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> Disorders > Disease or Syndrome > Bacterial Infections

Bacterial Infections

Bacterial Infections refer to a broad range of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria.
These conditions can affect various parts of the human body, including the skin, respiratory system, digestive tract, and urinary tract.
Bacterial Infections can be caused by a wide variety of bacterial species, such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas, among others.
Symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include fever, inflammation, pain, and tissue damage.
Proper diagnosis and timely treatment, often with antibiotics, are crucial for managing Bacterial Infections and preventing complications.
Researchers continue to explore new strategies, including the use of AI-driven tools like PubCompare.ai, to enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of bacterial infection studies and identify optimal experimental approaches.

Most cited protocols related to «Bacterial Infections»

1
Early ART Reduces HIV Transmission
We determined that an enrollment of 1750 serodiscordant couples would provide a power of at least 87% to detect a 39% reduction in the incidence of HIV-1 transmission to uninfected partners in the early-therapy group, as compared with the delayed-therapy group (primary prevention end point). By the end of the trial, we anticipated a total of 188 transmission incidences, with cumulative incidence rates of 8.3% in the early-therapy group and 13.2% in the delayed-therapy group, for a total duration of 6.5 years, with an accrual period of 1.5 years and a 5% annual loss to follow-up. The sample size of 1750 would also provide a power of 92% to show that early initiation of antiretroviral therapy provided at least a 20% reduction in the rate of serious clinical events associated with HIV-1 infection, which included death, a World Health Organization (WHO) stage 4 event, or a severe bacterial infection or pulmonary tuberculosis (primary clinical end point). By the end of the trial, we anticipated a total of 234 such clinical events, with cumulative incidence rates of 8.7% in the early-therapy group and 18.0% in the delayed-therapy group.
The study was reviewed twice each year by an independent NIAID multinational data and safety monitoring board. To guide the board in its recommendations regarding trial continuation, a composite monitoring end point was developed to include the occurrence of either death or WHO stage 4 events (excluding esophageal candidiasis) in HIV-1–infected participants or the transmission of HIV-1 to uninfected partners, whichever occurred first in the discordant couple. These were the events that were considered to have the greatest clinical effect on both the HIV-1–infected participant and the uninfected partner. A Lan–DeMets implementation of an O'Brien–Fleming monitoring boundary was used to evaluate the interim data with respect to this composite end point.20 (link),21 (link) An early termination would be indicated if there were conclusive evidence to rule out a hazard ratio of 0.80 or more in the early-therapy group. Interim analyses were planned when approximately 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of a total 340 composite events were observed.
We used the Kaplan–Meier method to calculate event-free probabilities and person-year analysis for incidence rate for a given year. We also used Cox regression to estimate relative risks, which were expressed as hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals, and to provide adjustment for potential prognostic factors, such as the infected participant's baseline CD4 count, baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration, and sex. The same Cox analyses were performed on linked transmissions, any transmissions, clinical events, and composite monitoring events. We used chi-square tests to compare the frequencies of adverse events. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. The cutoff was adjusted for multiple comparisons in trial-monitoring boundaries.
Cohen M.S., Chen Y.Q., McCauley M., Gamble T., Hosseinipour M.C., Kumarasamy N., Hakim J.G., Kumwenda J., Grinsztejn B., Pilotto J.H., Godbole S.V., Mehendale S., Chariyalertsak S., Santos B.R., Mayer K.H., Hoffman I.F., Eshleman S.H., Piwowar-Manning E., Wang L., Makhema J., Mills L.A., de Bruyn G., Sanne I., Eron J., Gallant J., Havlir D., Swindells S., Ribaudo H., Elharrar V., Burns D., Taha T.E., Nielsen-Saines K., Celentano D., Essex M, & Fleming T.R. (2011). Prevention of HIV-1 Infection with Early Antiretroviral Therapy. The New England journal of medicine, 365(6), 493-505.
Publication 2011
Bacterial Infections Candidiasis CD4+ Cell Counts Clinical Trials Data Monitoring Committees Early Therapy Group Therapy HIV-1 HIV Infections Plasma Primary Prevention Prognostic Factors Transmission, Communicable Disease Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
2
Comprehensive Phage Host Range Evaluation
The six phages that displayed the widest bactericide host range in the spot assays were selected for a more thorough assessment of productive infection as defined by the efficiency of plating (EOP). Each phage was tested three times for each of four different dilutions against all the bacterial strains that it had been shown to be able to lyse in the spot assays. This was done under the same conditions as in the spot assays, i.e. using stationary phase bacteria. Thus, all bacterial strains to be tested were grown overnight (18 hours) at 30°C and 200 μl of each of those cultures was used in double layer plaque assays together with 100 μl of diluted phage lysate. The four phage lysates were 106–109 times dilutions from the phage stock. This means that EOP assay replicates for a particular phage were done in parallel on all bacterial strains tested, and also at concentrations comparable to what was used in the spot tests. The plates were incubated overnight at 30°C and the number of plaque forming units (PFU) was counted for each combination. When the 106 dilution did not result in any plaques, a lower dilution was tried afterwards to verify that the EOP was lower than 0.001. Finally, the EOP was calculated (average PFU on target bacteria / average PFU on host bacteria) along with the standard deviation for the three measurements (S1 Table).
