> Disorders > Disease or Syndrome > Iron Overload

Iron Overload

Q: What are the common symptoms of iron overload?

The common symptoms of iron overload include fatigue, abdominal pain, and a bronze discoloration of the skin. Iron overload can lead to organ damage and dysfunction if left untreated, so it's important to be aware of these signs and seek medical attention if they arise.

Q: How can iron overload be diagnosed?

Accurate diagnosis of iron overload is crucial for effective management. Blood tests to measure ferritin and transferrin saturation levels can help identify excessive iron accumulation. In some cases, imaging tests like MRI or liver biopsy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis and assess the extent of iron overload.

Q: What are the potential complications of iron overload?

Untreated iron overload can lead to serious complications, such as cirrhosis, cardiomyopathy, and diabetes. These conditions can significantly impact organ function and overall health, so it's important to manage iron overload proactively.

Q: How can PubCompare.ai help with iron overload research?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocol comparisons can help researchers optimize their iron overload studies. The platform allows you to screen protocol literature more efficiently and leverage AI to pinpoint critical insights. By identifying the most effective protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents, you can enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of your iron overload research, unlocking new insights to advance this field of study.

Q: What are the different types or variations of iron overload?

Iron overload can result from a variety of causes, including genetic disorders, chronic liver disease, and ineffective erythropoiesis. Each variation may require a different approach to management and treatment. Understanding the specific type of iron overload is important for developing an effective care plan.

Iron overload is a condition characterized by excessive accumulation of iron in the body's tissues, leading to potential organ damage and dysfunction.
This can result from genetic disorders, chronic liver disease, or ineffective erythropoiesis.
Symptoms may include fatigue, abdominal pain, and bronze discoloration of the skin.
Accurate diagnosis and effective management of iron overload are crucial to prevent serious complications, such as cirrhosis, cardiomyopathy, and diabetes.
Reseachers can optimize their iron overload studies using PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocol comparisons to locate the best treatment approaches from the literature, preprints, and patents, enhancing reproducibility and unlocking new insights to advance this field of study.

Most cited protocols related to «Iron Overload»

Determining ALT Distribution in Youth

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Publication 2010

Boys Child Diagnosis Enzyme Immunoassay Fatty Liver Glucose Hepatitis B Surface Antigens Hepatitis C Antibodies Hepatitis Viruses HIV-1 HIV-2 HIV Antibodies Hypoalphalipoproteinemias Immunoblotting Insulin Iron Overload Liver Diseases Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Obesity Peptides Pharmaceutical Preparations Ribavirin Serum Transferrin Triglycerides Western Blotting Woman

Ultrasound-based Hepatic Steatosis Assessment

Ultrasound examinations on the gallbladder were carried out on the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants aged 20 to 74 using a Toshiba (Tustin, CA) SSA-90A machine using 3.75 and 5.0 MHz transducer.29 Between 2009 and 2010, 13 856 (96.6%) of the archived videotapes on gallbladder ultrasound examinations originally obtained between 1988 and 1994 were reviewed to ascertain the presence of fat within the hepatic parenchyma. A more detailed description of the protocol can be found elsewhere.30 Briefly, information was recorded on the presence of liver to kidney contrast, degree of brightness of the liver parenchyma, presence of deep beam attenuation, presence of echogenic walls in the small intrahepatic vessels, and definition of the gallbladder walls. Based on these findings and using a standardised algorithm,30 we categorised the degree of steatosis first as a four level variable (none, mild, moderate, or severe steatosis) and then recoded as a two level variable: none to mild and moderate to severe. The intra-rater and inter-rater κ statistics for reliability of the two level variable were 0.77 (95% confidence interval 0.73 to 0.82) and 0.70 (0.64 to 0.76), respectively.30
In the absence of a standard definition, we defined non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as the presence of moderate to severe hepatic steatosis with normal liver enzymes levels. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was defined as the presence of moderate to severe hepatic steatosis with increased levels of liver enzymes, in the absence of antibodies to hepatitis B and hepatitis C and without evidence of iron overload. For the non-alcoholic steatohepatitis group we decided to exclude people with viral hepatitis B and hepatitis C or with iron overload because these factors are associated with increased liver enzyme levels.

Lazo M., Hernaez R., Bonekamp S., Kamel I.R., Brancati F.L., Guallar E, & Clark J.M. (2011). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and mortality among US adults: prospective cohort study. The BMJ, 343, d6891.

