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Appendicitis

Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, a small, pouch-like structure attached to the first part of the large intestine.
This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial infections, obstruction, or trauma.
Symptoms typically include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever.
Timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial, as appendicitis can lead to serious complications if left untreated.
Pubcompare.ai is an AI-driven platform that can help researchers optimize their apendiciteis research by identifying the most effective protocols and products from academic literature, preprints, and patents.
By providing intelligent comparisons, the tool enhances reproducibility and accuracy, enabling researchers to discover the most effective approaches for their studies.

Most cited protocols related to «Appendicitis»

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Publication 2012
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Acute Disease African Trypanosomiasis Appendicitis Behavior Disorders Care, Prenatal Cerebrovascular Accident Child Cholera Chronic Kidney Diseases Congenital Abnormality Dementia Dengue Fever Disease, Chronic Drug Abuser Epilepsy Households Injuries Intellectual Disability Leprosy Liver Cirrhosis Malignant Neoplasms Measles Mental Health Multiple Sclerosis Myocardial Infarction Outpatients Pancreatitis Patient Discharge Patients Pertussis Pneumoconiosis Population Group Projective Techniques Respiratory Diaphragm Schistosomiasis sequels Skin Diseases Syphilis Tuberculosis Vision Woman Yellow Fever
To better isolate differences in mortality associated with health-care access and quality from differences associated with underlying risk exposure, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths to global levels of risk exposure.32 (link) We did not risk-standardise differences in exposure to three metabolic risk factors (high systolic blood pressure, high total cholesterol, and high fasting plasma glucose) given their amenability to health care (eg, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in primary care). For the 24 non-cancer causes, we risk-standardised deaths by removing the joint effects of location-specific behavioural and environmental risk exposure, and replaced these estimates with the global level of joint risk exposure (appendix pp 9–10).
Joint population attributable fraction (PAF) estimation accounts for effects of multiple risks combined, including the mediation of different risk factors through each other. More detail on the PAF calculations and risk-standardisation is provided in the appendix (pp 9–10). Since GBD 2015,36 (link) five risk factors were added, most notably low birthweight and short gestation,32 (link) which enabled the risk-standardisation of neonatal disorder deaths. Risk-standardised deaths equalled observed deaths for causes in which no risk–outcome pairs have met evidence thresholds for inclusion in GBD (eg, diphtheria, appendicitis).
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Publication 2018
Appendicitis Diagnosis Diphtheria Environmental Exposure Glucose High Blood Pressures Hypercholesterolemia Joints Malignant Neoplasms Neonatal Diseases Plasma Pregnancy Primary Health Care Systolic Pressure
The analysis was based on anonymised person-level records extracted from national hospital episode statistics for the period April 2001–March 2011. These records captured episodes of care for all NHS hospitals in England, totalling more than 150 million finished consultant episodes (FCEs) across the 10 years. Data were supplied by the Information Centre for Health and Social Care.25 Records from residents of Wales and Scotland were excluded, as were records with invalid age or sex fields.
This study focused on the first finished consultant episode (FCE) in each hospital spell (defined where field EPIORDER=1) for emergency inpatient admissions (ADMIMETH between 21 and 29). By taking only the first episodes of spells we aimed to focus on the reason for admission, rather than a condition that developed later in the spell.
There have been a number of different definitions used for ACS conditions (summarised in table 1). This analysis used a set identified by Victoria State Health Department,29 which was also the basis of common NHS subset of ACS conditions identified by Purdy.31 (link) In addition, we included a condition based on tuberculosis that had been part of the original set by Billings (Billings J, fv personal communication, 2010) (detailed definitions are in appendix). The 27 ACS clinical conditions were split into three groups: acute; chronic; and ‘vaccine preventable’ categories as described by Billings11 and Ansari.32 (link)