The average EOP value for a particular phage—bacterium combination was classified as “High production” when the ratio was 0.5 or more, i.e. when the productive infection on the target bacterium resulted in at least 50% of the PFU found for the primary host. An EOP of 0.1 or better, but below 0.5, was considered to be of “Medium production” efficiency, and between 0.001 and 0.1 as “Low production” efficiency. An EOP equal to or under 0.001 was classified as inefficient [34 (link)].
Khan Mirzaei M, & Nilsson A.S. (2015). Isolation of Phages for Phage Therapy: A Comparison of Spot Tests and Efficiency of Plating Analyses for Determination of Host Range and Efficacy. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0118557.
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Publication 2015
Bacteria Bacterial Infections Bacteriophages Biological Assay Dental Plaque Host Range Infection Senile Plaques Strains Technique, Dilution
3
Integrative multi-omics analysis of GWAS
All traits listed in the catalog of published GWAS (www.genome.gov/gwastudies/; date accessed 10 January 2013) were extracted and expertly curated into phenotypic groupings blind to GWAS or eSNP data. Groups were defined on the basis of organ specificity of a particular trait, disease process, or type. These included cardiovascular, respiratory, gastroenterological, urological, rheumatological, neurological, renal, endocrine, hematological, dermatological, bone, cancer, immunity and inflammation, autoimmune, allergy, genetic, viral infection, bacterial infection, parasitic disease, measurement, physiological, metabolic, chronic or degenerative disease, reproduction, and drug-related. We recognized that classification of a given trait was possible into multiple groups, and to capture this diversity, for each trait, we assigned trait membership into three possible groups.
A reported GWAS SNP was considered to coincide with an eQTL identified during the conditional analysis of cis associations if the GWAS SNP itself or any SNPs with r2 > 0.8 with this SNP were part of one of the eQTL peaks (P < 5 × 10−8). Enrichment of peak eQTLs for individual GWAS categories, as well as overall enrichment of GWAS SNPs, was tested with Fisher’s exact test by comparing the overlap obtained for peak eQTLs to that observed for all SNPs tested for cis associations. Publicly available summary statistics for a 200-kb window around CARD9 from the latest CD GWAS meta-analysis (46 (link)) were extracted using the Ricopili tool (www.broadinstitute.org/mpg/ricopili/). LD calculations were performed with PLINK (54 (link)) and the phase 1 1000 Genomes data (63 (link)). Approximate conditional analysis, based on summary statistics and LD properties, was carried out using the method described in (46 (link)).
Fairfax B.P., Humburg P., Makino S., Naranbhai V., Wong D., Lau E., Jostins L., Plant K., Andrews R., McGee C, & Knight J.C. (2014). Innate Immune Activity Conditions the Effect of Regulatory Variants upon Monocyte Gene Expression. Science (New York, N.Y.), 343(6175), 1246949.
Publication 2014
Bacterial Infections Birth Blindness Bones CARD9 protein, human Cardiovascular System Genome Genome-Wide Association Study Hypersensitivity Inflammation Kidney Malignant Neoplasms Organ Specificity Parasitic Diseases Pharmaceutical Preparations Phenotype physiology Reproduction Respiratory Rate Response, Immune Single Nucleotide Polymorphism System, Endocrine Virus Diseases
4
Diagnostic Strategies for Febrile Illness in Sub-Saharan Africa
We developed a decision tree that begins with ambulatory patients presenting with fever to health facilities in rural sub-Saharan Africa (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4), and proceeds through diagnosis and treatment to disease outcomes according to the sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic strategy, the patient's age and malaria prevalence among patients. Typical facilities would include health centres and dispensaries staffed by nurses and perhaps clinical officers, and outpatient departments of district hospitals. Once given first-line treatment, patients were assumed to face the same probabilities, health outcomes and costs regardless of diagnostic method. Parameter estimates for initial diagnosis and treatment were extracted from recently published data. Parameters describing treatment seeking patterns, costs for programme implementation and secondary treatment, and duration of disease were based mainly on those used in previous models.12 ,13 (link) Expert opinion was relied on for probabilities of disease progression and mortality without appropriate treatment where reliable published data do not exist. Parameter values, sources, best estimates and probability distributions representing parameter uncertainty are available at: http://www.wpro.who.int/sites/rdt.
