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> Disorders > Disease or Syndrome > Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cranial cavity, leading to an increase in intracranial pressure.
This can result in the enlargement of the head, progressive brain damage, and various neurological symptoms.
Hydrocephalus can be congenital or acquired, and its causes can include genetic factors, developmental abnormalities, traumatic brain injuries, and infections.
Effective management of hydrocephalus often involves a combination of medical interventions, such as shunt placement or endoscopic procedures, to divert the excess CSF and relieve the pressure on the brain.
Ongoing research aims to improve the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and develop more effective treatment options for individuals affected by this complex neurological condition.

Most cited protocols related to «Hydrocephalus»

1
Improving Cause of Death Data
Vital registration with medical certification of cause of death is a crucial resource for the GBD cause of death analysis in many countries. Cause of death data obtained using various revisions of the International Classification of Diseases and Injuries (ICD)9 were mapped to the GBD cause list. Many deaths, however, are assigned to causes that cannot be the underlying cause of death (eg, cardiopulmonary failure) or are inadequately specified (eg, injury from undetermined intent). These deaths were reassigned to the most probable underlying causes of death as part of the data processing for GBD. Redistribution algorithms can be divided into three categories: proportionate redistribution, fixed proportion redistribution based on published studies or expert judgment, or statistical algorithms. For GBD 2019, data for 116 million deaths attributed to multiple causes were analysed to produce more empirical redistribution algorithms for sepsis,10 (link) heart failure, pulmonary embolism, acute kidney injury, hepatic failure, acute respiratory failure, pneumonitis, and five intermediate causes (hydrocephalus, toxic encephalopathy, compression of brain, encephalopathy, and cerebral oedema) in the central nervous system. To redistribute unspecified injuries, we used a method similar to that of intermediate cause redistribution, using the pattern of the nature of injury codes in the causal chain where the ICD codes X59 (“exposure to unspecified factor”) and Y34 (“unspecified event, undetermined intent”) and GBD injury causes were the underlying cause of death. These new algorithms led to important changes in the causes to which these intermediate outcomes were redistributed. Additionally, data on deaths from diabetes and stroke lack the detail on subtype in many countries; we ran regressions on vital registration data with at least 50% of deaths coded specifically to type 1 or 2 diabetes and ischaemic, haemorrhagic, or subarachnoid stroke to predict deaths by these subtypes when these were coded to unspecified diabetes or stroke.
Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. (2020). Lancet (London, England), 396(10258), 1204-1222.
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Publication 2020
Brain Central Nervous System Cerebral Edema Cerebrovascular Accident Congestive Heart Failure Diabetes Mellitus Encephalopathies Encephalopathy, Toxic Hemorrhage Hepatic Insufficiency Hydrocephalus Injuries Kidney Injury, Acute Pneumonitis Pulmonary Embolism Respiratory Failure Septicemia Subarachnoid Space
2
Alzheimer's Continuum Participant Evaluation
A total of 249 participants with Alzheimer's continuum (125 participants with AD dementia, 103 participants with MCI due to AD, and 21 participants with preclinical AD) were collected from the memory disorder clinic in the department of neurology at Samsung Medical Center in Seoul, Korea between September 2013 and March 2018. Each participant received neuropsychological battery, high-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, and 18F-flutemetamol positron emission tomography (PET) to assess amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. The time interval between assessments was less than 6 months. According to the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association criteria,11 (link)12 (link)13 (link) Aβ (+) cognitive normal or subjective memory concerns, Aβ (+) MCI, and Aβ (+) clinically diagnosed AD type dementia were defined as preclinical AD, MCI due to AD, and AD dementia, respectively. We excluded secondary causes of cognitive impairment by laboratory tests, including complete blood count, blood chemistry, vitamin B12/folate, syphilis serology, and thyroid function tests. All participants had no significant whiter matter hyperintensities (cap or band <5 mm and the longest diameter of deep white matter lesion <10 mm), cerebral infarctions, intracranial hemorrhages, brain tumors, hydrocephalus, or other structure lesions.
Our study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Samsung Medical Center (IRB file No. 2013-07-073). All participants provided informed consent for research according to the guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
Kang S.H., Park Y.H., Lee D., Kim J.P., Chin J., Ahn Y., Park S.B., Kim H.J., Jang H., Jung Y.H., Kim J., Lee J., Kim J.S., Cheon B.K., Hahn A., Lee H., Na D.L., Kim Y.J, & Seo S.W. (2019). The Cortical Neuroanatomy Related to Specific Neuropsychological Deficits in Alzheimer's Continuum. Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders, 18(3), 77-95.
Publication 2019
APP protein, human Blood Chemical Analysis Brain Neoplasms Cerebral Infarction Cognition Complete Blood Count Disorders, Cognitive Ethics Committees, Research flutemetamol Folate Hydrocephalus Intracranial Hemorrhage Magnetic Resonance Imaging Memory Memory Disorders Positron-Emission Tomography Presenile Dementia Syphilis Serodiagnosis Thyroid Function Tests Vitamin B12 White Matter
3
Glioblastoma Induction in Ntv-a Mice
To generate BSGs, we injected 1μl (105cells) of RCAS-PDGFB expressing DF1 cells into Ntv-a or Ntv-a; Ink4a-ARF −/− mice. The genetic background of our Ntv-a mice is a mix of BALB/c, FVB, B6, 129 and SW strains. INK4a-ARF −/−; Ntv-a strain is a mix of BALB/c, FVB, B6, and 129 strains. Greater than 20 generations of backcrossing was done to generate the lines. Injections were intracranial, 2mm posterior to the bregma at the midline position within 72 hours of birth using a Hamilton syringe. Mice were monitored carefully for signs of tumor development (hydrocephalus, lethargy, head tilt). Upon the appearance of brain tumor symptoms, mice were euthanized with CO2, brain tissue extracted, fixed in formalin, and paraffin embedded.