Emergency admissions were linked to a specific ACS condition on the basis of primary diagnosis for most categories. In addition, four categories were also defined in terms of codes present as secondary diagnoses—these were ‘gangrene’, ‘diabetes complications’, ‘pneumonia’ and ‘other vaccine preventable conditions’.
Age-specific admission rates were calculated for England using national population estimates33 for the relevant year and aggregated across ages using the European Standard Population.34 This was to allow the rate of admission to be compared over time despite changing age structure of the population. Trends over time were analysed using the slope derived from a linear regression on quarterly observations.
As well as identifying emergency admissions for ACS conditions, we also identified emergency admissions for appendicitis (ICD-10 codes K35-K37)—a condition where admission rates are generally constant at a population level and relatively insensitive to the quality of ambulatory care. This category provided a check on whether trends could be linked with changes in the changes in the accuracy and completeness of diagnostic coding and recording.
The costs of emergency admissions for ACS conditions to commissioners were estimated for the year 2010/2011 from HES data using Payment by Results (PbR) tariffs.35 Activity not covered by the national tariffs was costed using the national reference costs (NRC)36 and adjusted to ensure they were directly comparable with 2010/2011 tariffs. If neither tariff nor NRC were available, the activity was costed as the average tariff for the specialty under which it was delivered, using a method developed for a national study of resource allocation.37 (link)
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Publication 2013
Age Groups Appendicitis Complications of Diabetes Mellitus Consultant Diagnosis Emergencies Episode of Care Europeans Gangrene Inpatient Pneumonia Quality of Health Care Tuberculosis Vaccines
The events of interest in this study were AESIs that might need evaluation after covid-19 vaccination. This list of outcomes was based on the protocol published by the FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, the prioritised covid-19 vaccine AESI list by the Brighton Collaboration, and previous studies.4
17 We included 15 events: non-haemorrhagic and haemorrhagic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, anaphylaxis, Bell’s palsy, myocarditis or pericarditis, narcolepsy, appendicitis, immune thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, encephalomyelitis (including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis), Guillain-Barré syndrome, and transverse myelitis.4
Events were identified by records of the occurrence of conditions based on predefined phenotyping algorithms (eg, diagnosis codes from claims or diagnosis codes and problem lists from electronic health records). Definitions for encephalomyelitis, non-haemorrhagic and haemorrhagic stroke, and acute myocardial infarction also required the record to occur within an inpatient setting in any diagnosis positions, whereas the definition for Guillain-Barré syndrome required the condition to be recorded in an inpatient setting in the primary position. Appendix tables 2 and 3 present the full specifications of all phenotype definitions, including source codes (original codes used in the database) and standard concepts (normative expressions used to represent a unique clinical entity within the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership common data model, which were mostly SNOMED (Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine) codes in this study).
We defined a “clean window” period before each index date, during which qualifying events (AESIs) could not be observed. If an AESI was observed during this period, the participant did not enter the study cohort for that event. If an individual had a qualified event during follow-up, this participant would contribute to the person time of that event cohort after the clean window continually until censored from the cohort.
Figure 1 shows the cohort entry, follow-up, and event definitions. In keeping with the FDA protocol, the clean window was 365 days for all events except anaphylaxis (30 days) and facial nerve palsy and encephalomyelitis (183 days).4
As the CPRD-GOLD (UK), IQVIA (France, Germany, and Australia), and IPCI (the Netherlands) databases only included primary care data, we did not use them for events where definition required an inpatient diagnosis.
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Publication 2021
Anaphylaxis Appendicitis Bell Palsy Biological Factors COVID-19 Vaccines COVID 19 Deep Vein Thrombosis Diagnosis Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Encephalomyelitis Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated Gold Guillain-Barre Syndrome Hemorrhage Hemorrhagic Stroke Inpatient Myelitis, Transverse Myocardial Infarction Myocarditis Narcolepsy Paralysis, Facial Pericarditis Phenotype Primary Health Care Pulmonary Embolism Thrombocytopenic Purpura, Immune Vaccination
