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Graves Disease

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism, caused by antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland.
Symtpoms include weight loss, anxiety, irregular heartbeat, and bulging eyes.
Effective management of Graves' disease requires precise treatment protocols and reliable research.
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Most cited protocols related to «Graves Disease»

Genome-Wide Association Study of European Americans

We combined the entire cohort of self-identified European American individuals identified across the five eMERGE sites (n = 13,835 individuals) into one analysis. To define diseases, we queried all ICD9 codes from the respective EMRs from the five eMERGE sites. The PheWAS software then used these ICD9 codes to classify each person as having one of the 1,358 possible clinical phenotypes belonging to >25 patients in the populations (as noted above). For each disease, the PheWAS code defined relevant control groups for each disease or finding, such that patients with related diseases do not serve as controls for that disease (e.g., a patient with Graves disease cannot serve as a control for an analysis of thyroiditis).
We have previously found that the positive predictive value for some algorithms to establish a diagnosis from EMR data is improved by requiring the presence of multiple instances of disease-associated ICD9 codes^{44 (link)}. For example, to be considered a case for tuberculosis, a patient is required to have at least two ICD9 codes in the ranges of 10–18 (tuberculosis infections of different sites), 137 (late effects of tuberculosis) or V12.01 (personal history of tuberculosis). Accordingly, for the present study, we used a threshold of relevant ICD9 codes on two distinct days to establish that person as a “case” for a given phenotype. Controls are patients without any ICD9 codes in the corresponding control range; thus, patients with a single ICD9 case code are excluded for the analysis as neither a case nor a control. Each SNP-phenotype association test was run independently with PLINK^{43 (link)}, using logistic regression adjusted for age, gender, site (e.g., Vanderbilt, Marshfield Clinic), and the first three principal components as calculated by EIGENSTRAT, using ancestry informative markers as above^{41 (link)}. Analysis was performed assuming an additive genetic model. These data were aggregated and analyzed using Perl scripts and the R statistical package.

Denny J.C., Bastarache L., Ritchie M.D., Carroll R.J., Zink R., Mosley J.D., Field J.R., Pulley J.M., Ramirez A.H., Bowton E., Basford M.A., Carrell D.S., Peissig P.L., Kho A.N., Pacheco J.A., Rasmussen L.V., Crosslin D.R., Crane P.K., Pathak J., Bielinski S.J., Pendergrass S.A., Xu H., Hindorff L.A., Li R., Manolio T.A., Chute C.G., Chisholm R.L., Larson E.B., Jarvik G.P., Brilliant M.H., McCarty C.A., Kullo I.J., Haines J.L., Crawford D.C., Masys D.R, & Roden D.M. (2013). Systematic comparison of phenome-wide association study of electronic medical record data and genome-wide association study data. Nature biotechnology, 31(12), 1102-1110.

Publication 2013

Diagnosis Europeans Graves Disease Patients Phenotype Population Group Thyroiditis Tuberculosis

Genetic Determinants of Thyroid Function

Discovery meta-analyses included data from 22 independent cohorts with 54,288 subjects for the TSH analyses, and from 19 cohorts with 49,269 subjects for FT4, 53,423 subjects (3440 cases) for hypothyroidism, and 51,823 subjects (1840 cases) for hyperthyroidism (Supplementary Data 1). Selected SNPs from the TSH or FT4 analyses were carried forward for replication with in silico GWAS data from 5 cohorts (9053 subjects) and de novo genotyping in additional 5 cohorts (13,330 subjects). All subjects gave informed consent and studies were approved by the cohort-specific ethics committees.
We used the results of the GWAS of TPOAb positivity that included 18,297 subjects^{20 (link)} for a look-up of all the 53 TSH-associated loci or their HapMapII proxies (r² > 0.8 in a 1 Mb window) that were available in that dataset to assess their relation to autoimmune hypothyroidism. A complementary look-up was performed for the 52 SNPs that were available in a GWAS on Graves’ disease diagnosed by clinical examinations, circulating thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations, serum levels of antibodies against thyroglobulin, thyroid microsomes, and TSH receptors, ultrasonography, ^[99m]TCO₄⁻ (technetium-99m pertechnetate) (or [¹²³I] (radioactive iodine)) uptake and thyroid scintigraphy using the data of the BioBank Japan Project (BBJ) including 1747 patients and 6420 controls (Supplementary Data 1).