Becher O.J., Hambardzumyan D., Walker T.R., Helmy K., Nazarian J., Albrecht S., Hiner R.L., Gall S., Huse J.T., Jabado N., MacDonald T.J, & Holland E.C. (2010). Preclinical evaluation of radiation and perifosine in a genetically and histologically accurate model of brainstem glioma. Cancer research, 70(6), 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-2503.
Publication 2010
Brain Brain Neoplasms CDKN2A Gene Cells Formalin Gene Order Genetic Background Head Hydrocephalus Lethargy Mice, Laboratory Neoplasms Paraffin PDGFB Gene Strains Syringes Tissues
4
Defining Reference CSF WBC Counts in Infants
Infants less than or equal to 56 days of age were eligible for inclusion if they had a lumbar puncture performed as part of their emergency department evaluation between January 1, 2005 and June 30, 2007. Children in this age range were selected as they routinely undergo lumbar puncture when presenting with fever at our institution.28 (link), 29 (link) Patients undergoing lumbar puncture in the emergency department were identified using two different data sources to ensure accurate identification of all eligible infants: 1.) Emergency department computerized order entry records identified all infants with cerebrospinal fluid testing (including CSF gram stain, culture, cell count, glucose or protein) performed during the study period, and 2.) Clinical Virology Laboratory records identified all infants in whom CSF herpes simplex virus or enterovirus PCR testing was performed. Medical records of infants identified by these two sources were reviewed to determine study eligibility.
Figure 1 outlines major exclusion criteria used to derive the reference group. Patients were excluded sequentially if the lumbar puncture was traumatic or a condition known or suspected to cause CSF pleocytosis was present. In a traumatic lumbar puncture, the presence of red blood cells in the CSF alters WBC counts, and adjustment formulas cannot reliably approximate the actual values.30 (link)–33 (link) Conditions known or suspected to cause CSF pleocytosis include stroke, hydrocephalus, seizure on presentation, ventricular shunt or previous intracranial infection, congenital infection, herpes simplex virus meningoencephalitis, and bacterial meningitis.34 (link)–36 (link) Patients with serious bacterial illness including bacteremia, urinary tract infection, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, pneumonia and bacterial gastroenteritis were also excluded as studies have identified CSF pleocytosis with non-central nervous system infections.36 (link)–38 (link) Infants may have met more than one of the exclusion criteria.
The remaining infants were divided based on whether or not testing for enterovirus was performed in the CSF by polymerase chain reaction and, if performed, whether the test result was positive or negative. Details of our approach to enterovirus PCR testing have been published previously.39 (link) As viral meningitis can cause CSF pleocytosis, patients with a positive CSF enterovirus PCR were excluded from the reference group.40 (link), 41 (link) While previous studies have examined preterm infants separately from term infants, CSF WBC counts are influenced by postnatal rather than postgestational age.42 (link) Our primary analysis, therefore, combined preterm and term infants into a single group.
Kestenbaum L.A., Ebberson J., Zorc J.J., Hodinka R.L, & Shah S.S. (2010). Defining Cerebrospinal Fluid White Blood Cell Count Reference Values in Neonates and Young Infants. Pediatrics, 125(2), 257-264.
Publication 2010
Arthritis, Bacterial Bacteremia Bacteria Central Nervous System Infection Cerebrospinal Fluid Cerebrovascular Accident Child Clinical Laboratory Services Diet, Formula Eligibility Determination Enterovirus Erythrocytes Fever Gastroenteritis Glucose Gram's stain Heart Ventricle Hydrocephalus Infant Infection Meningitis, Bacterial Meningoencephalitis, Herpetic Osteomyelitis Patients Pleocytosis Pneumonia Preterm Infant Proteins Punctures, Lumbar Seizures Simplexvirus Urinary Tract Infection Viral Meningitis
5
CHAMACOS Cohort Study on Environmental Exposures
The Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) of the Center for Children’s Environmental Health Research at the University of California, Berkeley, sponsors a prospective cohort study of the association of pesticides and other environmental exposures on the health of pregnant women and their children living in the agricultural Salinas Valley, California.
Detailed methods for the CHAMACOS study have been described elsewhere (Eskenazi et al. 2004 (link), 2006 (link)). Pregnant women were screened for eligibility between October 1999 and 2000. Eligible women were ≥ 18 years old, < 20 weeks gestation, Spanish- or English-speaking, eligible for Medi-Cal, receiving pre-natal care at one of six community clinics serving primarily farmworker families, and planning to deliver at Natividad Medical Center. All participating women gave written informed consent. The institutional review board at University of California, Berkeley, approved the study.
We followed 531 women to delivery of a liveborn, surviving neonate. We excluded from analyses children who lacked a neuro-developmental assessment (n = 71), who did not have prenatal and relevant concurrent DAP metabolites measured (n = 3), were not singletons (n = 8), or had a medical condition which could affect assessment (n = 3; Down syndrome, deafness, hydrocephalus). We excluded Bayley results if raw scores were too low for standardization (n = 3, 1, and 1 for 6-, 12-, and 24-month assessments, respectively), or if assessed by a psychometrician who had completed too few for statistical adjustment (n = 4 at 6 months). Bayley analyses included 396 infants at 6 months, 395 at 12 months, and 372 at 24 months. In a few cases, a child had a valid score for only the Bayley Mental Developmental Index (MDI) or Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) (Bayley 1993 ). A total of 356 mothers completed the CBCL at the 24-month visit.
Eskenazi B., Marks A.R., Bradman A., Harley K., Barr D.B., Johnson C., Morga N, & Jewell N.P. (2007). Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Neurodevelopment in Young Mexican-American Children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(5), 792-798.
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Publication 2007
Child Down Syndrome Eligibility Determination Environmental Exposure Ethics Committees, Research Farmers Hispanic or Latino Hydrocephalus Infant Infant, Newborn Mothers Obstetric Delivery Pesticides Pregnancy Pregnant Women Woman

