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> Disorders > Disease or Syndrome > Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis

Conjuctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye.
It can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral and bacterial infections, allergies, and irritation from chemicals or foreign objects.
Symptoms may include redness, itching, burning, and discharge from the eye.
Proper diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications and ensure a full recovery.
This MeSH term provides a comprehensive overview of conjunctivitis, its causes, symptoms, and management options.

Most cited protocols related to «Conjunctivitis»

1
Infant Gut Microbiome Development
Pregnant women ages 18–45 were recruited from prenatal clinics beginning at approximately 24 to 28 weeks gestation as described previously 25 (link),26 (link). We performed microbiome characterizations of stool samples collected at approximately six weeks of age from full term infants (>37 weeks gestational age at delivery, and appropriate growth for gestational age). Six weeks was chosen as it is likely that exclusive breastmilk or formula feeding would be well established at this age, and six weeks corresponded to routine maternal postpartum visits, a time that allowed for optimal sample collection with minimal particpant burden. We evaluated infant diet from birth until the time of stool collection by telephone questionnaires that included questions regarding the duration of breastfeeding and the timing of formula introduction, if any. Infants who were fed breastmilk and who had never been given formula prior to the time of stool collection were given the status of exclusive breastmilk feeding; infants who had not been breastfed and who had been fed formula only prior to their stool collection were assigned the status exclusively formula-fed; and infants who had received both breastmilk and formula prior to their stool collection were identified as having a diet of both breastmilk and formula. When possible, we confirmed exclusive breastmilk and exclusive formula feeding status using a feeding diary kept by subjects’ mothers during the 48-hour period prior to stool collection.
Delivery mode (Cesarean vs. vaginal delivery) was abstracted from maternal delivery records. Data about infant exposures to medication were derived from questions asked during the telephone questionnaires described above. Mothers were asked whether their infant had received a prescription medication in the first four months of life. A free text field was used to record the medication name. If the exact name could not be recalled, as much detail as could be recalled was recorded. Topical medications including those given for conjunctivitis and antifungals such as those given for thrush were not considered. Because antibiotic exposure has both been shown to influence the intestinal microbiome 7 (link) we excluded infants who had received a prescription antibiotic.
Madan J.C., Hoen A.G., Lundgren S.N., Farzan S.F., Cottingham K.L., Morrison H.G., Sogin M.L., Li H., Moore J.H, & Karagas M.R. (2016). Effects of Cesarean delivery and formula supplementation on the intestinal microbiome of six-week old infants. JAMA pediatrics, 170(3), 212-219.
Publication 2016
Antibiotics Antifungal Agents Birth Conjunctivitis Diet Feces Gestational Age Infant Intestinal Microbiome Microbiome Milk Mothers Obstetric Delivery Oral Candidiasis Pharmaceutical Preparations Pregnancy Pregnant Women Prescription Drugs Specimen Collection Vagina
2
Seinäjoki Adult Asthma Study (SAAS)
Seinäjoki Adult Asthma Study (SAAS) is a single-centre (Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland) 12-year follow-up study of a total cohort of 259 patients having new-onset asthma that was diagnosed at adult age. However, two patients were excluded because they were later found to have a previous diagnosis of asthma during childhood, leaving 257 patients in the original cohort. The study was divided in two parts (Figure 1): the collection of the original cohort (phase I) and follow-up visit (phase II). The original cohort was collected between 6 October 1999 and 17 April 2002. Patients were referred to the hospital by primary-care practitioners because of suspicion of asthma. Inclusion and exclusion criteria are shown in Table 1. Patients with simultaneous asthma and COPD were not excluded, and the study population includes patients who could be defined as having asthma–COPD overlap syndrome, even though the inclusion criteria for those patients are not exactly the same as currently used criteria for asthma–COPD overlap syndrome.1 ,11 ,12 (link)After 12 years, patients were invited to a follow-up visit (phase II; 10 December 2012 and 31 October 2013) in which asthma status, co-morbidities (chronic rhinitis or obstructed nose, allergic rhinitis or conjunctivitis, diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, COPD and any other patient-reported disease), medication (including medication to other diseases and the disease treated), control, severity and lung function were evaluated (Figure 1). In addition to the data gathered at these visits, data on asthma follow-up visits, exacerbations, hospitalisations, possible occupationally induced asthma and prescribed asthma medication were collected from hospital clinics, primary health care, occupational health care and private practices for the whole 12-year follow-up period. In addition, the use of medication that was realised, i.e., medication bought from pharmacy, will be retrieved. In addition to asthma-specific factors, data include occupational, lifestyle and socioeconomic factors at the follow-up visit.