Teumer A., Chaker L., Groeneweg S., Li Y., Di Munno C., Barbieri C., Schultheiss U.T., Traglia M., Ahluwalia T.S., Akiyama M., Appel E.V., Arking D.E., Arnold A., Astrup A., Beekman M., Beilby J.P., Bekaert S., Boerwinkle E., Brown S.J., De Buyzere M., Campbell P.J., Ceresini G., Cerqueira C., Cucca F., Deary I.J., Deelen J., Eckardt K.U., Ekici A.B., Eriksson J.G., Ferrrucci L., Fiers T., Fiorillo E., Ford I., Fox C.S., Fuchsberger C., Galesloot T.E., Gieger C., Gögele M., De Grandi A., Grarup N., Greiser K.H., Haljas K., Hansen T., Harris S.E., van Heemst D., den Heijer M., Hicks A.A., den Hollander W., Homuth G., Hui J., Ikram M.A., Ittermann T., Jensen R.A., Jing J., Jukema J.W., Kajantie E., Kamatani Y., Kasbohm E., Kaufman J.M., Kiemeney L.A., Kloppenburg M., Kronenberg F., Kubo M., Lahti J., Lapauw B., Li S., Liewald D.C., Lim E.M., Linneberg A., Marina M., Mascalzoni D., Matsuda K., Medenwald D., Meisinger C., Meulenbelt I., De Meyer T., Meyer zu Schwabedissen H.E., Mikolajczyk R., Moed M., Netea-Maier R.T., Nolte I.M., Okada Y., Pala M., Pattaro C., Pedersen O., Petersmann A., Porcu E., Postmus I., Pramstaller P.P., Psaty B.M., Ramos Y.F., Rawal R., Redmond P., Richards J.B., Rietzschel E.R., Rivadeneira F., Roef G., Rotter J.I., Sala C.F., Schlessinger D., Selvin E., Slagboom P.E., Soranzo N., Sørensen T.I., Spector T.D., Starr J.M., Stott D.J., Taes Y., Taliun D., Tanaka T., Thuesen B., Tiller D., Toniolo D., Uitterlinden A.G., Visser W.E., Walsh J.P., Wilson S.G., Wolffenbuttel B.H., Yang Q., Zheng H.F., Cappola A., Peeters R.P., Naitza S., Völzke H., Sanna S., Köttgen A., Visser T.J, & Medici M. (2018). Genome-wide analyses identify a role for SLC17A4 and AADAT in thyroid hormone regulation. Nature Communications, 9, 4455.

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Publication 2018

Antibodies DNA Replication Ethics Committees Genome-Wide Association Study Graves Disease Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism, Autoimmune Iodine Iodine-123 Microsomes Patients Pertechnetate Physical Examination Radioactivity Radionuclide Imaging Serum Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Thyroglobulin Thyroid Gland Thyroid Hormones Thyrotropin Receptor Ultrasonography

Genetic Study of Type 1 Diabetes and Graves' Disease

The 6,800 affected individuals were recruited as part of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust (JDRF/WT) Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory's JDRF/WT British case collection (Genetic Resource Investigating Diabetes), which is a joint project between the University of Cambridge Departments of Paediatrics at the Addenbrooke's Hospital and Medical Genetics at the Cambridge Institute for Medical Research. Most affected individuals were <16 years of age at the time of collection; all were under age 17 years at diagnosis and all resided in Great Britain. The 7,000 control samples were obtained from the British 1958 Birth Cohort (B58C), an ongoing study of all people born in Great Britain during one week in 1958 (see URL below). All cases and control were of self-reported white ethnicity, with the exception of 18 cases for whom the WTCCC study found genotype evidence for non-white ethnic group status1 .
All families were of reported or self-reported white ethnicity and of European descent, with two parents and at least one affected child. The family collection consisted of 458 families from the UK Diabetes UK Warren 1 repository, 328 families from USA Human Biological Data Interchange, 250 families from Northern Ireland, 951 Finnish families, 360 Norwegian families, 412 Romanian families and 80 families from Yorkshire, UK (Supplementary Table 6). All DNA samples were collected after approval from the relevant research ethics committees, and written informed consent was obtained from the participants or their guardians.
As part of the AITD Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) UK National Collection, 2,200 unrelated, reported white individuals with Graves' disease were recruited. Participants were recruited from centers across the UK, including Birmingham, Bournemouth, Cambridge, Cardiff, Exeter, Leeds, Newcastle and Sheffield (Supplementary Table 6). Affected individuals were defined by the presence of biochemical hyperthyroidism together with at least one of the following: (i) a diffuse goiter on a scan, (ii) positive autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), (iii) diffuse goiter on palpation, along with thyroglobulin or thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies or (iv) thyroid eye disease (NOSPECS classification score of 2–6).