We assumed that health workers used the diagnostic test result in their clinical decision-making and that patients diagnosed positive for malaria received ACT and patients negative for malaria received an antibiotic such as amoxicillin. The proportion receiving antibiotics was varied in the sensitivity analysis. Best (most likely) estimates for drug efficacy were set at 85% for ACT in cases of malaria and 75% for antibiotics in bacterial disease. We assumed that antibiotics were not efficacious for malaria or viral illness, and that antimalarials did not cure bacterial disease. We assumed no coinfection between malaria and bacterial infections. Presumptive treatment on the basis of a history of fever was assumed to have perfect sensitivity and zero specificity. For RDTs we assumed a test detecting histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP-2) specific for P. falciparum, as 90% of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa is P. falciparum, with best estimates for RDT sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 95%, respectively.14 (link)-19 Microscopic diagnosis was based on best standard practice of district-hospital and health-centre general laboratories in sub-Saharan Africa, and assumed best estimates for sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 85%, respectively.20 (link),21 (link) We made comparisons according to all possible levels of endemicity of malaria expressed in terms of prevalence of parasitaemia in febrile outpatients presenting at facilities.
The chances of a febrile episode being fatal are far higher if associated with HIV infection.9 (link),22 (link),23 (link) Very high HIV prevalence would affect the decision tree parameters. To avoid a very complex decision tree structure, parameter values were set assuming that HIV prevalence was relatively low (about 10% of people five years old or over), which is typical outside southern Africa.
We calculated the incremental cost in US dollars (2002 prices) of changing from one diagnostic approach to another from the joint perspective of providers and patients, using the ingredients approach to calculate diagnosis costs, first-line drug costs and variable costs of second-line treatment.24 The costs of microscopy diagnosis included materials, staff time, training and supervision. RDT diagnosis included the unit cost of the test; diagnosis according to presumptive treatment was assumed to cost nothing. We assumed drug cost per adult dose to be US$ 1–2.4 for ACT and US$ 0.61–0.93 for antibiotics. We set the cost of RDT kits at US$ 0.6–1 and that of microscopy at US$ 0.32–1.27. Microscopy costs are dependent on workload and were based on a range of 1000 to 6800 or more diagnoses per year. For simplicity we assumed that microscopy was used only for malaria diagnosis, not for other diseases. All other costs of first-line treatment were excluded as they were assumed to be the same across diagnostic strategies. We included variable costs to providers and patients of any second-line treatment (drugs, reagents, food), but excluded fixed costs (buildings, equipment, supervision and most staff costs) as these would not change with numbers of patients. We assumed that unresolved uncomplicated malaria was treated with a second-line drug of the same price and efficacy as the first-line antimalarial. We assumed that secondary treatment for severe bacterial infection was an alternative antibiotic costing twice as much as first-line treatment. Costs associated with the management of neurological sequelae were excluded.
We measured health outcomes in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted, calculated according to the methods of Lopez et al. without age weights.25 We based life expectancies on a west African life table with a life expectancy at birth of 50 years.
The causes of non-malarial febrile infection vary from region to region and encompass diseases such as acute respiratory infections and bacterial meningitis. For simplicity, disability weights and durations for uncomplicated and severe non-malarial febrile illnesses were assumed to be the same as those for malaria. We assumed that bacterial illness was more likely than malaria to become severe, but that only 5–15% of these infections had bacterial causes, with the rest being self-limiting viral infections.
We did probabilistic sensitivity analysis with Monte-Carlo simulations (Palisade@Risk add-in tool to Microsoft Excel), and cost and health outcomes were generated stochastically (10 000 simulations). Policy-makers will wish to identify interventions that are less costly than the comparator and have better health outcomes, called dominant, and rule out those that are more costly and less effective, termed dominated. More costly and more effective interventions may be selected if they are thought to be good value for money. An intervention was defined as cost-effective if it was dominant or had an incremental cost per DALY averted under US$ 150. The value of US$ 150 was chosen in the base case, to represent a decision-maker's valuation of a healthy year of life. This was based on recommendations of the Ad Hoc Committee on Health Research Priorities, which stated that any intervention costing less than US$ 150 per DALY averted should be considered attractive in low-income countries.26
Additional sensitivity analyses were done by varying the parameter of interest and malaria prevalence according to the ranges in Table 1. A full report of all results is available at: http://www.wpro.who.int/sites/rdt, where customized results specific to local settings can be generated online using an interactive model.
Shillcutt S., Morel C., Goodman C., Coleman P., Bell D., Whitty C.J, & Mills A. (2007). Cost-effectiveness of malaria diagnostic methods in sub-Saharan Africa in an era of combination therapy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(2), 101-110.
Publication 2008
Acute Disease Adult Amoxicillin Antibiotics Antimalarials Bacteria Bacterial Infections Coinfection Diagnosis Disabled Persons Disease Progression Face Fever Food Health Personnel Histidine Hypersensitivity Infection Joints Malaria Meningitis, Bacterial Microscopy Nurses Origin of Life Outpatients Parasitemia Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Policy Makers Proteins Respiratory Tract Infections sequels Supervision Virus Diseases West African People
5
Sterile adult mosquito rearing and sampling

