Hypomenorrhea refers to a condition characterized by abnormally light or infrequent menstrual flow.
It can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal imbalances, underlying medical conditions, or lifestyle factors.
Proper diagnosis and treatment are important to address the underlying cause and alleviate symptoms.
Researchers can optimize their studies on Hypomenorrhea using AI-driven tools like PubCompare.ai, which can help locate the best protocols, pre-prints, and patents from the literature, providing intelligent comparisons to identify the most effective products.
This powerful platform can take your Hypomenorrhea research to the next level, experincing the difference AI can make.
All study procedures were conducted at the CNPRC. This study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of USDA Animal Welfare Act and the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (24 ). The protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of California-Davis. The animal care and use program at the CNPRC is USDA-registered and AAALAC-accredited. Animals enrolled in the present study were housed in individual indoor cages during the study period (24 h) until the electrocardiographic equipment was removed. Alternating 12-h periods of light and darkness, controlled temperature, humidity, and ventilation were provided during the study period. Commercial primate chow (LabDiet Monkey Diet 5047, Purina Mills International, St Louis, MO) twice daily supplemented with vegetables and fruits biweekly were provided. Water was provided ad libitum using automatic watering devices. Annual physical examination, weighing, tuberculosis testing, dental prophylaxis, and routine blood tests including serum biochemistry and complete blood count analyses were performed at least annually under sedation. All rhesus macaques were also monitored periodically for bacterial and viral infections (SIV, simian T-lymphotrophic virus, and simian type D retrovirus, and herpes B virus) (25 (link)).
Ueda Y., Slabaugh T.L., Walker A.L., Ontiveros E.S., Sosa P.M., Reader R., Roberts J.A, & Stern J.A. (2019). Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Affected by Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6, 1.
The SF device used to induce SF in rodents has been previously described [43 ] (catalog # Model 80390, Lafayette Instruments, Lafayette, IN, USA), and employs intermittent tactile stimulation of freely behaving mice in a standard mouse laboratory cage, using a near-silent motorized mechanical device. All SF procedures were carried out for 12 hours from 07.00 to 19.00 hours during the light period (LP).
Ramesh V., Nair D., Zhang S.X., Hakim F., Kaushal N., Kayali F., Wang Y., Li R.C., Carreras A, & Gozal D. (2012). Disrupted sleep without sleep curtailment induces sleepiness and cognitive dysfunction via the tumor necrosis factor-α pathway. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 9, 91.
All high-NA TIRF-SIM images were acquired with the Olympus 1.7-NA objective under the physiological conditions of 37°C and 5% CO2. At each time point, we acquired three raw images at successive phase steps of 0, 1/3, and 2/3 of the illumination period. We then repeated this process with the standing wave excitation pattern rotated ±120° with respect to the first orientation, for a total of nine raw images. The phase stepping and pattern rotation were accomplished by rotating or translating the binary grating pattern displayed on the SLM. For multicolor imaging, we acquired nine raw images at each excitation wavelength before moving to the next and then repeated this series at successive time points. We could adjust the excitation NA for each wavelength by changing the period of the grating pattern at the SLM. This allowed us to control penetration depth of the evanescent wave (fig. S8) in order to balance the number of excitable fluorescent molecules against the background fluorescence and possible physiological effects of the excitation.
Li D., Shao L., Chen B.C., Zhang X., Zhang M., Moses B., Milkie D.E., Beach J.R., Hammer JA I.I.I., Pasham M., Kirchhausen T., Baird M.A., Davidson M.W., Xu P, & Betzig E. (2015). Extended-resolution structured illumination imaging of endocytic and cytoskeletal dynamics. Science (New York, N.Y.), 349(6251), aab3500.
Zygnema sp. ‘Saalach’ (SAG 2419) and Zygnema sp. ‘Elmau-Alm’ (SAG 2418) were isolated from hydroterrestrial habitats. Zygnema sp. ‘Saalach’ was obtained from the sandy littoral zone of the river Saalach (47° 47′ 8.70′′ N, 12° 56′ 42.66′′ E; 440 m above sea level (a.s.l.)) near Salzburg (Salzburg, Austria). Zygnema sp. ‘Elmau-Alm’ was collected from a sun-exposed shallow puddle in the catchment area of a subalpine pasture called ‘Elmau-Alm’ (47° 28′ 52.30″ N, 13° 14′ 48.85″ E, 1,500 m a.s.l.) near Werfenweng (Salzburg, Austria). Both strains were submitted to the Culture Collection of Algae of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen and assigned strain numbers (see above). Samples were purified and established into unialgal cultures. Algae were cultivated on 1.5 % agar plates or in 250–500-mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing Bold’s Basal Medium (BBM; Bischoff and Bild 1963 ), respectively. Agar plates were sealed with Parafilm® to keep the moisture level constant during long-term cultivation. All algae grew in a dark/light regime of 16:8 h adjusted in a thermostat (Percival PGC 6L, Percival Scientific, Perry, GA, USA) at 20 °C and ~33 μmol photons m−2 s−1 in the light period. In the dark, temperature was reduced to 14.5 °C. Light was provided by Osram Daylight Lumilux Cool White lamps (L36W⁄840; Osram. Munich, Germany).