Kankaanranta H., Ilmarinen P., Kankaanranta T, & Tuomisto L.E. (2015). Seinäjoki Adult Asthma Study (SAAS): a protocol for a 12-year real-life follow-up study of new-onset asthma diagnosed at adult age and treated in primary and specialised care. NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine, 25, 15042-.
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Publication 2015
Adult Asthma Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap Syndrome Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease Conjunctivitis Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Heart Disease, Coronary High Blood Pressures Hospitalization Nose Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Primary Health Care Respiratory Physiology Rhinitis Rhinitis, Allergic Serum Amyloid A Protein
3
Standardized Grading of Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy
A detailed history was obtained regarding known onset of FECD, family history, ocular and systemic medications, prior history of glaucoma, contact lens wear, ocular trauma and ocular surgeries. All subjects underwent a slit lamp biomicroscopic examination, including determination of conjunctival inflammation, assessment of the cornea for abnormalities, anterior chamber inflammation, iris abnormalities and color, presence of cataract, measurement of intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness.
All investigators were certified on the FECD grading scale by provision and review of a detailed operations manual that included procedures for slit lamp biomicroscopy, a diagram of the grading scale, a photographic example of each grade, and a training video demonstration of the slit lamp biomicroscopic technique (see supplementary material). An investigator meeting at the outset of the study also provided live patient examples of grades on which each investigator submitted their assessment with a requirement that they be within one grading measure on the scale to be certified on the grading.
Every subject received a severity grade for both corneas. A previous classification scheme1 (link) was revised from a 5-step scale to a 6-step scale. The scale was as follows: Grade 0, no guttae; Grade 1, 1–12 central or paracentral non-confluent corneal guttae; Grade 2, more than 12 central/paracentral non-confluent corneal guttae; Grade 3, 1 to 2 mm of confluent central/paracentral corneal guttae at the widest diameter of the confluence after rotating the slit beam and measuring the diameter by narrowing the length of the beam and recording the length in mm; Grade 4, greater than 2 and up to 5 mm; Grade 5, greater than 5 mm of confluent central /paracentral guttae; Grade 6, over 5 mm of confluent central/paracentral guttae with clinically apparent stromal and/or epithelial edema (see Supplementary material for photographic grading guide and Appendix 2 for the grading scale). Subjects with stromal and/or epithelial edema overlying focally dense guttae less than 5 mm in diameter were graded according to the diameter of confluent guttae, with the edema noted separately. Grading was accomplished by scanning the cornea both horizontally and vertically from the center to the limbus by slit lamp biomicroscopy using a narrow slit beam. Eyes that had already had a keratoplasty (either penetrating or endothelial keratoplasty) for FECD were marked as such and assigned a grade of 5. Subjects who underwent penetrating keratoplasty were assigned a grade of 6 if corneal edema was visible on the subject’s pathology specimen. As corneal edema was unable to be evaluated on DSEK pathology specimens, these subjects were assigned a grade of 5.
Grades 4 and higher were considered severe disease. Although grades 2 and 3 could possibly predispose to later progression, the rates and factors for progression to moderate/severe disease are not well defined in the literature18 . Therefore for the purpose of this study, a grade 0 was considered unaffected, grades 1–3 were defined as intermediately affected, and 4–6 were considered affected.