A. gambiae Keele strain mosquitoes were maintained on a 10% sugar solution in laboratory culture at 27°C and 70% humidity with a 12 hrs light/dark cycle according to standard rearing procedures [49] . A single cohort of adult female mosquitoes were collected immediately after eclosion, and either maintained under normal, non-sterile insectary conditions or placed into a sterile environment. Following, adult female mosquitoes were daily given fresh filtered sterilized 10% sucrose solution containing 15 µg gentamicin sulphate (Sigma) and 10 units/10 µg of penicillin-streptomycin (Invitrogen) per ml, respectively. Each cohort of mosquitoes was simultaneously membrane-fed freshly washed human erythrocytes resuspended to 40% haematocrit using human serum. As far as possible, every care was taken to maintain the sterility of the blood and membrane-feeding apparatus used to feed the mosquitoes, in order to prevent the antibiotic-treated mosquitoes acquiring bacterial infection during the process of membrane-feeding. The mosquitoes were starved for 8 hrs before feeding to encourage engorgement, and sugar solution was replaced once blood feeding had finished. At 24 hrs after blood feeding, 20 mosquitoes from each replicate of each cohort was collected and dissected on ice. RNA was extracted from dissected tissues at the assayed time points using the RNeasy kit (Qiagen). The quantification of RNA concentrations was performed using a Spectrophotometer (Eppendorf).
Dong Y., Manfredini F, & Dimopoulos G. (2009). Implication of the Mosquito Midgut Microbiota in the Defense against Malaria Parasites. PLoS Pathogens, 5(5), e1000423.
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Publication 2009
Antibiotics Bacterial Infections Blood Carbohydrates Culicidae DNA Replication Erythrocytes Homo sapiens Humidity Hyperemia Penicillins Serum Sterility, Reproductive Streptomycin Sucrose Sulfate, Gentamicin Tissue, Membrane Tissues Volumes, Packed Erythrocyte Woman

