Neurocutaneous melanosis

In the household health interview, a questionnaire was used for data collection (Additional file 1). The main contents of the questionnaire were health service utilization in household members. It included characteristics of socio-economic status, demographics, and insurance for the residents; self-reported illness and 2-week prevalence prior to the survey; consultation, hospitalization, and expenditure of both inpatient and outpatient.
Predisposing factors were sociological factors, such as age (years), gender (male, female), ethnicity (Han, minority), marital status (married, single, separated/divorced/widowed), and family size (number of family members). Enabling factors deserve much attention because they explain barriers and facilitators to service use, which in turn can be targets of interventions. Educational level (as quintile, 1 = no education to 5 = college or more, “no education” means “has never gone to school”) and accessibility of health service (shortest travel time to nearest health facility, per capita expenditure on healthcare, expenditure of NCMS) were considered enabling factors. Need factors are overall health condition, as indicated by chronic illness or not. For chronic conditions (e.g., arthritis, stroke, cardiac problems, diabetes mellitus, cancer), individuals were asked to report, using a yes-or-no format, existing illnesses or symptoms with at least 3 months continuous or intermittent presentation within the last 6 months.
The outcome of healthcare utilization is measured in two perspectives: the utilization of outpatient visit (e.g., physician visit) and the utilization of inpatient visit (e.g., hospitalization). The utilization of outpatient visit refers to the questionnaire item “have you been to a clinic in the last two weeks?” The utilization of inpatient visit is based on the questionnaire item “Have you been hospitalized in the past half year?” These two variables were dichotomous (yes or no).

The phase
purity of the different NCMs is confirmed by powder diffraction measurements
using a Bruker D8 ADVANCE X-ray diffractometer (Cu Kα_1,2, λ(Kα₁) = 1.54060 Å, λ(Kα₂) = 1.54443 Å). The morphology of the synthesized precursors
and NCMs was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Carl
Zeiss AURIGA, Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH) at an accelerating voltage
of 3.0 kV and a working distance of 3 mm. The thermal stabilities
of the precursors were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA) (Thermogravimetric Analyzer Q5000 IR) for which the precursors
were heated to 800 °C with a heating rate of 4 °C/min in
air. BET measurements (nitrogen adsorption/desorption) were conducted
using a Micromeritics ASAP 2020 instrument after degassing the samples
at 200 °C for 6 h. A particle size analysis was performed using
a CILAS particle size analyzer.

In situ SXPD, performed at Beamline I11, Diamond
Light Source UK (λ = 0.826556(2) for NCM811 and 0.826562(2)
Å for NCM111, calibrated with NIST SRM Si640c)^{34 (link)} and the powder diffraction beamline at ANSTO, Au, (λ
= 0.727140(1) Å for NCM111, calibrated with NIST SRM Si640d),^{35 (link)} as well as a laboratory X-ray powder diffraction
instrument (LXRD, Rigaku SmartLab SE 3 kW, Mo Kα with λ
= 0.7107 Å) were used to study the calcination of NCM111 and
NCM811. The experimental setup is depicted in Figure S6. The temperature was calibrated with a Pt standard
within the capillary (1 mm Ø).
The SXPD and LXRD patterns
were analyzed using the software package Fullprof (for more details,
refer to the section XRD pattern analysis).^{36 ,37} The Ni/Li disorder was calculated from Rietveld refinements (the
refined occupancy of Ni in the Li 3b sites/amount of 3a sites * 100%).
The Ni/Co/Mn ratios were fixed at their expected molar ratios (0.33:0.33:0.33
for NCM111 and 0.8:0.1:0.1 for NCM811). The structural input parameters
for the present phases were obtained from crystallographic data files
(Table S1).^{38 (link)−45 (link)} Typical XRD patterns for the NCMs and the Rietveld refinement are
plotted in the Supporting Information (Figure
S7 for NCM111s, Figure S8 for NCM811s, and Rietveld parameters in
Table S2).
In the subsequent discussion, reflections and planes
are marked
with acronyms of their space group, for example, 003 reflection (R3̅m) is labeled as R003, 003 plane (R3̅m) as R(003), 001 reflection (P3̅m1) as P001, 001 plane (P3̅m1) as P(001), 111 reflection
(Fm3̅m) as F111, and 111 plane (Fm3̅m) as F(111).

Electrode preparations were performed using
80 wt % of the NCMs,
10 wt % C65 (Super C65, Imerys Graphite & Carbon), 10 wt % polyvinylidene
difluoride (Kynar flex), and N-methyl pyrrolidone
(Sigma-Aldrich, 99.5%) as the processing solvent. The electrode paste
was cast onto an Al-foil (20 μm thickness, Goodfellow) with
a doctor blade (gap height 200 μm, ZAF 2010, Zehntner). The
wet film was dried at 80 °C overnight in an oven. 12 mm diameter
samples were punched out of the dried electrodes and assembled in
a dry room into 2032-coin cells with two layers of celgard2500 (16
mm Ø), 35 μL of LP572 [1 M LiPF₆ in ethylene
carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate, 3:7 by weight, with 2 wt % vinylene
carbonate, BASF, battery grade], and metallic lithium as a counter
electrode (15 mm Ø, Albemarle, battery grade). The as-prepared
samples’ rate handling and cycling stability were measured
using a Maccor Series 4000 automated test system at 20 °C, applying
a voltage of 3.0–4.3 V versus Li⁺/Li. For NCM111, 160 mA h/g, and NCM811, 180 mA h/g, respectively,
were used as the nominal capacity to calculate the C-rates.