Most recents protocols related to «Hydrocephalus»

1
Characterizing Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
The study design and protocol have been approved by the ethics committees for human research at our institute (IRB number: R2019-227). This study followed a prospective and observational design. The study was performed in accordance with the approved guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. From November 2020 to February 2022, 133 healthy volunteers aged ≥ 20 years underwent MRI after providing written informed consent explaining the potential for detection of brain disease. Volunteers were recruited from medical staff and students, and their families by open recruitment. Inclusion criteria for this study were those who had no history of brain injury, brain tumor or cerebrovascular disease on previous brain MRI, or those who had never undergone brain MRI and no neurological symptoms including cognitive function. One volunteer aged 84 years old was excluded from this study because of a history of head surgery due to a head injury over 30 years ago. In addition, three volunteers were incidentally found small unruptured intracranial aneurysms with a maximum diameter of < 2 mm on this MRI. They were included in this study, because small unruptured aneurysms might not affect CSF motion.
Patients’ MRI data was used in an opt-out method, after their personal information was anonymized in a linkable manner. Among 44 patients suspected with NPH, 5 patients diagnosed with secondary NPH [29 (link)] that developed after subarachnoid hemorrhage [3 (link)], intracerebral hemorrhage [1 (link)], and severe meningitis [1 (link)], and 3 patients diagnosed with congenital/developmental etiology NPH [30 (link)] were excluded from this study. Finally, 36 patients diagnosed with iNPH who had radiological findings of disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus (DESH) [31 (link)], specifically ventricular dilatation, enlarged Sylvian fissure, and narrow sulci at the high convexity, and triad symptoms of gait disturbance, cognitive impairment, and/or urinary incontinence were included in this study, according to the Japanese guidelines for management of iNPH [32 (link)]. Of them, 18 patients (50%) underwent CSF removal in 30–35 ml via a lumbar tap and were evaluated for changes in their symptoms before, one day and two days after the CSF tap test. In addition, 21 patients (86%) underwent CSF shunt surgery and their symptoms improved by ≥ 1 point on the modified Rankin Scale and/or the Japanese iNPH grading scale [32 (link)].
Yamada S., Hiratsuka S., Otani T., Ii S., Wada S., Oshima M., Nozaki K, & Watanabe Y. (2023). Usefulness of intravoxel incoherent motion MRI for visualizing slow cerebrospinal fluid motion. Fluids and Barriers of the CNS, 20, 16.
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Publication 2023
Aneurysm Brain Brain Diseases Brain Injuries Brain Neoplasms Cerebral Hemorrhage Cognition Craniocerebral Trauma Dilatation Disorders, Cognitive Ethics Committees Head Healthy Volunteers Heart Ventricle Homo sapiens Hydrocephalus Intracranial Aneurysm Japanese Lumbar Region Medical Staff Meningitis Neurologic Symptoms Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Shunt, Cerebrospinal Fluid Student Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Subarachnoid Space Triad resin Urinary Incontinence Voluntary Workers X-Rays, Diagnostic
2
Fetal Ventriculomegaly Neuroimaging Study