Herburger K., Lewis L.A, & Holzinger A. (2014). Photosynthetic efficiency, desiccation tolerance and ultrastructure in two phylogenetically distinct strains of alpine Zygnema sp. (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta): role of pre-akinete formation. Protoplasma, 252(2), 571-589.
The baseline pupil size (BS) was calculated for each test session as the mean diameter during the 10 s in darkness just before light exposure. Thereafter, the pupil size (PS) was expressed as a normalized parameter in which actual measured pupil diameter is divided by baseline size. This parameter was calculated automatically on every digital image during the entire recording. All the PS values were exported and displayed in graphic form as a function of time (Figure 2). The main outcome parameters for this study were maximal pupil contraction, sustained pupil contraction, and summed pupil response. The operational definition for each parameter is given below: Maximal pupil contraction: This is maximal amplitude difference in PS from BS (expressed as percentage) within 5 s of light onset. Sustained pupil contraction: This is the amplitude difference in PS from BS (expressed as percentage) at the 20th second after light onset, e.g., at the last second of the continuous light stimulus. Summed pupil response, or area under the curve (AUC): This parameter reflects the overall pupil response to continuous light exposure. It is obtained from the pupil response curve and is the area from BS to PS between two points in time. Therefore, the area under the curve (AUC) during light exposure is the total area between a line extrapolated from BS and the graphic line representing PS between 0 and 20 s (Figure 3). Three AUCs were calculated: AUC during the light exposure (0–20 s), AUC during the period immediately after light termination, defined as 0–10 s after light offset and called the early redilation phase, and AUC during late phase of pupillary redilation, defined as between 10 and 30 s after light termination, i.e., 30–50 s from the start of the light onset (Figure 3).
Herbst K., Sander B., Milea D., Lund-Andersen H, & Kawasaki A. (2011). Test–Retest Repeatability of the Pupil Light Response to Blue and Red Light Stimuli in Normal Human Eyes Using a Novel Pupillometer. Frontiers in Neurology, 2, 10.
Microscopy identification of tick species and sex was performed at Qinghai University. After morphological identification (46 ), 200 males and 200 females of D. nuttalli were selected for laboratory rearing. To characterize the life-cycle of D. nuttalli, New Zealand white rabbits (specific-pathogen-free, female, 9-weeks-old, purchased from Yifengda, Xi'an, China) housed in the animal facility of Qinghai University at a temperature of 25 ± 2°C and humidity of 40% under controlled lighting (i.e., period of light from 6:00 to 19:00 h) were used to feed the adult ticks. After a few days, engorged ticks were weighed, placed in a sterile glass bottle, and reared in an incubator at 25 ± 2°C and 80% humidity. After tick eggs were laid and hatched, a total of 500 larvae were allowed to refeed on the ears of rabbits within 3–4 days after hatching all eggs. The engorged ticks were collected for incubation until molting as nymphs and then allowed to feed on the rabbit ears again within 12–14 days after molting all larvae. During these periods, the processes of egg laying, hatching, and molting and the viability of the ticks were regularly observed. All animal procedures were carried out according to the ethical guidelines of Qinghai University (2020017 and SL-2022007).
Ma H., Ai J., Kang M., Li J, & Sun Y. (2023). The life cycle of Dermacentor nuttalli from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau under laboratory conditions and detection of spotted fever group Rickettsia spp.. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1126266.
Mouse metabolic rate was assessed by indirect calorimetry in an OxyletPro system (PanLab Harvard Apparatus). Mice were housed singly with water and food available ad libitum and maintained at ~22 °C under a 12:12-h light:dark cycle (light period 08:00–20:00). The concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide were monitored at the inlet and outlet of the sealed chambers to calculate oxygen consumption. Each chamber was measured for 60 s at 10-min intervals, and data were recorded for ~48 h total. Locomotor activity was monitored using an infrared photocell beam (rearing) and a sensor platform (activity). Food and water intake were automatically monitored using sensors in each cage.
Sola-García A., Cáliz-Molina M.Á., Espadas I., Petr M., Panadero-Morón C., González-Morán D., Martín-Vázquez M.E., Narbona-Pérez Á.J., López-Noriega L., Martínez-Corrales G., López-Fernández-Sobrino R., Carmona-Marin L.M., Martínez-Force E., Yanes O., Vinaixa M., López-López D., Reyes J.C., Dopazo J., Martín F., Gauthier B.R., Scheibye-Knudsen M., Capilla-González V, & Martín-Montalvo A. (2023). Metabolic reprogramming by Acly inhibition using SB-204990 alters glucoregulation and modulates molecular mechanisms associated with aging. Communications Biology, 6, 250.