Most recents protocols related to «Bacterial Infections»

1
Diagnosis and Significance of Bacterial Vaginosis
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is an infection caused when too much of certain bacteria change the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most common lower genital tract conditions, occurring in 35% of women attending sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics, 15% to 20% of pregnant women, and 5% to 15% of women attending gynecology clinics (Eschenbach D A, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993). Pregnant women with BV are more likely to have babies who are born premature (early) or with low birth weight than women who do not have BV while pregnant. Low birth weight means having a baby that weighs less than 5.5 pounds at birth (CDC fact sheet, 2015).

Diagnosis of BV is typically done through a vaginal swab to assess the presence and balance of certain bacteria within the vaginal flora through PCR. A wet mount, whiff test, or pH test can also be performed in order to diagnose a possible bacterial infection.

In some embodiments, the disclosed device can be used to detect bacterial vaginosis from menstrual blood or cervicovaginal fluids.

US11864740B2. Sample collection and preservation devices, systems and methods (2024-01-09). NextGen Jane, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Ridhi Tariyal [US], Stephen K. Gire [US].
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Patent 2024
Bacteria Bacterial Infections Bacterial Vaginosis Blood Childbirth Diagnosis Hereditary Diseases Infant Infection Medical Devices Menstruation Pregnant Women Premature Birth Sexually Transmitted Diseases Vagina Vaginal Diseases Woman
2
Synthesis and Purification of Example 9
Not available on PMC !

Example 9

[Figure (not displayed)]
[Figure (not displayed)]
[Figure (not displayed)]
[Figure (not displayed)]

At 0° C., TFA (0.455 mL) was added to a solution of intermediate (9p) (100 mg, 0.102 mmol) in DCM (1.02 mL). At 0° C., further TFA was added four times every 2 h per portion of 150 μL. The mixture was stirred for further 5 h 30 until complete conversion on intermediate (9p). The mixture was diluted in Et2O. The precipitate was filtered and triturated in Et2O and ACN. The crude was purified by column chromatography on C18 (Water/ACN 99/1 to 90/10). Fractions of interest were combined, partially concentrated in vacuo, frozen and lyophilized to provide Example 9 (27 mg, 0.057 mmol, 42%). MS m/z ([M+H]+) 477. 1H NMR (400 MHz, D2O): δ (ppm) 2.99 (s, 3H), 3.33 (s, 3H), 3.39 (dd, J=5.1, 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.52-3.60 (m, 3H), 3.74 (dd, J=2.9, 12.1 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 5.66 (s, 1H).

US11865118B2. Heterocyclic compounds and their use in preventing or treating bacterial infections (2024-01-09). MUTABILIS [FR]. Inventors: Julien Barbion [FR], Audrey Caravano [FR], Sophie Chasset [FR], Francis Chevreuil [FR], Frédéric Le Strat [FR], Christophe Simon [FR], Julie Brias [FR], Rémi Lebel [FR].
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Patent 2024
1H NMR Bacterial Infections Chromatography Freezing Heterocyclic Compounds
3
Sepsis Modeling in Mice Using N. meningitidis Strains
Not available on PMC !

Example 7

Sepsis modeling was performed as described by Gorringe A. R., Reddin, K. M., Voet P. and Poolman J. T. (Methods Mol. Med. 66, 241 (Jan. 1, 2001)) and Johswich, K. O. et al. (Infect. Immun. 80, 2346 (Jul. 1, 2012)). Groups of 6 eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice (Charles River Laboratories) were inoculated via intraperitoneal injection with N. meningitidis strain B16B6, B16B6 Δtbpb, or B16B6 Δnmb0313 (N=2 independent experiments). To prepare inoculums, bacterial strains for infection were grown overnight on GC agar, resuspended and then grown for 4 h in 10 ml of Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) medium at 37° C. with shaking. Cultures were adjusted such that each final 500 μl inoculum contained 1×106 colony forming units and 10 mg human holo-transferrin. Mice were monitored at least every 12 h starting 48 h before infection to 48 h after infection for changes in weight, clinical symptoms and bacteremia. Mice were scored on a scale of 0-2 based on the severity of the following clinical symptoms: grooming, posture, appearance of eyes and nose, breathing, dehydration, diarrhea, unprovoked behavior, and provoked behavior. Animals reaching endpoint criteria were humanely euthanized. Animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the Animal Ethics Review Committee of the University of Toronto.