Louttit M.D., Kopplin L.J., Igo RP J.r., Fondran J.R., Tagliaferri A., Bardenstein D., Aldave A.J., Croasdale C.R., Price M., Rosenwasser G.O., Lass J.H, & Iyengar S.K. (2012). A Multi-Center Study to Map Genes for Fuchs’ Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy: Baseline Characteristics and Heritability. Cornea, 31(1), 26-35.
Publication 2012
Cataract Chambers, Anterior Congenital Abnormality Conjunctivitis Contact Lenses Cornea Disease Progression Edema Edema, Corneal Endothelium Eye Eye Injuries Glaucoma Inflammation Iris Keratoplasty Keratoplasty, Penetrating Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Slit Lamp Slit Lamp Examination Tonometry
4
Neutropenic Mouse Model of Acinetobacter baumannii Infection
The animal experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (IB02-10). All research was conducted in compliance with the Animal Welfare Act and other federal statutes and regulations relating to animals and experiments involving animals and adhered to principles stated in reference 39 . Six-week-old female BALB/c mice (National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD) were housed at 3 to 4 animals per cage and allowed access to food and water ad libitum throughout the experiment. The pulmonary infection model was adapted from reference 14 (link). Briefly, to promote infection, mice were rendered neutropenic via intraperitoneal administration of 150 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg cyclophosphamide in sterile saline on day −4 and day −1 prior to infection (day 0), respectively.
A. baumannii isolates AB4857, AB5075, AB5711, AB0057, and AB5256 were grown overnight in LB broth with aeration at 37°C, subcultured to mid-exponential phase, washed, and resuspended in PBS with optical density at 600 nm (OD600) values corresponding to 2 × 108 CFU/ml. For infection, mice were anesthetized with oxygenated isoflurane immediately prior to intranasal inoculation with 25 µl of bacterial cultures, corresponding to 5 × 106 CFU. For rifampin experiments, mice were injected IP daily, starting at 4 h postinfection. Animal morbidity was scored twice daily for 6 days using a system evaluating mobility, coat condition, and conjunctivitis as previously described (14 (link)). As mice became exceedingly moribund based on clinical score, they were humanely euthanized according to protocol.
To assess CFU burden in the lungs, mice were humanely euthanized according to protocol on days 2 and 3 postinfection via an injection of ketamine (100 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg). To quantify the pulmonary CFU burden, lungs were homogenized in 1 ml PBS, and serial dilutions were plated using the Autoplate spiral plating system (Advanced Instruments, Norwood, MA) onto LB agar supplemented with 50 µg/ml carbenicillin. Bacterial load was reported as CFU per gram of lung tissue.
Jacobs A.C., Thompson M.G., Black C.C., Kessler J.L., Clark L.P., McQueary C.N., Gancz H.Y., Corey B.W., Moon J.K., Si Y., Owen M.T., Hallock J.D., Kwak Y.I., Summers A., Li C.Z., Rasko D.A., Penwell W.F., Honnold C.L., Wise M.C., Waterman P.E., Lesho E.P., Stewart R.L., Actis L.A., Palys T.J., Craft D.W, & Zurawski D.V. (2014). AB5075, a Highly Virulent Isolate of Acinetobacter baumannii, as a Model Strain for the Evaluation of Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Treatments. mBio, 5(3), e01076-14.