The NACSELD database comprises prospectively collected data following informed consent from patients with cirrhosis hospitalized in 18 hepatology referral centers across the USA and Canada. Patients with an infection or who subsequently develop nosocomial infections are included. The study has been approved by the respective Institutional Review Boards of the participating centers and uses a REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) tool that is located at Virginia Commonwealth University. REDCap is a secure, web-based application designed to support data capture for research studies, providing: 1) an intuitive interface for validated data entry; 2) audit trails for tracking data manipulation and export procedures; 3) automated export procedures for seamless data downloads to common statistical packages; and 4) procedures for importing data from external sources.
Cirrhosis is diagnosed with a combination of biochemical, radiological and endoscopic findings if liver biopsy confirmation is not available. Patients who had infections but did not require hospital admission were excluded, as were patients who did not have an infection during their admission. Other exclusion criteria include immuno-compromised patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, prior organ transplant, and disseminated malignancies.
Once informed consent is obtained, data collection begins with patient demographic, vital signs, baseline full blood count, biochemistry, and assessment of liver and renal function. Details of the infection include antibiotic treatment as well as documentation of a second infection when applicable. Data regarding intensive care unit admissions, organ failures, liver transplantation, and length of hospital stay are also collected. Patients who are discharged alive are contacted at 30 days post-enrolment to determine survival.
We define infections according to standard criteria(4 (link)): (a) spontaneous bacteremia: positive blood cultures without a source of infection; (b) SBP: ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear cells >250/μL; (c) lower respiratory tract infections: new pulmonary infiltrate in the presence of: (i) at least one respiratory symptom (cough, sputum production, dyspnea, pleuritic pain) with (ii) at least one finding on auscultation (rales or crepitation) or one sign of infection (core body temperature >38°C or less than 36 °C, shivering or leucocyte count >10,000/mm3 or <4,000/mm3) in the absence of antibiotics; (d) Clostridium difficile Infection: diarrhea with a positive C. difficile assay; (e) bacterial entero-colitis: diarrhea or dysentery with a positive stool culture for Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, or pathogenic E. coli; (f) soft-tissue/skin Infection: fever with cellulitis; (g) urinary tract infection (UTI): urine white blood cell >15/high power field with either positive urine gram stain or culture; (h) intra-abdominal infections: diverticulitis, appendicitis, cholangitis etc; (i) other infections not covered above, and (j) fungal infections as a separate category. Nosocomial infections were those diagnosed after 48 hours of admission while second infections were those that were diagnosed after a separate first infection had been documented.
We used standard organ failure definitions as (i) hepatic encephalopathy >grade III or IV by West Haven Criteria (ii) shock: [mean arterial pressure (MAP) < 60 mm Hg or a reduction of 40 mmHg in systolic blood pressure from baseline] despite adequate fluid resuscitation and cardiac output, (iii) need for mechanical ventilation and (iv) need for dialysis or other forms of renal replacement therapy. These simple definitions are used to ensure generalizability.
Publication 2014
Antibiotics Appendicitis Ascitic Fluid Auscultation Bacteremia Bacteria Biological Assay Biopsy Blood Culture Body Temperature Campylobacter Cardiac Output Cellulitis Cholangitis Colitis Complete Blood Count Cough Dialysis Diarrhea Diverticulitis Dysentery Dyspnea Endoscopy Escherichia coli Ethics Committees, Research Feces Fever Gram's stain Hepatic Encephalopathy HIV Infections Infection Infection, Clostridium difficile Infections, Hospital Intraabdominal Infections Kidney Leukocyte Count Leukocytes Liver Liver Cirrhosis Liver Transplantations Lung Malignant Neoplasms Mechanical Ventilation Mycoses Neutrophil Organ Transplantation Pain Pathogenicity Patients Pleurisy Renal Replacement Therapy Respiratory Tract Infections Resuscitation Salmonella Secondary Infections Shigella Shock Signs, Vital Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory Skin Soft Tissue Infection Sputum Systolic Pressure TNFSF10 protein, human Urinary Tract Infection Urine X-Rays, Diagnostic Yersinia