Todd J.A., Walker N.M., Cooper J.D., Smyth D.J., Downes K., Plagnol V., Bailey R., Nejentsev S., Field S.F., Payne F., Lowe C.E., Szeszko J.S., Hafler J.P., Zeitels L., Yang J.H., Vella A., Nutland S., Stevens H.E., Schuilenburg H., Coleman G., Maisuria M., Meadows W., Smink L.J., Healy B., Burren O.S., Lam A.A., Ovington N.R., Allen J., Adlem E., Leung H.T., Wallace C., Howson J.M., Guja C., Ionescu-Tirgoviste C., Simmonds M.J., Heward J.M., Gough S.C., Dunger D.B., Wicker L.S, & Clayton D.G. (2007). Robust associations of four new chromosome regions from genome-wide analyses of type 1 diabetes. Nature genetics, 39(7), 857-864.

Publication 2007

Autoantibodies Biopharmaceuticals Birth Cohort Child Childbirth Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent Diagnosis Ethics Committees, Research Ethnicity Europeans Genotype Goiter Graves Disease Homo sapiens Hyperthyroidism Inflammation Iodide Peroxidase Joints Legal Guardians Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator Palpation Parent Radionuclide Imaging Thyroglobulin Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy Thyroid Diseases White Person

Thyroid Disorder GWAS and Cohort Study

For the TPOAb GWAS stage 1 and 2 analyses, and the hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and goiter analyses, individuals were recruited from 16 independent community-based and family studies. For the Graves' disease analyses, cases were recruited from the United Kingdom Graves' disease cohort and controls from the British 1958 Birth Cohort. Thyroid cancer cases and controls were recruited from the Nijmegen and Ohio thyroid cancer cohorts. A detailed description of the original cohorts contributing samples is provided in Table 1 and in the Supplementary Material. All participants provided written informed consent and protocols were approved by the institutional review boards or research ethics committees at the respective institutions, and conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki.

Medici M., Porcu E., Pistis G., Teumer A., Brown S.J., Jensen R.A., Rawal R., Roef G.L., Plantinga T.S., Vermeulen S.H., Lahti J., Simmonds M.J., Husemoen L.L., Freathy R.M., Shields B.M., Pietzner D., Nagy R., Broer L., Chaker L., Korevaar T.I., Plia M.G., Sala C., Völker U., Richards J.B., Sweep F.C., Gieger C., Corre T., Kajantie E., Thuesen B., Taes Y.E., Visser W.E., Hattersley A.T., Kratzsch J., Hamilton A., Li W., Homuth G., Lobina M., Mariotti S., Soranzo N., Cocca M., Nauck M., Spielhagen C., Ross A., Arnold A., van de Bunt M., Liyanarachchi S., Heier M., Grabe H.J., Masciullo C., Galesloot T.E., Lim E.M., Reischl E., Leedman P.J., Lai S., Delitala A., Bremner A.P., Philips D.I., Beilby J.P., Mulas A., Vocale M., Abecasis G., Forsen T., James A., Widen E., Hui J., Prokisch H., Rietzschel E.E., Palotie A., Feddema P., Fletcher S.J., Schramm K., Rotter J.I., Kluttig A., Radke D., Traglia M., Surdulescu G.L., He H., Franklyn J.A., Tiller D., Vaidya B., de Meyer T., Jørgensen T., Eriksson J.G., O'Leary P.C., Wichmann E., Hermus A.R., Psaty B.M., Ittermann T., Hofman A., Bosi E., Schlessinger D., Wallaschofski H., Pirastu N., Aulchenko Y.S., de la Chapelle A., Netea-Maier R.T., Gough S.C., Meyer zu Schwabedissen H., Frayling T.M., Kaufman J.M., Linneberg A., Räikkönen K., Smit J.W., Kiemeney L.A., Rivadeneira F., Uitterlinden A.G., Walsh J.P., Meisinger C., den Heijer M., Visser T.J., Spector T.D., Wilson S.G., Völzke H., Cappola A., Toniolo D., Sanna S., Naitza S, & Peeters R.P. (2014). Identification of Novel Genetic Loci Associated with Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies and Clinical Thyroid Disease. PLoS Genetics, 10(2), e1004123.