FIG. 7 shows the results obtained. FIG. 7A shows a solid phase binding assay consisting of N.men cells fixed with paraformaldehyde (PFA) or lysed with SDS and were spotted onto nitrocellulose and probed with α-TbpB antibodies. ΔSLAM/tn5 refers to the original strain of SLAM deficient cells obtained through transposon insertion. ΔSLAM describes the knockout of SLAM in Neisseria meningitidis obtained by replacing the SLAM ORF with a kanamycin resistance cassette. FIG. 7B shows a Proteinase K digestion assay showing the degradation of TbpB, LbpB and fHbp only when Nm cells are SLAM deficient (ΔSLAM). Nm cells expressing individual SLPs alone and with SLAM were incubated with proteinase K and Western blots were used to detect levels of all three SLPs levels with and without protease digestion (−/+). Flow cytometry was used to confirm that ΔSLAM cells could not display TbpB (FIG. 7C) or fHbp (FIG. 7D) on the cell surface. Antibodies against TbpB and fHbp were used to bind surface exposed SLPs followed by incubation with a α-Rabbit antibody linked to phycoerythrin to provide fluorescence. The mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of each sample was measured using the FL2 detector of a BD FACS Calibur. The signal obtained from wildtype cells was set to 100% for comparison with signals from knockout cells. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean (SEM) from three experiments. Shown in FIG. 7E are the results of mice infections with various strains. Mice were infected via intraperitoneal injection with 1×106 CFU of wildtype N. meningitidis strain B16B6, B16B6 with a knockout of TbpB (ΔtbpB), or B16B6 with a knockout of nmb0313 Δslam and monitored for survival and disease symptoms every 12 h starting 48 hr pre-infection to 48 h post-infection and additionally monitored at 3 hr post-infection. Statistical differences in survival were assessed by a Mantel-Cox log rank test (GraphPad Prism 5) (*p<0.05, n.s. not significant). These results show a marked reduction in post-infection mortality in mice infected with the knockout of nmb0313 Δslam strain.

US11872275B2. SLAM polynucleotides and polypeptides and uses thereof (2024-01-16). ENGINEERED ANTIGENS INC. [CA]. Inventors: Trevor F. Moraes [CA], Christine Chieh-Lin Lai [CA], Yogesh Hooda [CA], Andrew Judd [CA], Anthony B. Schryvers [CA], Scott D. Gray-Owen [CA].
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Patent 2024
Agar Animals Antibodies Bacteremia Bacterial Infections Biological Assay Brain Cells Cultured Cells Dehydration Diarrhea Digestion Endopeptidase K Eye Flow Cytometry Fluorescence Genes Heart Homo sapiens Immunoglobulins Infection Injections, Intraperitoneal Jumping Genes Kanamycin Resistance Mice, Inbred C57BL Mus Neisseria Neisseria meningitidis Nitrocellulose Nose paraform Peptide Hydrolases Phycoerythrin prisma Rabbits Rivers Sepsis Strains Transferrin Virulence Western Blot
4
Imaging Infection Using [18F]F-PABA
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

One of the main limitations of using FDG to image infection is that FDG accumulates in the mammalian cells involved in the inflammatory response to infection. It was analyzed how inflammation affected the biodistribution of [18F]F-PABA by generating an inflammatory response using 50 μL of 1012 CFU of Newman S. aureus heat-killed bacteria. FIG. 3 shows a comparison of levels of [18F]F-PABA in the triceps of a rat in which the right triceps is the site of bacterial infection whereas the left triceps is the site of sterile inflammation. Significantly, radiotracer levels are 10-fold higher at the site of infection compared to the site of sterile inflammation, indicating that the accumulation of [18F]F-PABA at the site of infection is likely not due to uptake by cells involved in the inflammatory response.

US11857352B2. Positron imaging tomography imaging agent composition and method for bacterial infection (2024-01-02). The Research Foundation for the State University of New York [US]. Inventors: Peter Tonge [US], Zhuo Zhang [US], Peter Smith-Jones [US], Li Liu [US], Hui Wang [US].
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Patent 2024
4-Aminobenzoic Acid Bacteria Bacterial Infections Cells Infection Inflammation Mammals Sterility, Reproductive
5
Synthesis of Example 3 Zwitterion
Not available on PMC !