The preculture of algal flocs was created using activated sludge from an aeration tank cultured in secondary effluent in a batch reactor under static conditions. In this case, the biomass concentration was 694 mg L−1 after 30 days, and the mean diameter of algal flocs was 0.994 mm (Biliani and Manariotis 2022 ). The present study examined the formation of photogranules in six configurations (Fig. S1). In each case, 85 mL of the preculture was placed in a 1-L glass beaker, and a final volume of 1000 mL was reached with primary effluent wastewater (PE) (3 reactors) or secondary effluent (SE) (3 reactors). Every reactor had different mixing and fill-draw conditions, as shown in Table S1. The six reactors were placed in a room next to the window at a temperature of 20 ± 5 °C for 240 days. Primary and secondary effluent was sampled from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of the University of Patras campus at Rio, and their characteristics are given in Table 1. Mixing was not used in the static reactors (PE Static and SE Static), while mixing at 30 rpm was applied in the rest of the reactors (PE Mixing 1, PE Mixing 2, SE Mixing 3 and SE Mixing 4). During the 2nd period, the hydraulic reaction time (HRT) was doubled from 8 to 16 days in the PE Static and PE Mixing 1 reactor, 4 to 8 days PE in the Mixing 2 reactor, 2 to 4 days in the SE Static and SE Mixing 3 reactor and 1.3 to 2.7 days in the SE Mixing 4 reactor. In the 3rd period, the volume withdrawn decreased to half in the SE cultures but remained the same in the PE cultures. In the 4th period, the mixing velocity increased from 30 to 50 rpm for the mixing cultures (PE Mixing 1, PE Mixing 2, SE Mixing 3 and SE Mixing 4) and the HRT of the SE cultures was decreased to half. The light intensity in the 4th period increased by adding led lamps (12 V, RGB SPECTRUM, USA) with a photoperiod of 24 h yielding an irradiance of 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1, compared to 50 photons m−2 s−1 during the 3rd period. In the 5th period, the HRT was further decreased in the SE but remained the same in the PE cultures. The operation cycle consisted of feeding (10 min), rapid mixing (2 min), reaction (0.98 to 1.98 days), mixing (2 min), settling (10 min) and decanting (10 min). Samples were systematically taken from the supernatant at the end of the settling phase. Less frequently, samples were taken from the mixed liquor before the settling phase.
Characteristics of wastewater and microalgae preculture
Nutrient
Units
Primary effluent
Secondary effluent
Microalgae Preculture
Range
Mean
SD*
Range
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
COD
mg L−1
200–220
205
10
50–60
54
5
-
-
TSS
mg L−1
30–40
33
5
20–30
21
5
200
2.6
Chl-a
mg m−3
-
-
-
-
-
-
597
0.002
Total-P
mg L−1
4.5–5.5
5.0
0.5
3.5–5.5
4.2
0.75
7.8
0.1
NO3-N
mg L−1
0.0–1.1
0.57
0.5
5.5–12
7.9
3.25
0.4
0.06
NH3-N
mg L−1
10–30
22
10
2.0–10
5.3
4
4.7
0.03
pH
-
7.0–8.0
7.7
0.5
7.0–8.0
7.4
0.5
8.9
-
*SD: standard deviation
Biliani S.E, & Manariotis I.D. (2023). Wastewater treatment by high density algal flocs for nutrient removal and biomass production. Journal of Applied Phycology, 35(3), 1237-1250.
Gas exchange measurements were performed using a portable photosynthesis system (Li-6400; LI-COR, Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA) in the morning between 9:00-10: 30am, on the first fully expanded leaf between 1 and 6 h of the light period on the third day of control (day 3 control), and moderate stress (day 3 stress) and high temperature treated (day 8 stress) plants. Air temperature was between 25°C - 30°C as per the temperature of the growth chamber. The light response curves were measured at ambient CO2 concentrations (350-400 μmol) during photosynthetic observations. Leaves were illuminated with photon flux densities 1500 μmol photons m-2s-1. Net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), and intracellular CO2 concentration (Ci) was measured. Canopy temperature of cucumber leaves was performed using an imaging FLUKE thermal imager.
Hongal D.A., Raju D., Kumar S., Talukdar A., Das A., Kumari K., Dash P.K., Chinnusamy V., Munshi A.D., Behera T.K, & Dey S.S. (2023). Elucidating the role of key physio-biochemical traits and molecular network conferring heat stress tolerance in cucumber. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1128928.