Publication 2011

Antibodies Blood Vessel Enzymes Fatty Liver Gallbladder Hepatitis B Hepatitis C virus Iron Overload Kidney Liver Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Physical Examination Steatohepatitis Test, Clinical Enzyme Transducers Ultrasonics

Iron Saturation of Lactoferrin

Lactoferrin supplied by the manufacturers was used without further purification. For apolactoferrin, preparation containing 50 mg/mL protein was dissolved in water and dialyzed extensively against 100 mM citrate buffer for 24 h, followed by dialysis against distilled water for 24 h [37 (link)]. Temperature (4 and 20 °C) and buffer pH (2.0–5.0) were modified in order to monitor their impact on iron desaturation. Iron saturation was calculated based on the A₂₈₀/A₄₆₆ ratio according to the calibration curve presented in “Results and discussion.” We define the iron saturation level of lactoferrin as the percentage of iron-binding sites occupied by ferric ions assuming that 2 mol of iron(III) ions is bound per 1 mol of protein. Thus, the given values refer to the percentage of differic lactoferrin. For some of these samples, the ICP-MS and ELISA tests were carried out and were used to prepare a calibration curve.
Hololactoferrin was prepared by the reaction of 50 mg/mL lactoferrin solution in 50 mM Tris–HCl, 150 mM NaCl (pH 7.4) with ferric nitrate salt in the presence of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) as well as different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate [24 (link)]. After incubation, excess iron was removed by dialysis against the same buffer solution without ferric salts for 24 h and against water for another 24 h. Various incubation times, temperatures, as well as ratios of Lf/Fe/NTA were employed to examine their effect on iron saturation efficiency; detailed conditions are depicted in the captions of figures.

Majka G., Śpiewak K., Kurpiewska K., Heczko P., Stochel G., Strus M, & Brindell M. (2013). A high-throughput method for the quantification of iron saturation in lactoferrin preparations. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 405(15), 5191-5200.

Publication 2013

apolactoferrin Bicarbonate, Sodium Binding Sites Buffers Citrates Dialysis Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ferric nitrate Ions Iron Iron Overload Lactoferrin Mol-Iron Nitrilotriacetic Acid PER1 protein, human Proteins Salts Sodium Chloride Tromethamine

Evaluating Iron Status and Deficiency in US Children and Women

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Publication 2021

Adult Anemia Aspartate Transaminase Child C Reactive Protein D-Alanine Transaminase Deficiency, Iron Ferritin Hemoglobin Households Infection Inflammation Iron Overload Leukocyte Count Liver Diseases Physical Examination Pregnant Women Serum Woman Youth

Optimizing R2* Mapping Acquisition Parameters

The choice of acquisition parameters can have a significant impact on the noise performance of R2* mapping. Note that, in contrast to the fat-water separation problem (37 (link)), there is no single choice of TE that leads to optimal noise performance for any specific R2* value. The key choice in the design of acquisition parameters is the TE combination (TE_init, ΔTE, number of echoes). However, these parameters are subject to hardware constraints (e.g., limited gradient amplitude and slew rate), and scan time constraints (e.g., breath-hold).
To evaluate the theoretical R2* noise performance for various TE combinations, we performed CRB-based standard deviation for R2* mapping, under the following conditions:

6-echo acquisitions as a function of initial TE and TE spacing,

four different fitting models (fat-uncorrected complex fitting, fat-corrected complex fitting, fat-uncorrected magnitude fitting, fat-corrected magnitude fitting),

four clinically relevant values of R2* (40, 100, 200, and 1000 s⁻¹), covering a range from normal liver to severe iron overload at 1.5T.

Hernando D., Kramer J.H, & Reeder S.B. (2013). Multipeak Fat-Corrected Complex R2* Relaxometry: Theory, Optimization, and Clinical Validation. Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 70(5), 1319-1331.

Publication 2013

ECHO protocol Iron Overload Liver Radionuclide Imaging

Most recents protocols related to «Iron Overload»

Quantifying Siderophore Production in M. bovis

The production of siderophores was assayed in M. bovis BCG cultures by the isolation of mycobactins and by the Universal CAS liquid assay [20 (link)]. Briefly, M. bovis cells were firstly grown in 7H9 medium, and subsequently subcultured in chelated Sauton’s medium. The culture was then diluted 1:1000 in chelated Sauton’s medium in the presence of different concentrations of compound 1, and incubated for 15 days at 37 °C. To isolate the mycobactins, cells were centrifuged, and pellets were extracted overnight in EtOH. 0.1 M FeCl₃ in EtOH was added until no further change in color was observed, and the solution was incubated at room temperature for 1 h. Mycobactins were then extracted in CHCl₃, washed with water 3 times to remove the excess of iron, and dried by evaporation; the residue was dissolved in MeOH. The concentration of mycobactins was determined by measuring the absorbance at 450 nm (1% solution of mycobactins has an absorbance of 42.8). For the Universal CAS assay, the supernatant of cell cultures (100 μL) was mixed with 100 μL of CAS solution in a 96-well plate, incubated for 10 min at room temperature; the absorbance at 630 nm was measured, and siderophore units were calculated with the following equation:

\frac{A_{r} {- A}_{s}}{A_{r}} \times 100

A_r: absorbance at 630 nm of the blank medium with the CAS solution; A_s: absorbance of the culture supernatants with the CAS solution.

Mori M., Stelitano G., Cazzaniga G., Gelain A., Tresoldi A., Cocorullo M., Roversi M., Chiarelli L.R., Tomaiuolo M., Delre P., Mangiatordi G.F., Griego A., Rizzello L., Cassetta A., Covaceuszach S., Villa S, & Meneghetti F. (2023). Targeting Siderophore-Mediated Iron Uptake in M. abscessus: A New Strategy to Limit the Virulence of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria. Pharmaceutics, 15(2), 502.

Publication 2023

AR 100 Biological Assay Cell Culture Techniques Cells Chloroform Ethanol Iron Overload isolation M Cells mycobactins Pellets, Drug Siderophores

MRI-based T2* Quantification in Thalassemia

For clinical data, we retrospectively selected 121 patients with thalassemia major (53 females, 68 males, aged 9–66 years) with iron overload from normal to severe according to their R2* measurements. All MRI examinations were performed using a 1.5 T Siemens Sonata MRI scanner (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) and a 6-channel anterior array coil combined with a 2-channel spine array coil. Axial T2*-weighted images were acquired using a 2D spoiled gradient-echo sequence with the following parameters: repetition time = 200 ms, number of echoes = 12, TE_min = 0.93 ms, echo spacing = 1.34 ms, flip angle = 20°, slice thickness = 10 mm, signal average = 1, acquisition matrix = 64 × 128, and in-plane resolution = 3.125 × 3.125 mm². Fat saturation was used to eliminate fat-water oscillations [8 (link)]. The multiple TE images were acquired within a breath-hold of approximately 13 s. The study was approved by the local institutional review board, and informed content was obtained. In total, 121 clinical datasets with a size of 64 × 128 × 12 were acquired. The 12 channels contain data acquired at 12 TEs, respectively. One hundred datasets were used to generate simulation data for training the proposed method, and twenty-one datasets were used to generate simulation data for testing and also used for in vivo assessment.

Lu Q., Wang C., Lian Z., Zhang X., Yang W., Feng Q, & Feng Y. (2023). Cascade of Denoising and Mapping Neural Networks for MRI R2* Relaxometry of Iron-Loaded Liver. Bioengineering, 10(2), 209.

Publication 2023

Cooley's Anemia ECHO protocol Ethics Committees, Research Females Iron Overload Males Patients Physical Examination Sonata Vertebral Column

Isolation and Treatment of Hepatocytes

Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane inhalation, and the liver was perfused first with a warm perfusion buffer (Invitrogen 17701), and then with warm HBSS (Gibco 14025-076) containing 10 mM HEPES, 4 mM NaOH, and 1 mg/mL collagenase (Worthington LS004196). Digested livers were carefully removed, dispersed in a cold wash medium [Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) with 1% sodium pyruvate, 1% penicillin–streptomycin, 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS)], and passed through a 100-μm cell strainer. The cells were then washed three times by centrifugation at 50 g for 5 min at 4 °C. The resulting hepatocyte pellets were resuspended in a hepatocyte culture medium (DMEM with 1% penicillin–streptomycin and 10% FBS) and seeded in collagen-coated plates. Four hours after plating, cells were carefully washed with 1× phosphate buffered saline and cultured in a fresh hepatocyte culture medium overnight. To examine the degradation of endogenous CP, cells were pretreated with 1 μg/mL brefeldin A (BFA, Cayman Chemical 11861) for 30 min, then treated with vehicle or 150 μM cycloheximide (CHX, Sigma 01810) for 2 or 4 h. To induce iron overload or depletion, cells were treated with 100 μM FAC (MP Biomedicals 1185-57-5) or 100 μM DFO (Fisher 50-187-4275) for 21 h before the BFA and CHX treatment.