Most recents protocols related to «Appendicitis»

Both groups were evaluated using NSS parameters [10 (link)]. These parameters were;

sex

type (continuous or intermittent), duration and migration of abdominal pain

anorexia, bilious vomiting, pyrexia (body temperature ≥ 38.0 °C [11 (link)])

presence of localized right lower quadrant abdominal tenderness, guarding, gurgling, a positive heel drop test, and rebound tenderness in physical examination

leukocytosis (> 10.600/mm3), neutrophilia (> 75%), elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (> 5 mg/L) in blood examination

scoliosis on the right side, localized air-fluid level, gas deposition in the right lower quadrant on standing abdominal radiography

appendix diameter (> 7 mm), presence of a thickened wall, and surrounding loculated fluid collection on US

Consistent with the previous study, an NSS score ≥ 12 was accepted as the cutoff level for the diagnosis of AA [10 (link)].
Both groups were compared by new parameters thought to be MISC-specific (fatigue (feeling extra tired [12 ]), headache, maximum body temperature, and total fever [11 (link)] days in the history, serum lymphocyte and platelet counts, serum procalcitonin (PRC), alanine transferase (ALT), CRP, and D-dimer value). Statistically significant parameters were included in the scoring. A scoring system named the Appendicitis–MISC Score (AMS) was created using eight new parameters including the NSS score.
Publication 2023
Abdomen Alanine Appendicitis BLOOD Body Temperature C Reactive Protein Diagnosis Fever fibrin fragment D Headache Heel Lymphocyte Neutrophil Physical Examination Platelet Counts, Blood Procalcitonin Serum Transferase
This study was conducted over 2 years (March 2020–January 2022) at a large urban tertiary center. After obtaining approval from the institutional review board (IRB#2022/02-47), the medical records of the patients (1–18 years old) with MIS-C and acute appendicitis were retrospectively reviewed. For comparison, two groups as MIS-C (Group A) and acute appendicitis (Group B) were constituted. Group A included children diagnosed with MIS-C with gastrointestinal involvement. Patients with incomplete medical records, those without complaints of abdominal pain, and who underwent appendectomy before admission were excluded from Group A. Group B included children who underwent surgery for appendicitis. The existence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes in the appendiceal specimen was considered positive for AA. Patients who diagnosed as uncomplicated and complicated acute appendicitis were included. Patients who had negative appendectomy (defined as the absence of inflammatory cells in the appendiceal sample) and those with missing data (whose preoperative assessment did not include the parameters used to distinguish MIS-C in this study) were excluded from Group B.
Publication 2023
Abdominal Pain Appendectomy Appendicitis Cells Child Granulocyte Inflammation Lymphocyte Operative Surgical Procedures Patients
For discrete and continuous variables, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, median, minimum, and maximum values) were calculated. In addition, the homogeneity of variances, which is one of the prerequisites of parametric tests, was checked using Levene’s test. The assumption of normality was tested using the Shapiro–Wilk test. To compare the differences between the two groups, an independent sample t-test was used when the parametric test prerequisites were fulfilled, and the Mann–Whitney U test was used when such prerequisites were not fulfilled. The chi-squared test was used to determine the relationships between the two discrete variables. When the expected sources were less than 20%, values were determined using the Monte Carlo simulation method to include these sources in the analysis. Age was determined as covariates (to be excluded), and the groups were compared using covariance analysis.
The cutoff points for the parameters were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Area under curve (AUC) of the ROC curve was calculated. We identified the value for each that maximized the Youden index (J), a summary statistic based on receiver operating characteristic curves that equally weights sensitivity and specificity (sensitivity + specificity − 1). The scores were estimated by constructing a multivariable logistic regression model considering the following covariates: NSS score, age, absence of fatigue, CRP, d-dimer, procalcitonin values, lymphocyte, and platelet counts. Due to the study design, we expected potential imbalances between groups. Propensity score matching was used to reduce potential selection bias between appendicitis group and MIS-C group. Data were evaluated using SPPS, version 25 (IBM Statistics, New York, USA). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01.
Publication 2023
Appendicitis Fatigue fibrin fragment D Lymphocyte Platelet Counts, Blood Procalcitonin stable plasma protein solution
The study included 229 children who underwent emergency surgical treatment for AIO and who had previously (primarily) been operated on: acute appendicitis -137 (59.8%), introsusception -36 (15.7%), blunt abdominal trauma -34 (14.8%), necrotizing enterocolitis -15 (6.5%), liver echinococcosis -5 (2.2%), and Payer’s disease -2 (0.9%). Boys to girls ratio made 1.3:1. The average age of the patients was 9.8±1.7 years old. Group 1 included 116 children, Group 2–113. The study was conducted in the clinical facilities of Stavropol Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital, Grozny Children’s Clinical Hospital No 2, and Makhachkkala Republican Children’s Clinical Hospital.
On children with the signs of AIO, treatment was started with conservative measures in the form of nasogastric intubation, infusion therapy, cleansing, and saline enema. No effect of the conducted treatment was the indication for surgery. The surgical treatment consisted of the elimination of cause of the mechanical intestinal obstruction (dissection of adhesions, untwisting, and laying the sentinel loops in the physiological position, and so on). Children who underwent colostomy were not included in this study.
The author’s method was used for all Group 1 children within the first 4 days of the post-operative period. Then, for up to 5–6 days (11 patients) of the post-operative period, the procedure was continued for the patients that were somewhat difficult to activate due to their young age, degree of severity of the post-operative condition, patient, pronounced predisposition to adhesions.