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Publication 2014

Carcinoma, Thyroid Contraceptive Methods Ethics Committees, Research Genome-Wide Association Study Goiter Graves Disease Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism

Postoperative Hypocalcemia Management Protocol

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Publication 2013

Biological Assay Calcitriol Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Clinic Visits Diagnosis Gender Graves Disease Hospital Readmissions Hypocalcemia Muscle Cramp Muscle Tissue Operative Surgical Procedures Pain Parathyroid Hormone Paresthesia Patient Discharge Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Student Thyroidectomy Thyroid Gland

Most recents protocols related to «Graves Disease»

Hepatobiliary Manifestations in UC Patients

This is a prospective observational study on 167 patients with hepatobiliary manifestations who underwent two-stage elective LRP with IPAA for UC from June 2013 to June 2018 at our universities’ hospitals. Inclusion criteria were all patients between 18 and 69 years; men and women with at least one hepatobiliary manifestation. In patients with UC, surgery was decided according to The European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation guidelines on therapeutics in UC[11 (link)]. Exclusion criteria included: Alcohol abuse, severe heart failure or type II diabetes mellitus, complications or death related to LRP operation, liver toxicity of IBD-related medications, active or chronic viral hepatitis, hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, drugs-induced steatosis (amiodarone or tamoxifen), morbid obesity or patients undergoing bariatric surgery, immunoglobulin G4-related cholangitis; human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome; tuberculosis; secondary sclerosing cholangitis; cholangiocarcinoma; complications of advanced PSC (hepatic encephalopathy, portal hypertension, hepatorenal syndrome, or hepato-pulmonary syndrome; end-stage liver failure), hypercoagulability status (systemic lupus erythematosus, increased von Willebrand factor or increased homocysteine level), oral contraceptive pills, Grave's disease, dyslipidemia, and previous biliary tract surgery including cholecystectomy.

Habeeb T.A., Hussain A., Podda M., Cianci P., Ramshaw B., Safwat K., Amr W.M., Wasefy T., Fiad A.A., Mansour M.I., Moursi A.M., Osman G., Qasem A., Fawzy M., Alsaad M.I., Kalmoush A.E., Nassar M.S., Mustafa F.M., Badawy M.H., Hamdy A., Elbelkasi H., Mousa B., Metwalli A.E., Mawla W.A., Elaidy M.M., Baghdadi M.A, & Raafat A. (2023). Hepatobiliary manifestations following two-stages elective laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy for patients with ulcerative colitis: A prospective observational study. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 15(2), 234-248.

Publication 2023

167-A Abuse, Alcohol Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Amiodarone Bariatric Surgery Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures Cholangiocarcinoma Cholangitis Cholecystectomy Colitis Congestive Heart Failure Contraceptives, Oral Crohn Disease Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent Dyslipidemias End Stage Liver Disease Europeans Factor VIII-Related Antigen Graves Disease Hemochromatosis Hepatic Encephalopathy Hepatitis, Chronic Hepatolenticular Degeneration Hepatopulmonary Syndrome Hepatorenal Syndrome HIV Homocysteine IgG4 Liver Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic Obesity, Morbid Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Portal Hypertension Steatohepatitis Tamoxifen Therapeutics Thrombophilia Toxicity, Drug Tuberculosis Woman