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Publication 2023
Brain Care, Prenatal Chromosome Aberrations Diagnosis Ethics Committees, Research Fetal Ultrasonography Fetus Gestational Age Healthy Volunteers Heart Atrium Hydrocephalus Infection Injuries Neurologists Pregnancy Pregnant Women Ultrasonography Woman Youth
3
Factors Affecting Tumor Characteristics
Sex, age, tumor size, and ventroperitoneal (VP) placement were obtained from medical records or follow-up information. Ages at surgery and investigation were included in the analysis. Hydrocephalus was defined as Evans index >0.3. The tumor size was defined as the maximum diameter of the three planes. Tumor locations were categorized into midline and lateral. Pathology grades were classified as low grade (World Health Organization [WHO] I–II) and high grade (WHO III–IV). Chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment information was acquired during the follow-up.
Zhu K., Yang W., Ying Z., Cai Y., Peng X., Zhang N., Sun H., Ji Y, & Ge M. (2023). Long-term postoperative quality of life in childhood survivors with cerebellar mutism syndrome. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1130331.
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Publication 2023
Hydrocephalus Neoplasms Neoplasms by Site Operative Surgical Procedures Pharmacotherapy Radiotherapy
4
Caregiver Perspectives on Pediatric Shunt Malfunctions
English-speaking caregivers of children ≤5 years of age were recruited in collaboration with the Hydrocephalus Association. An anonymous cross-sectional survey was offered over a predetermined 6 week timeline from 9/23/21-11/1/21 over various Hydrocephalus Association platforms including the website, via email listservs, and public social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter). The survey was created by content experts in pediatric neurology, neonatology, and pediatric palliative care. The survey was pilot tested by board members from the Hydrocephalus Association, including a parent member, and then edited accordingly based on feedback before finalizing. Survey data was collected and managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools16 (link),17 (link) hosted by the Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters.
Survey questions included a comprehensive list of shunt malfunction signs or symptoms that was created to be inclusive of the symptoms noted by Garton14 (link) and Ackerman15 (link); caregivers were asked to indicate which of the signs or symptoms their child exhibited during their first, and when applicable, subsequent shunt malfunctions. In addition, caregivers were asked targeted questions regarding sources of education about shunt malfunctions and what actions they took when they suspected a shunt malfunction (See supplemental material).
All statistical tests were performed using SPSS.26 (Chicago, IL).18 Continuous variables are presented as mean, standard deviation, median, 25th and 75th percentiles. Categorical variables are presented as frequency and percentage. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare continuous variables. Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. All statistical tests were two-sided and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The Eastern Virginia Medical School (IRB #21-07-EX-0175) approved the study; caregivers gave consent on REDCap before beginning the survey.
Dorner R.A., Lemmon M.E., Vazifedan T., Johnson E, & Boss R.D. (2023). Symptoms of Cerebrospinal Shunt Malfunction in Young Children: A National Caregiver Survey. Child Neurology Open, 10, 2329048X231153513.
Publication 2023
Child Daughter Hydrocephalus Inclusion Bodies interleukin 18 protein, human Palliative Care Parent TimeLine
5
Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Outcomes
The study cohort consisted of 29 patients (17 females and 12 males; mean age 57 years) with spontaneous SAH that were admitted to the Neurointensive Care Unit of Uppsala University Hospital within 24h from ictus. Median World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) score on admission was 4 [24 (link)]. Diagnosis was made by brain CT scans that were classified according to Fisher scale (median 4) [25 (link)]. Cerebral vasospasm was defined clinically (i.e., not on angiography) as delayed focal ischemic neurological deficit (DIND) and/or decrease in the level of consciousness on the Glasgow coma scale not attributable to new hemorrhage or hydrocephalus and/or as delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) seen on CT scan. Patients with only ischemic lesions on CT scan without clinical signs of focal neurological deficit were also defined as having “cerebral vasospasm”; hence, the two terms DIND and DCI were used indiscriminately in the present study and their occurrence was recorded and treated accordingly. A research nurse recorded the patients’ functional outcome based on Glasgow Outcome Scale one year post ictus through telephone interviews [26 (link)].
Vlachogiannis P., Hillered L., Enblad P, & Ronne-Engström E. (2023). Elevated levels of several chemokines in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage are associated with worse clinical outcome. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0282424.
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Publication 2023
Angiography Brain Cerebral Ischemia Cerebral Vasospasm Cerebrovascular Accident Consciousness Diagnosis Females Hemorrhage Hydrocephalus Males Nurses Patients Vision X-Ray Computed Tomography