In the post-operative period, the abdominal brain exposure to the variable magnetic field was used for Group 2 to arrest the intestinal distention. The device “Magniter” was applied to the anterior abdominal wall for 20 min daily during the first 4 days of the post-operative period. From 5 to 15 post-operative days, the control group of patients received electrophoresis with hyaluronidase 64 IU.
During the treatment efficacy assessment, the following criteria were considered: Subjective data (intensity of pain and asthenic syndrome and quality of life); objective data, including the dynamics of symptoms (pain, edema, and hyperemia) and period of the patients staying at the hospital.
The adhesive process in the abdomen was determined using the Androsov, Blonov, and Knokh position specimens. These specimens are based on the creation of the thrust vector during mechanical tractions causing the adhesion tensioning between points of its attachment to various sites of the abdomen. Pain appearance or intensification is clinically determined.
The ultrasound examination of the abdomen was performed on GE Pro series LOGIQ 500 and SonoAce PICO using the curvilinear transabdominal multifrequency transducers within the range from 3.5 to 7.5 MHz. The echostructure of the abdomen, mobility of parietal and visceral peritoneum, “return” symptoms and small bowel dyskinesia in the area of its fixation by adhesives were examined.
Publication 2023
Abdomen Abdominal Cavity Appendicitis Boys Brain Cardiac Arrest Child Cloning Vectors Colostomy Debility Dissection Dyskinesias Echinococcosis, Hepatic Edema Electrophoresis Emergencies Enema Hyaluronidase Hyperemia Injury, Abdominal Intestinal Obstruction Intestines Intestines, Small Intubation, Nasogastric Intussusception Magnetic Fields Medical Devices Necrotizing Enterocolitis Operative Surgical Procedures Pain Patients physiology Range of Motion, Articular Saline Solution Severity, Pain Susceptibility, Disease Syndrome Traction Transducers Treatment, Emergency Ultrasonography Visceral Peritoneum Wall, Abdominal Woman
The initial complaint was divided into five categories: abdominal pain, abdominal discomfort, abdominal trauma, fall trauma, and MVC. Abdominal pain in these categories refers to severe abdominal pain lasting from hours to a few days where the initial approach from the ED physician was to asses for life threatening causes. Abdominal discomfort refers to less serious causes of abdominal pain such as constipation, gastritis, and diverticulosis. Abdominal trauma refers to blunt trauma, impact with an object, or penetrating injuries. Fall traumas refer to blunt traumas from deceleration from different type of falls, and MVC from deceleration from a vehicle impact and collision. We removed two cases that did not fit within these categories. Initial imaging results were categorized as negative or positive. The acute positive result included radiology reports describing infection (appendicitis, colitis, diverticulitis, and pyelonephritis); inflammation (pancreatitis and inflammatory bowel disease), masses and malignancies; and vascular abnormalities (gastrointestinal bleeding, aortic dissection, and abdominal aortic aneurysm). Positive incidental findings were categorized into hernia, cyst, nodule/mass, liver disease, renal calculi/malfunction, gastrointestinal, thoracic/chest cavity, and genitourinary issues.
We noted whether the patient had received any follow-up imaging of the same body region (up to 90 days from initial presentation and imaging). Imaging follow-up type was categorized as CT and magnetic resonance (MR) of the abdomen and pelvis with and without contrast, abdominal ultrasound, abdominal CT angiography (CTA), and abdominal X-ray. Follow-up report status either confirmed findings (negative, acute, and incidental) or identified a missed finding/false adverse finding. A board-certified, abdominal fellowship-trained radiologist re-evaluated reports and associated imaging in order to confirm any missed/false-negative results.
Publication 2023
Abdomen Abdominal Cavity Abdominal Pain Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal Appendicitis Blood Vessel Body Regions Calculi Chest Colitis Computed Tomography Angiography Congenital Abnormality Constipation Cyst Deceleration Dissecting Aneurysms Diverticulitis Diverticulosis Equus asinus Fellowships Gastritis Hepatobiliary Disorder Hernia Infection Inflammation Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Injury, Abdominal Kidney Failure Magnetic Resonance Imaging Malignant Neoplasms Nonpenetrating Wounds Pancreatitis Patients Pelvis Physicians Pyelonephritis Radiography Radiography, Abdominal Radiologist System, Genitourinary Thoracic Cavity Ultrasonography Wounds, Penetrating Wounds and Injuries

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More about "Appendicitis"

Appendicitis is a common and serious medical condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix, a small pouch-like structure attached to the first part of the large intestine.
This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial infections, obstruction, or trauma.
Symptoms typically include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever.
Timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial, as appendicitis can lead to serious complications if left untreated.
Researchers and clinicians often utilize statistical software tools like SAS version 9.4, MedCalc, SPSS (versions 22, 25, and 21), Stata 15, and SPSS for Windows to analyze data and optimize their appendicitis research.
These powerful software suites can help identify the most effective protocols and products from academic literature, preprints, and patents, enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of studies.
PubCompare.ai is an AI-driven platform that can further assist researchers in this endeavor.
By providing intelligent comparisons, the tool enables users to discover the most effective approaches for their appendicitis studies, leveraging the insights gained from the vast body of academic and clinical literature.
This AI-assisted research optimization can be a valuable asset in the quest to improve understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of this important medical condition.
Whether you're using traditional statistical software or taking advantage of innovative AI-powered tools like PubCompare.ai, the key is to stay up-to-date with the latest advancements in appendicitis research and to continuously strive for greater accuracy, reproducibility, and effectiveness in your studies.
By doing so, you can make meaningful contributions to the understanding and management of this common and potentially serious health issue.