hoof Intramuscular Injection Intubation, Intratracheal Isoflurane Jugular Vein Ketamine Ligature Males Mechanical Ventilation Military Personnel Muscle Tonus Neck Operative Surgical Procedures Pigs Polyvinyls Telazol Tiletamine Upper Extremity Veins Xylazine Zolazepam
4
Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice
C57BL/6J male mice (body weight 21 ± 2 g) were anesthetized with isoflurane, intubated, and a transsternal thoracotomy performed. The transverse aorta was constricted by tying a 7–0 nylon suture ligature against a 28 gauge needle between the innominate artery and left carotid artery, which was promptly removed to yield a constriction of 0.35 mm in diameter. The sham operation was identical to those described above, except that the knot was not tied around the aorta. After the completion of the operation, the mice were transferred to a heating pad and closely monitored. Echocardiograph (VisualSonics 1100, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) was used to measure the right-to-left carotid artery flow velocity ratio after TAC, and the mice with a carotid artery flow velocity ratio >4000 mm/s were regarded as eligible models (Supplementary Fig. 7e).
Chen G., An N., Shen J., Chen H., Chen Y., Sun J., Hu Z., Qiu J., Jin C., He S., Mei L., Sui Y., Li W., Chen P., Guan X., Chu M., Wang Y., Jin L., Kim K., Li X., Cong W, & Wang X. (2023). Fibroblast growth factor 18 alleviates stress-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy in male mice. Nature Communications, 14, 1235.
Publication 2023
Aorta Body Weight Common Carotid Artery Echocardiography Isoflurane Ligature Males Mice, Inbred C57BL Mus Needles Nylons Stenosis Sutures Thoracotomy Trunks, Brachiocephalic
5
Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model
At the Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, male Sprague Dawley rats (200-250 g) were housed at 22-24°C, with free food and water. Before the experimental procedure, the rats underwent acclimatization for one week. This experiment was approved by the Ethical Committee of Shanghai University.
Subsequently, rats were assigned into four groups randomly: sham plus vehicle (1% DMSO with PBS), sham plus BARD (2 mg/kg), I/R plus vehicle (1% DMSO with PBS), and I/R plus BARD (2 mg/kg). As previously described, the myocardial I/R injury model was established [17 (link)]. In brief, rats were anesthetized and ventilated at a rate of 80 breaths/min using an animal respirator (DW-3000A, Zhenhua, Henan, China). A left thoracotomy was done to expose the heart, and the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery was ligatured using a 6/0 Prolene suture (Jinhuan, Shanghai, China). A pale left ventricular myocardium indicates successful ligation. The ligature was removed after 0.5 h, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. A suture was passed through the LAD without being ligated in the sham group. BARD (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) was dissolved in DMSO. The stock solution was diluted in PBS to 0.25 mg/mL as the final concentration before intraperitoneal injection. Rats were intraperitoneally administered BARD or vehicle before I/R treatment, as shown in Figure 1(a).
Huang A., Wang Z., Tang H., Jia Z., Ji X., Yang X, & Jiang W. (2023). Bardoxolone Methyl Ameliorates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway. Cardiovascular Therapeutics, 2023, 5693732.
Publication 2023
Acclimatization Animals Artery, Coronary Food Heart Injections, Intraperitoneal Injuries Left Ventricles Ligation Ligature Males Mechanical Ventilator Myocardium Prolene Protein Biosynthesis Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rattus norvegicus Reperfusion Respiratory Rate Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Sutures Thoracotomy

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1
Rompun by Bayer
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Rompun is a veterinary drug used as a sedative and analgesic for animals. It contains the active ingredient xylazine hydrochloride. Rompun is designed to induce a state of sedation and pain relief in animals during medical procedures or transportation.
2
Pentobarbital sodium by Merck Group
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Pentobarbital sodium is a laboratory chemical compound. It is a barbiturate drug that acts as a central nervous system depressant. Pentobarbital sodium is commonly used in research and scientific applications.
3
Zoletil 50 by Virbac
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Zoletil 50 is a veterinary anesthetic medication used in dogs, cats, and other animals. It contains the active ingredients tiletamine and zolazepam. Zoletil 50 is used to induce general anesthesia and provide sedation for medical procedures.
4
Chromic cat gut ligatures by Johnson & Johnson
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Chromic cat gut ligatures are a type of medical suture material made from the dried and treated intestines of sheep or other animals. They are used for tying off blood vessels or other tissue during surgical procedures.
5
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Avertin is a laboratory reagent used as an anesthetic agent in various animal studies and experiments. It is a combination of 2,2,2-tribromoethanol and tert-amyl alcohol. Avertin induces a state of general anesthesia in animals, allowing for safe and controlled procedures to be performed.
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Zoletil by Virbac
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Zoletil is a general anesthetic and analgesic used in veterinary medicine. It is a combination of two active compounds, tiletamine and zolazepam, that work together to induce a state of deep sedation and pain relief in animals. The product is administered by injection and is commonly used for a variety of veterinary procedures, including surgery, diagnostic imaging, and minor treatments. Zoletil is intended for use under the supervision of licensed veterinary professionals.
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More about "Ligature"

Ligatures are a fundamental aspect of typography and visual communication.
These elegant connections between letters or symbols can enhance the aesthetic appeal and readability of text, creating a more fluid and cohesive appearance.
Researchers and designers often utilize ligature analysis techniques, such as those found in software like Image-Pro Plus, to study and optimize the visual characteristics of text, contributing to improved readability and design quality.
Ligatures are particularly important in traditional typesetting and calligraphy, where they help to create a harmonious and visually pleasing flow of text.
They can be found in a variety of contexts, including printed materials, digital interfaces, and even medical documents, such as those involving the use of Rompun, Pentobarbital sodium, Zoletil 50, Chromic cat gut ligatures, Avertin, Zoletil, or Chloral hydrate.
The study of ligatures, also known as ligature analysis, is a key focus in the field of typography and visual communication.
Researchers and designers may leverage advanced techniques, like those employed by the PubCompare.ai platform, to uncover hidden insights and make informed decisions that propel their work forward.
By optimizing the use of ligatures, professionals can enhance the overall readability and design quality of their projects, ensuring a more seamless and engaging visual experience for the audience.
Whether you're a researcher, designer, or simply someone interested in the nuances of typography, understanding the role of ligatures is essential for effective communication and visual storytelling.
So why not explore the fascinating world of ligatures and discover how they can elevate your work to new heights?