Retrospective Study of Graves' Disease Treatment

A retrospective cohort study was carried out between January 1, 2010, and July 31, 2020, at Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University and included 1112 patients who had newly diagnosed or relapsed GD and were not receiving ATDs. Finally, 1000 patients were enrolled and they chose RAI treatment. Among them, some GD patients suffered from neutropenia, recurrence after a course of ATD, cardiac arrhythmias, hepatotoxicity, and thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Other patients without complications chose RAI treatment because they were concerned about the potential side effects of ATDs or the rapid effect of RAI treatment. The diagnosis is based on the initial biochemical evaluation, diagnostic testing, and clinical presentation including goiter, ocular symptoms, rapid heartbeat, poor tolerance of heat, and weight loss. Baseline data for each participant were extracted from the Hospital's Health Information System and included sex, age, BMI (weight (kg)/height squared (m²)), blood cell count, thyroid function (free thyroxine (FT4), thyrotropin (TSH), TPO antibodies (TPOAb), TG antibodies (TGAb), and thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb)), and RAIU (3 h RAIU and 24 h RAIU). A flowchart of the study is shown in Fig. 1. Patients were excluded from the study if they had any of the following: i) previous diagnosis of malignancy; ii) any infectious disease; iii) were pregnant or lactating; iv) any chronic autoimmune disease; v) severe cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events; and vi) other causes of neutropenia such as drug, hematological disorder, vitamin B12 deficiency, congenital causes, and so on. After exclusions, 1000 patients were enrolled in our study (Fig. 1) and were then grouped according to the presence or absence of neutropenia. Neutropenia was defined as a neutrophil count less than 2.0 × 10⁹/L. The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University (NO. 2017-029).
Figure 1

Flowchart of study. GD, Graves' disease.

Yang Q., Ke W., Pan F., Huang X., Liu J, & Zha B. (2023). Association between radioactive iodine uptake and neutropenia in untreated Graves’ disease. Endocrine Connections, 12(2), e220474.

Publication 2023

Antibodies Ataxia Telangiectasia Blood Cell Count Cardiac Arrhythmia Cardiovascular System Communicable Diseases Diagnosis Disease, Chronic Ethics Committees, Clinical Eye Familial Periodic Paralysis Goiter Graves Disease Hematological Disease Leukopenia Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator Malignant Neoplasms Neutrophil Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Recurrence Thermotolerance Thyroid Gland Thyrotropin Thyroxine Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Autoimmune Disorders in Treatment-Resistant Depression

We conducted a population-based study using both cohort design and nested case-control design in parallel, with the intention to preserve the advantages and complement the limitations of the other as we consider that cohort studies conventionally have a higher level of evidence, whereas case-control analysis was more appropriate for evaluating rare outcomes. The study period started in January 2014 and ended in December 2020. The cohort consisted of all incident patients aged above 10 years with diagnosis codes for depression (ICD-9-CM codes: 296.2, 296.3, 300.4, 311) between January 2014 and December 2016 without history of diagnosis for depression since 1993, when the database first became available. Patients were excluded if they had history of studied autoimmune diseases before onset of depression, or if they died immediately after cohort entry.
Throughout the study, patients were defined as treatment-resistant (exposed) if they had taken at least two antidepressant regimens of adequate duration (same antidepressant or combined therapy of at least 28 days with gaps of no longer than 14 days within regimens, whilst the 28-day duration was the minimum recommended duration to assess treatment responsiveness [26 ]) and had a third antidepressant regimen to confirm failure of the previous two trials. Patients who did not fulfil the criteria for TRD were considered as non-TRD (unexposed). Onset of outcome was confirmed on the date of the first autoimmune diagnosis in (1) organ-specific diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases, spondyloarthritis, psoriasis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease, coeliac disease, vitiligo, alopecia areata, pemphigus vulgaris, dermatitis herpetiformis, pernicious anaemia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, iridocyclitis and pemphigoid, and (2) systemic diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s disease, systemic sclerosis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, multiple sclerosis and juvenile arthritis, captured across all settings including outpatient, inpatient and emergency services. List of ICD-9-CM codes to identify the cohort and outcomes is presented in Supplementary Table 1. Using the comorbidity rates reported from a previously similar population-based study, the sample sizes required for data collection were 5403 and 12545 for the analyses in systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases, respectively, to achieve an 80% statistical power in the cohort study [17 (link), 27 ].

Chan V.K., Luo H., Chan S.S., Lau C.S., Yeung W.W., Peng K., Tong X., Lam M.P., Wong I.C, & Li X. (2023). Treatment-resistant depression and risk of autoimmune diseases: evidence from a population-based cohort and nested case-control study. Translational Psychiatry, 13, 76.