Publication 2014
Agar Animals Bacterial Vaccines Carbenicillin Coat Disease Conjunctivitis Cyclophosphamide Females Food Infection Injections, Intraperitoneal Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Isoflurane Ketamine Lung Mice, Inbred BALB C Mus Range of Motion, Articular Rifampin Saline Solution Sterility, Reproductive Technique, Dilution Tissues Vision Xylazine
5
Cohort Study of Ocular Inflammation
The SITE cohort study methods have been described in detail previously.19 (link) Briefly, all eligible patients seen at five academic ocular inflammation practices in the United States during the years 1979-2005 contributed to this analysis. The time period was selected based on the years covered by the National Death Index at the time of the study. Eligible patients had a non-infectious ocular inflammatory diagnosis (uveitis, scleritis, cicatrising conjunctivitis of mucous membrane pemphigoid, and other conjunctival, corneal, optic nerve, and orbital inflammatory diseases). Patients known to have HIV infection were excluded. Patients diagnosed with cancer before cohort entry were excluded from the primary within cohort survival analyses, but were included for comparisons with the United States general population (which includes people with pre-existing cancer).
The centres directly managed immunosuppression in most instances, and kept detailed records that were available for review. Data about demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics were obtained from medical records by a structured, protocol-driven review of every visit of every patient. At four centres, all eligible patients identified were studied. At the fifth centre, because of a larger volume of patients and limited resources, a random sample of about 40% of the eligible patients were studied, oversampling subgroups likely to have received immunosuppression and patients treated early in the period of observation,19 (link) so as to maximise the information gained about immunosuppression and mortality. Reviews were done by five residency trained ophthalmologists with masters level or higher epidemiology training and one highly experienced ophthalmic technician and research coordinator. Use of immunosuppressive agents before cohort entry was noted along with the dosages of immunosuppressive agents and corticosteroids at all clinic visits. The broad range of additional data collection has been described previously.19 (link) Quality control features built into the data system required immediate correction or verification of unlikely values. Records of patients who had been seen at more than one of the participating centres were merged.
Data on mortality incidence during 1979-2005 inclusive were obtained by linkage of patient identifiers to the US National Death Index,20 (link) which provides near perfect ascertainment of mortality when US social security numbers are available (as in about 90% of our cohort).21 (link)
22 (link) Ascertainment of mortality using this approach is outstanding even based on the other identifiers we used.21 (link) Perfect matches on social security number, all names, and date of birth were accepted as matches. Possible matches with inconsistencies or missing values in one or more of these fields were manually reviewed, and adjudicated by consensus.
Causes of death were obtained using the National Death Index “plus” feature, extracted from death certificates in the same manner as for US vital statistics, which has 96% code-recode reproducibility.23 (link) Return of cancer codes (international classification of disease [ICD]-9 codes 140.0 to 208.9, 239.0 to 239.9, or ICD-10 codes C00 to C97) as the cause of death were taken as indicating a cancer death, within which return of lymphoma codes (ICD-9 codes 200.0 to 202.9 or ICD-10 codes C81.0 to C85.9) were taken as indicating a lymphoma death.
The study was approved by the participating centres’ institutional review boards, each of which approved waiver of consent for this retrospective study, and also was approved by the National Death Index review board. The study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Kempen J.H., Daniel E., Dunn J.P., Foster C.S., Gangaputra S., Hanish A., Helzlsouer K.J., Jabs D.A., Kaçmaz R.O., Levy-Clarke G.A., Liesegang T.L., Newcomb C.W., Nussenblatt R.B., Pujari S.S., Rosenbaum J.T., Suhler E.B, & Thorne J.E. (2009). Overall and cancer related mortality among patients with ocular inflammation treated with immunosuppressive drugs: retrospective cohort study. The BMJ, 339, b2480.
Publication 2009
Adrenal Cortex Hormones Childbirth Clinic Visits Conjunctiva Conjunctivitis Cornea Ethics Committees, Research Eye HIV Infections Immunosuppression Immunosuppressive Agents Inclusion Bodies Infection Inflammation Lymphoma Malignant Neoplasms Ophthalmologists Optic Nerve Orbital Diseases Patients Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane Residency Scleritis Uveitis Vision

Most recents protocols related to «Conjunctivitis»

1
Chlamydia: Diagnosis, Transmission, and Impacts
Not available on PMC !