Thepsuwan P., Bhattacharya A., Song Z., Hippleheuser S., Feng S., Wei X., Das N.K., Sierra M., Wei J., Fang D., Huang Y.M., Zhang K., Shah Y.M, & Sun S. (2023). Hepatic SEL1L-HRD1 ER-associated degradation regulates systemic iron homeostasis via ceruloplasmin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(2), e2212644120.

Publication 2023

Brefeldin A Caimans Cells Centrifugation Collagen Collagenase Common Cold Culture Media Cycloheximide Eagle Fetal Bovine Serum Hemoglobin, Sickle Hepatocyte HEPES Inhalation Iron Overload Isoflurane Liver Mus Pellets, Drug Penicillins Perfusion Phosphates Pyruvate Saline Solution Sodium Streptomycin

Hepatocyte-specific Sel1L and Hrd1 Deficiency

Hepatocyte-specific Sel1L-deficient (Sel1L^flox/flox;Albumin-Cre, i.e., Sel1L^AlbCre) mice and WT (Sel1L^flox/flox, WT) littermates, hepatocyte-specific Hrd1-deficient (Hrd1^flox/flox;Albumin-Cre, i.e., Hrd1^AlbCre) mice and WT (Hrd1^flox/flox, WT) littermates, Ire1α^flox/flox mice, as well as hepatocyte-specific ApoE promoter-driven FGF21 transgenic or WT littermates were maintained on a C57BL/6J background and described previously (27 (link), 28 (link), 70 (link), 71 (link)). Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of CREBH or green fluorescent protein (GFP) was performed via an intravenous injection of recombinant adenovirus as previously described (72 (link)). For baseline studies, mice were fed a standard rodent chow diet (PicoLab 5L0D, with 240 ppm iron). To induce iron deficiency or iron overload, mice were fed with an iron-deficient (Dyets D115072, with <5 ppm iron), high-iron (Dyets D115858 with 800 ppm iron, or Dyets D115854 with 8,800 ppm iron), or control diet (Dyets D110700, with 35 ppm iron) for up to 4 or 8 wk, respectively. For iron-dextran treatment, 8-wk-old mice were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of iron-dextran (Sigma D8517) at 20 mg/kg body weight and were examined 3 d later. For CPA and tunicamycin treatment, 8-wk-old mice were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of CPA (Sigma 239805) at 10 mg/kg body weight, tunicamycin (Tocris 3516) at 0.1 mg/kg body weight, or vehicle and were examined 4 h later. Mice were housed in a temperature-controlled environment with 12-h light/dark cycles with free access to food and water. Decapitation was used to kill the mice and tissues were immediately either fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin or frozen in liquid nitrogen upon collection. Duodenum epithelium was collected by scraping the luminal surface of the duodenum as reported before (73 (link)).

Publication 2023

Adenoviruses Albumins Animals, Transgenic Apolipoproteins E Body Weight Decapitation Deficiency, Iron Diet Duodenum Environment, Controlled Epithelium fibroblast growth factor 21 Food Formalin Freezing Green Fluorescent Proteins Iron Iron-Dextran Complex Iron Overload Mice, Laboratory Nitrogen NOS2A protein, human Phenobarbital Rodent Tissues Tunicamycin

MRI T2* for Liver and Cardiac Iron

MRI T2* was performed using Magneto, 1.5 T, Siemens medical systems. The measurements of liver and cardiac MRI T2* were included. The cut-off time values that showed the degree of severity of iron overload in the heart and liver were as follows:37 (link)
For liver: Normal ≥6.3 milliseconds (msec.), mild 2.8 - <6.3 msec, moderate 1.4 - <2.8 msec, and severe <1.4 msec.
For heart: Normal ≥20 milliseconds (msec.), mild 14 - <20 msec. moderate 10 - <14 msec. and severe <10 msec. The correlation between serum ferritin levels with both the liver and cardiac iron by MRI T2* were assessed.

Ibrahim A.S., Abd El-Fatah A.H., Abd El-Halim A.F, & Mohamed F.F. (2023). Serum Ferritin Levels and Other Associated Parameters with Diabetes Mellitus in Adult Patients Suffering from Beta Thalassemia Major. Journal of Blood Medicine, 14, 67-81.

Publication 2023

Ferritin Heart Iron Iron Overload Liver Serum

Top products related to «Iron Overload»

Iron dextran by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy

Iron dextran is a laboratory reagent used for the quantitative determination of iron in biological samples. It is a complex of iron and the carbohydrate polymer dextran, which serves as a stabilizing agent. Iron dextran can be utilized in various analytical techniques, such as colorimetric assays, to measure iron concentrations in clinical and research settings.