Example 3

[Figure (not displayed)]

At 0° C., TFA (0.4 mL) was added to a solution of intermediate (3b) (38 mg, 0.041 mmol) in DCM (0.4 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 7 h and at −20° C. for 18 h. At 0° C., Et2O was added to give a precipitate and supernatant was eliminated (operation repeated 3 times). The residue was triturated twice with ACN and supernatant was eliminated each time. After trituration, the obtained solid was filtered on PTFE membrane and dried under vacuum. The crude was purified by column chromatography on C18 (Water/ACN 99/1 to 80/20). The fractions containing the desired compound were combined, partially concentrated under flux of nitrogen to remove ACN, frozen and lyophilized to provide Example 3 as zwitterion (2 mg, 0.005 mmol, 13%). MS m/z ([M−H]−) 404. 1H NMR (400 MHz, D2O): δ (ppm) 3.45-3.51 (m, 2H), 3.54-3.64 (m, 2H), 3.65-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.96 (dd, J=3.0, 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (d, J=16.9 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (d, J=16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H). 19F NMR (377 MHz, D2O): no fluorine.

US11865118B2. Heterocyclic compounds and their use in preventing or treating bacterial infections (2024-01-09). MUTABILIS [FR]. Inventors: Julien Barbion [FR], Audrey Caravano [FR], Sophie Chasset [FR], Francis Chevreuil [FR], Frédéric Le Strat [FR], Christophe Simon [FR], Julie Brias [FR], Rémi Lebel [FR].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
1H NMR Bacterial Infections Chromatography Fluorine Freezing Heterocyclic Compounds Nitrogen Polytetrafluoroethylene Tissue, Membrane Vacuum

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Streptomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor, targeting the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, which plays a crucial role in the translation of genetic information into proteins. Streptomycin is commonly used in microbiological research and applications that require selective inhibition of bacterial growth.
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Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Penicillin is a type of antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of bacteria. Penicillin functions by disrupting the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death.
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Rneasy mini kit by Qiagen
Sourced in Germany, United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Spain, Japan, Canada, France, China, Australia, Italy, Switzerland, Sweden, Belgium, Denmark, India, Jamaica, Singapore, Poland, Lithuania, Brazil, New Zealand, Austria, Hong Kong, Portugal, Romania, Cameroon, Norway
The RNeasy Mini Kit is a laboratory equipment designed for the purification of total RNA from a variety of sample types, including animal cells, tissues, and other biological materials. The kit utilizes a silica-based membrane technology to selectively bind and isolate RNA molecules, allowing for efficient extraction and recovery of high-quality RNA.
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Tempus blood rna tube by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany
The Tempus Blood RNA Tubes are designed to stabilize and preserve RNA in whole blood samples for subsequent analysis. The tubes contain a proprietary reagent that immediately lyses blood cells and stabilizes the RNA, allowing for reliable RNA extraction and analysis.
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Trizol reagent by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Italy, Australia, Spain, Switzerland, Netherlands, Belgium, Lithuania, Denmark, Singapore, New Zealand, India, Brazil, Argentina, Sweden, Norway, Austria, Poland, Finland, Israel, Hong Kong, Cameroon, Sao Tome and Principe, Macao, Taiwan, Province of China, Thailand
TRIzol reagent is a monophasic solution of phenol, guanidine isothiocyanate, and other proprietary components designed for the isolation of total RNA, DNA, and proteins from a variety of biological samples. The reagent maintains the integrity of the RNA while disrupting cells and dissolving cell components.

More about "Bacterial Infections"

Bacterial Infections are a broad range of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria.
These conditions can affect various parts of the human body, including the skin, respiratory system, digestive tract, and urinary tract.
Bacterial Infections can be caused by a wide variety of bacterial species, such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Pseudomonas, among others.
Symptoms of Bacterial Infections can range from mild to severe and may include fever, inflammation, pain, and tissue damage.
Proper diagnosis and timely treatment, often with antibiotics like Penicillin, Streptomycin, or Gentamicin, are crucial for managing these infections and preventing complications.
Researchers continue to explore new strategies, including the use of AI-driven tools like PubCompare.ai, to enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of bacterial infection studies.
These advanced tools leverage techniques like RNA extraction using the RNeasy Mini Kit or TRIzol reagent, and Tempus Blood RNA Tubes, to identify optimal experimental approaches and products for your studies.
By utilizing insights from FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum), DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium), and Triton X-100, researchers can optimize their bacterial infection research and improve the overall quality and reliability of their findings.
Embrace the power of PubCompare.ai and elevate your bacterial infection studies to new heights.