Example 2

Chlamydia is a common STI that is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Transmission occurs during vaginal, anal, or oral sex, but the bacterium can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby during vaginal childbirth. It is estimated that about 1 million individuals in the United States are infected with this bacterium, making chlamydia one of the most common STIs worldwide. Like gonorrhea, chlamydial infection is asymptomatic for a majority of women. If symptoms are present, they include unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge, pain in the abdomen, painful sexual intercourse, fever, painful urination or the urge to urinate more frequently than usual. Of those who develop asymptomatic infection, approximately half may develop PID. Infants born to mothers with chlamydia may suffer from pneumonia and conjunctivitis, which may lead to blindness. They may also be subject to spontaneous abortion or premature birth.

Diagnosis of chlamydial infection is usually done by nucleic acid amplification techniques, such as PCR, using samples collected from cervical swabs or urine specimens (Gaydos et al., J. Clin. Microbio., 42:3041-3045; 2004). Treatment involves various antibiotic regimens.

In some embodiments, the disclosed device can be used to detect chlamydial infections from menstrual blood or cervicovaginal fluids.

US11864740B2. Sample collection and preservation devices, systems and methods (2024-01-09). NextGen Jane, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Ridhi Tariyal [US], Stephen K. Gire [US].
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Patent 2024
Abdominal Pain Antibiotics Anus Asymptomatic Infections Bacteria Blindness Blood Childbirth Chlamydia Chlamydia Infections Chlamydia trachomatis Coitus Conjunctivitis Diagnosis Dysuria Fever Gonorrhea Infant Medical Devices Menstruation Mothers Neck Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques Pain Patient Discharge Pneumonia Premature Birth Sexually Transmitted Diseases Spontaneous Abortion Transmission, Communicable Disease Treatment Protocols Urine Vagina Woman
2
Characterizing COVID-19 Symptom Presentation
Our primary outcome was the presence and number of presenting symptoms (Table 1) from illness onset until study enrollment. Symptom groups included gastrointestinal, hydration, lower respiratory, musculoskeletal, neurological, rash or oral changes, systemic, and upper respiratory. Anosmia or ageusia, cough, conjunctivitis, and fever were analyzed independently without being grouped with other symptoms. Secondary outcomes included (1) presence of core COVID-19 symptoms (≥1 of ageusia, anosmia, cough, or fever)19 (link); (2) chest radiography performance and treatment provided; and (3) hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and revisits to any ED or to any health care provider (including the ED) within 14 days of the index ED visit.
Sumner M.W., Xie J., Zemek R., Winston K., Freire G., Burstein B., Kam A., Emsley J., Gravel J., Porter R., Sabhaney V., Mater A., Salvadori M.I., Berthelot S., Beer D., Poonai N., Moffatt A., Wright B, & Freedman S.B. (2023). Comparison of Symptoms Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Variants Among Children in Canada. JAMA Network Open, 6(3), e232328.
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Publication 2023
Ageusia Conjunctivitis Cough COVID 19 Exanthema Fever Health Personnel Hospitalization Radiography, Thoracic Respiratory Rate
3
Tracking Mental Health Trends via Google
Given the prominence of Google as a search engine (eg, Google accounts for roughly 88% of the search engine market in the United States [23 ]), these analyses leveraged Google Trends, which allows for public access to search term volume for a given time and location. Several studies have leveraged Google Trends data to examine how mental health information is sought out [22 (link),24 (link),25 (link)]. As can be found in the documentation for Google Trends, the raw counts for a given search term are normalized by location and time of search and then scaled to a number from 0 to 100 representing the proportion of searches on all topics that the given term constitutes. Such normalization allows for easier comparison across geographic regions, where population may play a significant role in relative search term popularity. This analysis downloaded data from Google Trends using the gtrendsR package in R (version 1.4.8; R Foundation for Statistical Computing) [26 ]. To obtain data with the most granularity, hourly trend data were queried. The areas of interest were the 50 states constituting the United States; thus, search terms were normalized across states. As Google Trends only stores hourly data for up to 7 days, hourly data were programmatically pulled each Monday from March 23, 2020, to March 29, 2021. This period of 372 days spans the early days of the pandemic to the widespread availability of the COVID-19 vaccine in the United States. During this time frame, 39 states implemented statewide mask mandates, most of which went into effect before or during the summer of 2020. Thus, the given time frame allowed for careful introspection into the short- and long-term effects of mask mandate implementation on mental health search term activity.