Top products related to «Hydrocephalus»

1
Tricaine by Merck Group
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Tricaine is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a chemical compound commonly used as an anesthetic for fish and amphibians in research and aquaculture settings. Tricaine functions by inhibiting sodium ion channels, resulting in a reversible state of unconsciousness in the organism.
2
Bovine serum albumin (bsa) by Merck Group
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Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a common laboratory reagent derived from bovine blood plasma. It is a protein that serves as a stabilizer and blocking agent in various biochemical and immunological applications. BSA is widely used to maintain the activity and solubility of enzymes, proteins, and other biomolecules in experimental settings.
3
Ethovision 3 by Noldus
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Ethovision 3.0 is a video-based tracking system designed for automated behavioral analysis. It captures and tracks the movement and position of animals in a controlled environment, providing detailed data on their behavior.
4
Penicillin by Merck Group
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Penicillin is a type of antibacterial drug that is widely used in medical and laboratory settings. It is a naturally occurring substance produced by certain fungi, and it is effective against a variety of bacterial infections. Penicillin works by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of bacteria, making it a valuable tool for researchers and medical professionals.
5
Streptomycin by Merck Group
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Streptomycin is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It is an antibiotic used in research applications.
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SPSS Statistics is a software package used for interactive or batched statistical analysis. It provides data access and management, analytical reporting, graphics, and modeling capabilities.
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Anti a4.1025 antibody by Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank
The Anti-A4.1025 antibody is a laboratory reagent produced by the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank. It is a monoclonal antibody that binds to a specific target molecule. The core function of this antibody is to serve as a detection and analysis tool in various biological research applications.
8
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Dnase 1 type 4 by Merck Group
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10
Sas version 9 by SAS Institute
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SAS version 9.4 is a statistical software package. It provides tools for data management, analysis, and reporting. The software is designed to help users extract insights from data and make informed decisions.

More about "Hydrocephalus"

Hydrocephalus is a complex neurological condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cranial cavity, leading to increased intracranial pressure.
This condition can result in the enlargement of the head, progressive brain damage, and various neurological symptoms.
Hydrocephalus can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developed later in life), and its causes can include genetic factors, developmental abnormalities, traumatic brain injuries, and infections.
Effective management of hydrocephalus often involves a combination of medical interventions, such as the placement of a shunt (a surgically implanted device that diverts the excess CSF) or endoscopic procedures (minimally invasive techniques to relieve the pressure on the brain).
Ongoing research in this field aims to improve the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and develop more effective treatment options for individuals affected by this condition.
In the context of hydrocephalus research, various techniques and tools may be utilized, including the use of Tricaine (an anesthetic agent), Bovine serum albumin (a common protein used in cell culture media), Ethovision 3.0 (a software for behavioral analysis), and antimicrobial agents like Penicillin and Streptomycin to prevent infections.
Statistical software such as SPSS Statistics and SAS 9.4 may be employed for data analysis, while techniques like Anti-A4.1025 antibody (used for cell surface marker detection) and DNase I type IV (an enzyme used for DNA manipulation) may be applied in laboratory experiments.
By incorporating these related terms and techniques, researchers can optimize their hydrocephalus studies, improve reproducibility, and gain valuable insights to advance the understanding and treatment of this complex neurological condition.