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Publication 2023

Alopecia Anemia, Pernicious Antidepressive Agents Autoimmune Diseases Bullous Pemphigoid Celiac Disease Dermatitis Herpetiformis Dermatomyositis Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent Diagnosis Graves Disease Hashimoto Disease Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Inpatient Iridocyclitis Juvenile Arthritis Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic Multiple Sclerosis Outpatients Patients Pemphigus Vulgaris Psoriasis Psychotherapy, Multiple Rheumatoid Arthritis Service, Emergency Medical Sjogren's Syndrome Spondylarthritis Systemic Scleroderma Thrombocytopenic Purpura, Immune Treatment Protocols Vitiligo

Comparative GWAS Analysis of Autoimmune Diseases

To avoid bias caused by the overlap of exposure and outcome samples, we obtained exposure and outcome samples from different databases. When selecting exposure and outcome GWAS datasets, European origin of population, more comprehensive disease type, larger size of population samples and SNPs, more comprehensive gender composition, and time of data publication were comprehensively taken into account. The GWAS dataset associated with SLE was established by European Bioinformatics Institute, with the ID number of “ebi-a-GCST003156”, and was comprised of 14,267 samples and 7,071,163 SNPs (https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/). The GWAS datasets associated with thyroid diseases were established by FinnGen Biobank. The hyperthyroidism GWAS dataset was comprised of 173,938 samples and 16,380,189 SNPs with the ID numbers of “finn-b-AUTOIMMUNE_HYPERTHYROIDISM” and the hypothyroidism GWAS dataset was comprised of 213,990 samples and 16,380,461 SNPs, with the ID number of “finn-b-E4_HYTHYNAS” (https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/). Details of the three GWAS datasets were listed in Supplementary Table 1.

Qin Q., Zhao L., Ren A., Li W., Ma R., Peng Q, & Luo S. (2023). Systemic lupus erythematosus is causally associated with hypothyroidism, but not hyperthyroidism: A Mendelian randomization study. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1125415.

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Publication 2023

Europeans Genome-Wide Association Study Graves Disease Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Thyroid Diseases

Thyroid Surgery Outcomes and Protocols

The study included 167 patients with thyroid pathology who were patients of the Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery in Szczecin, between 2020 and 2021. The patients underwent total or partial thyroidectomy. The main reasons for the surgery were single thyroid nodules, nodular goiter, hyperthyroidism due to Graves Basedow’s disease, autonomic nodules, suspected cancer, and the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. The concentration of basic biochemical parameters was measured before a surgery to assess the hormones changes and calcium status. In the order to protect the retrograde laryngeal nerves, all procedures were performed with neuromonitoring. Postoperatively, each patient was administered L-thyroxine hormones appropriately matched to body weight, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcium level. Exclusion criteria were renal diseases, liver diseases, and intestinal diseases. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the Pomeranian Medical University and conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki (KB-0012/195/19). The volunteers provided written informed consent before the study. Patient characteristics are presented in Table 4.

Maciejewska-Markiewicz D., Kochman J., Jakubczyk K., Bargiel P., Szlosser Z., Stachowska E., Markowska M., Bucka A., Czapla N., Petriczko J., Surówka A., Hertman S., Puchalski P, & Prowans P. (2023). Vitamin D Status in Patients before Thyroidectomy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3228.

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Publication 2023

Body Weight Calcium Carcinoma, Thyroid Diagnosis Ethics Committees Graves Disease Hormones Intestinal Diseases Kidney Diseases Laryngeal Nerves Liver Diseases Malignant Neoplasms Nervous System, Autonomic Nodular Goiter Operative Surgical Procedures Parathyroid Hormone Patients System, Endocrine Thyroidectomy Thyroid Gland Thyroid Nodule Thyroxine Voluntary Workers

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More about "Graves Disease"

Graves' Thyroid Disease, Thyroid Eye Disease, Hyperthyroidism, Autoimmune Thyroid Disorder, Thyrotoxicosis, Basedow's Disease, Exophthalmic Goiter.
Graves' disease is an autoimmune condition characterized by overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism), which can lead to weight loss, anxiety, irregular heartbeat, and bulging eyes.
Effective management of Graves' disease requires precise treatment protocols and reliable research.
PubCompare.ai's AI-powered platform can optimize Graves' disease research by enhancing reproducibility and accuracy.
Users can easily locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, while leveraging AI-driven comparisons to identify the most effective approaches.
The platform's innovative tools and features, such as data-driven decision making, can take Graves' disease research to new heights.
Researchers can leverage SAS version 9.4, SAS software, SPSS version, Wallac 1235 AutoDELFIA, Stata V.12, ECLIA kit, SAS statistical software, and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) software to further enhance their Graves' disease studies and unlock new insights.
By incorporating these advanced analytical tools and techniques, scientists can drive breakthroughs in the understanding and management of this complex autoimmune disorder.