The following 19 mental health search terms were queried from Google Trends, as described previously: “anxiety,” “depression,” “ocd” (obsessive-compulsive disorder), “hopeless,” “angry,” “afraid,” “apathy,” “worthless,” “worried,” “restless,” “irritable,” “tense,” “scattered,” “tired,” “avoiding,” “procrastinate,” “insomnia,” “suicidal,” and “suicide.” Aligning with previous work by the authors [10 (link),22 (link)], these terms were validated from previous research on using Google Trends to assess mental health [27 (link)], as well as from previous research assessing rapid affective symptom changes as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition [28 ,29 (link)]. In addition to these terms, physical health search terms, both without known associations to COVID-19 (“abrasion,” “allergic,” “angina,” “apnea,” “bleeding,” “blister,” “bruising,” “conjunctivitis,” “constipation,” “discharge,” “earache,” “flatulence,” “fracture,” “hemorrhage,” “incontinence,” “inflammation,” “itching,” “lesions,” “rash,” “spasms,” “swelling,” and “syncope”; 22 terms) and with known associations to COVID-19 (“bloating,” “blurry,” “congestion,” “cough,” “coughing,” “croup,” “diarrhea,” “dizzy,” “fainting,” “fever,” “pain,” “sneezing,” “strep,” “stuffy,” and “vomiting”; 15 terms) were queried to ascertain whether any significantly detected patterns in mental health search term activity were unique to and distinct from those pertaining to physical health. Note that each mental and physical health search term was considered independently in this study; in other words, composite scores aggregating the individual search term counts to create a composite score capturing total mental and physical health activity were not created. This decision was made because combining individual search terms with differential trends throughout the pandemic may attenuate these individual trends in the composite score such that the composite score may not be reflective of changes in specific mental or physical health symptoms, therefore making it uninformative.
Gyorda J.A., Lekkas D., Price G, & Jacobson N.C. (2023). Evaluating the Impact of Mask Mandates and Political Party Affiliation on Mental Health Internet Search Behavior in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Generalized Additive Mixed Model Framework. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25, e40308.
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Publication 2023
Affective Symptoms Anger Angina Pectoris Anxiety Apathy Apnea Conjunctivitis Constipation COVID-19 Vaccines COVID 19 Croup Cytoplasmic Granules Diarrhea Earache Exanthema Fear Fever Flatulence Fracture, Bone Hemorrhage Inflammation Longterm Effects Mental Health Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Pain Pandemics Patient Discharge Physical Examination Reading Frames Sleeplessness Spasm Streptococcal Infections
4
Evaluating Eyelid Eversion Disorder
The BCVA examination with Snellen chart, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement with Goldmann applanation tonometer, biomicroscopic anterior segment examination, and fundus examination were performed by the same ophthalmologist in each patient. Cases detected glaucoma in fundus examination and IOP measurements according to the European Glaucoma Society guidelines (10 ) were excluded from the study. The eyes of the participants were evaluated for (UEH; easily everted upper eyelids) and FES. It was considered as UEH if tarsal plate turn easily with gentle traction on the upper eyelid. If papillary conjunctivitis was accompanied by UEH, it was defined as FES (11 (link)). All ophthalmic examinations and measurements were done for each individual in the identical testing room under standard condition by same experienced person (II) in the same time zone (between 9 and 12 a.m) without pupil dilation. Participants were also compared with regard to systemic conditions such as systemic HT and body-mass index (BMI). Corneal topography and anterior segment measurements were obtained by the Scheimpflug method by Sirius Topography system (CSO SIRIUS 3D Rotating Scheimpflug Camera and Topography System V.3.2).