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The C57BL/6J mouse is a widely used laboratory mouse strain. It is an inbred strain that has a black coat color. The C57BL/6J mouse is commonly used as a control strain in various research applications.
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Sprague-Dawley rats are an outbred albino rat strain commonly used in laboratory research. They are characterized by their calm temperament and reliable reproductive performance.
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Wistar rats are a commonly used strain of laboratory rats. They are characterized by their wide, rounded body shape and are known for their reliable and consistent performance in various research applications.
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EthoVision XT is a video tracking system that automatically tracks and analyzes the movement and behavior of animals in real-time. It provides an objective and reliable way to measure various parameters, such as distance traveled, velocity, and time spent in different zones of the experimental setup.
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C57BL/6J male mice are a widely used inbred mouse strain. They are a valuable research model for a variety of studies, including immunology, genetics, and disease research.
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Male Sprague-Dawley rats are a widely used laboratory animal model. They are characterized by their large size, docile temperament, and well-established physiological and behavioral characteristics. These rats are commonly used in a variety of research applications.
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TRIzol reagent is a monophasic solution of phenol, guanidine isothiocyanate, and other proprietary components designed for the isolation of total RNA, DNA, and proteins from a variety of biological samples. The reagent maintains the integrity of the RNA while disrupting cells and dissolving cell components.
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MATLAB is a high-performance programming language and numerical computing environment used for scientific and engineering calculations, data analysis, and visualization. It provides a comprehensive set of tools for solving complex mathematical and computational problems.
The Dual-PAM-100 is a laboratory instrument designed for simultaneous measurement of chlorophyll a fluorescence and P700 absorbance changes. It provides reliable data on the photosynthetic performance of plants and algae.
Hypomenorrhea, or abnormally light or infrequent menstrual flow, can be caused by a variety of factors. These include hormonal imbalances, underlying medical conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or thyroid disorders, and lifestyle factors such as stress, excessive exercise, or low body weight. Proper diagnosis and treatment are important to address the root cause and alleviate the symptoms of Hypomenorrhea.
PubCompare.ai is a powerful AI-driven tool that can take your Hypomenorrhea research to the next level. The platform allows you to screen protocol literature more efficiently, leveraging AI to pinpoint critical insights. PubCompare.ai can help researchers identify the most effective protocols related to Hypomenorrhea for their specific research goals. The platform's AI-driven analysis can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling you to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy.
Yes, there are several variations of Hypomenorrhea. In addition to the general condition of abnormally light or infrequent menstrual flow, there are specific types such as secondary Hypomenorrhea (developed after normal menstruation) and primary Hypomenorrhea (present since the onset of menstruation). The underlying causes and treatment approaches may vary depending on the type of Hypomenorrhea.
PubCompare.ai can be a game-changer for optimizing your Hypomenorrhea studies. By helping you screen protocol literature more efficiently and leveraging AI to identify critical insights, the platform can assist you in locating the best protocols, pre-prints, and patents from the literature. The intelligent comparisons provided by PubCompare.ai can enable you to identify the most effective products for your research, improving reproducibility and accuracy. Experince the difference AI can make in your Hypomenorrhea studies.
Managing Hypomenorrhea requires addressing the underlying cause. Some practical insights include: (1) Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise, stress management, and a balanced diet can help regulate menstrual flow; (2) For hormonal imbalances, working with a healthcare provider to find the right treatment, such as hormonal therapy or medication, can be effective; (3) Monitoreing menstrual cycles and tracking changes can help identify patterns and trigger factors; and (4) Seeking medical attention for persistent or severe Hypomenorrhea is important to rule out underlying conditions and receive proper treatment.
More about "Hypomenorrhea"
Hypomenorrhea, also known as oligomenorrhea or scanty menstruation, is a condition characterized by abnormally light or infrequent menstrual flow.
It can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal imbalances, underlying medical conditions, or lifestyle factors.
Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to address the underlying cause and alleviate symptoms.
Researchers can optimize their studies on Hypomenorrhea using AI-driven tools like PubCompare.ai, which can help locate the best protocols, pre-prints, and patents from the literature, providing intelligent comparisons to identify the most effective products.
This powerful platfom can take your Hypomenorrhea research to the next level, experiencing the difference AI can make.
In animal studies, C57BL/6J mice, Sprague-Dawley rats, and Wistar rats have been used to investigate the mechanisms and potential treatments for Hypomenorrhea.
Behavioral analysis tools like EthoVision XT can be utilized to assess the effects of interventions on animal models.
Additionally, techniques like TRIzol reagent and MATLAB can be employed to study the underlying molecular and physiological changes.
By leveraging the power of AI and incorporating insights from animal models, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of Hypomenorrhea and develop more effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Experince the difference AI can make in your Hypomenorrhea studies and take your research to new heights.