Nap 25 column by GE Healthcare

Sourced in United Kingdom

The NAP-25 column is a size-exclusion chromatography column designed for the purification of proteins, peptides, and other biomolecules. The column is packed with a porous agarose-based matrix that separates molecules based on their size and molecular weight, allowing for the effective isolation and purification of target analytes from complex samples.

Ferric ammonium citrate by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Morocco, Italy

Ferric ammonium citrate is a chemical compound used in laboratory settings. It is composed of iron, ammonium, and citrate ions. The primary function of ferric ammonium citrate is as a source of iron in various applications, such as culture media preparation and analytical procedures.

Carbonyl iron by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Carbonyl iron is a type of iron powder produced through the thermal decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl. It is characterized by its high purity, uniform particle size, and spherical shape. Carbonyl iron is used as a raw material in various industrial applications, including the production of magnetic components, electromagnetic shielding materials, and dietary supplements.

Magnetom avanto by Siemens

Sourced in Germany, United States, France

The Magnetom Avanto is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system developed by Siemens. It is designed to provide high-quality imaging for a variety of clinical applications. The Magnetom Avanto utilizes a strong magnetic field and radio waves to generate detailed images of the body's internal structures.

Advantage window 4 by GE Healthcare

The Advantage Window 4.6 is a lab equipment product offered by GE Healthcare. It is a digital imaging system designed for medical imaging applications. The core function of this product is to provide high-quality digital images for diagnostic and clinical purposes.

Starmap 4 by GE Healthcare

StarMap 4.0 is a high-performance laboratory equipment for spatial analysis and visualization. It provides advanced imaging capabilities to study the spatial organization of biological samples.

Holo transferrin by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom

Holo-transferrin is a laboratory reagent used for the detection and quantification of transferrin in biological samples. Transferrin is an iron-binding protein involved in the transport of iron in the body. Holo-transferrin, the iron-bound form of transferrin, is used as a reference standard in various analytical techniques such as immunoassays and spectrophotometric methods to measure transferrin levels.

Penicillin streptomycin by Corning

Sourced in United States, Gabon, Germany, China, Canada, Italy, United Kingdom, France, Holy See (Vatican City State), Australia, Switzerland, Israel

Penicillin/streptomycin is a laboratory reagent used in cell culture applications. It is a combination of the antibiotics penicillin and streptomycin, which are used to prevent bacterial contamination in cell culture systems.

What are the common symptoms of iron overload?

How can iron overload be diagnosed?

What are the potential complications of iron overload?

How can PubCompare.ai help with iron overload research?

PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocol comparisons can help researchers optimize their iron overload studies. The platform allows you to screen protocol literature more efficiently and leverage AI to pinpoint critical insights. By identifying the most effective protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents, you can enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of your iron overload research, unlocking new insights to advance this field of study.

What are the different types or variations of iron overload?

More about "Iron Overload"

Iron overload, also known as hemochromatosis, is a medical condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of iron in the body's tissues.
This can lead to a range of potential complications, including organ damage and dysfunction.
The condition can result from genetic disorders, chronic liver disease, or ineffective erythropoiesis (the process of red blood cell production).
Symptoms of iron overload may include fatigue, abdominal pain, and a bronze discoloration of the skin.
Accurate diagnosis and effective management of iron overload are crucial to prevent serious complications, such as cirrhosis, cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease), and diabetes.
Researchers studying iron overload can utilize various tools and techniques to optimize their research process.
For example, PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocol comparisons can help locate the best treatment approaches from the literature, preprints, and patents, enhancing reproducibility and unlocking new insights to advance this field of study.
Other relevant terms and concepts related to iron overload include: - Iron dextran: A form of supplemental iron used to treat iron deficiency anemia. - NAP-25 column: A chromatographic technique used to separate and purify different forms of iron-binding proteins. - Ferric ammonium citrate: A compound used as a source of supplemental iron. - Carbonyl iron: A form of elemental iron used in supplements and fortified foods. - Magnetom Avanto: A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system used to assess iron overload in the liver and other organs. - Advantage Window 4.6: A software application used to analyze MRI data for the assessment of iron overload. - StarMap 4.0: A bioinformatics tool used to analyze gene expression data related to iron metabolism. - Holo-transferrin: The iron-bound form of the protein transferrin, which plays a key role in iron transport and homeostasis. - Penicillin/streptomycin: A commonly used antibiotic combination that may be used in cell culture experiments related to iron overload research.
By incorporating these related terms and concepts, researchers can optimize their iron overload studies and enhance the discoverability and impact of their work.