Isik I., Yazgan S., Erboy F, & Dogan M. (2023). Evaluation of Eyelid, Angle, and Anterior Segment Parameters Using Scheimpflug Camera and Topography System in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Beyoglu Eye Journal, 8(1), 5-13.
Publication 2023
Conjunctivitis Corneal Topography Europeans Eyelids Glaucoma Index, Body Mass Mydriasis Ophthalmologists Patients Physical Examination Slit Lamp Examination Tonometry Traction
5
Comparative Study of Diabetic Eye Health
A comparative cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted in a group of 122 consecutive patients with DM and a group of 119 patients with no DM, age-matched by group, who attended the ophthalmology clinic at two tertiary teaching hospitals in Jordan (Jordan University Hospital and King Abdullah University Hospital). All patients were Jordanians of Arab ethnicity.
In the DM group, DM was diagnosed if patients were currently treated with oral hypoglycemic agents, with or without insulin, and if they fulfilled the American Diabetic Association (ADA) Guidelines diagnostic criteria [14 (link)]. In the non-DM group, all patients had glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) <5.8%. Those with a history of ocular surgery involving the ocular surface or nasolacrimal apparatus, eyelid abnormalities (e.g., entropion and trichiasis), acute conjunctivitis, recent use of topical ophthalmic medication (e.g., steroids), and history of wearing contact lenses were excluded.
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Medical Research at the Jordan University Hospital and the University of Jordan. It adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent for participation was obtained from all participants.
Jammal H.M., Abu-Ameerh M., Hiasat J.G., Issa S, & Al Bdour M. (2023). The Relationship between Pinguecula and Diabetes Mellitus: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Ophthalmology, 2023, 9060495.
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Publication 2023
Age Groups Arabs Congenital Abnormality Conjunctivitis Contact Lenses Diagnosis Entropion Ethics Committees Eyelids Hemoglobin, Glycosylated Hypoglycemic Agents Insulin Lacrimal Apparatus Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Steroids Trichiasis Vision

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Nod scid γc nsg mice by Jackson ImmunoResearch
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The NOD-SCID-γc−/− (NSG) mouse is a highly immunodeficient strain of mouse developed for use in biomedical research. These mice lack mature T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells, making them suitable for engraftment of human cells and tissues.
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More about "Conjunctivitis"

Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye.
This eye condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral and bacterial infections, allergies, and irritation from chemicals or foreign objects.
Symptoms of conjunctivitis may include redness, itching, burning, and discharge from the eye.
Proper diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications and ensure a full recovery.
Diagnostic tests, such as the ImmunoCAP system or CAP-FEIA, can help identify the underlying cause of conjunctivitis.
In some cases, animal models like NOD-SCID-γc−/− (NSG) mice may be used to study the disease.
Treatment for conjunctivitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause.
Viral conjunctivitis may be managed with supportive care, while bacterial conjunctivitis often requires antibiotic eye drops or ointments.
Allergic conjunctivitis may be treated with antihistamines or corticosteroid eye drops.
In severe cases, procedures like the use of Sheep blood agar plates or the QIAsymphony® DSP Virus/Pathogen Midi Kit may be necessary.
To ensure the best possible outcome, it's important to follow the instructions provided by your healthcare provider, which may include the use of products like the ImmunoCAP or the application of Isoflurane.
Additionally, maintaining good hygiene, such as using a cell strainer to clean the eye, and avoiding contact with irritants can help manage conjunctivitis and prevent its recurrence.
By understanding the causes, symptoms, and management options for conjunctivitis, individuals can take proactive steps to address this common eye condition and maintain their eye health.