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> Disorders > Disease or Syndrome > Meningitis

Meningitis

Meningitis is a serious infection of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges.
This condition can be caused by various bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms, and can lead to inflammation, swelling, and potentially life-threatening complications if left untreated.
Symtpoms may include headache, fever, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light.
Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing meningitis and reducing the risk of long-term neurological damage or death.
Researchers and clinicians rely on advanced tools and strategies to optimize meningitis research, identify effective treatments and diagnostic approaches, and enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their findings.

Most cited protocols related to «Meningitis»

1
Neurocognitive Assessment in Stable HIV+
Of 296 volunteers at the San Diego HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC) who completed the same test battery over two to six visits, 172 were HIV− controls recruited between 1999 and 2006 and 124 were clinically stable HIV+ individuals recruited through the multi-site CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER) study between 2001 and 2007. An additional, “validation group” was 111 HIV− volunteers who completed a subset of the same test battery at two time points and 67 who completed the abbreviated battery at three time points at the HNRC between 1987 and 1999. Table 1 compares the demographic characteristics and provide summary results on the NP test battery for the normative HIV− and HIV+ groups and the validation sample.
Neuromedical stability was defined for the HIV+ group as having: ( a) stable HIV disease indicators between visits (i.e., CD4 counts not changing among following categories >500, 500–200, <200; < 1 log10 change in their plasma HIV RNA levels (viral load); and no new AIDS defining illnesses), (b) no change in their antiretroviral regimen, and (c) no incident psychiatric illness (i.e., major depressive episode or substance use disorder) or neurological events (i.e., head injury or meningitis) between visits.
Participants with a history of non-HIV related neuromedical factors that might potentially cause neurocognitive impairment were excluded. These exclusion criteria were (a) head injury with unconsciousness greater than 30 minutes, (b) any known, non HIV related neurological disorders (e.g., epilepsy, stroke), psychotic disorders (schizophrenia) and (c) significant levels of current self-reported substance use, defined as more than three alcoholic drinks per day over the past 30 days, or use of any illegal drugs in the past 30 days. Diagnosis of bipolar disorder was not disqualifying so long as patients were stable on their medications.
Cysique L.A., Franklin D J.r., Abramson I., Ellis R.J., Letendre S., Collier A., Marra C., Clifford D., Gelman B., McArthur J., Morgello S., Simpson D., McCutchan J.A., Grant I, & Heaton R.K. (2011). Normative data and validation of a regression based summary score for assessing meaningful neuropsychological change. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 33(5), 505-522.
Publication 2011
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Alcoholic Beverages Bipolar Disorder Cerebrovascular Accident Craniocerebral Trauma Diagnosis Epilepsy factor A HIV-1 HIV Infections Illicit Drugs Meningitis Mental Disorders Nervous System Disorder Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Plasma Psychotherapy, Multiple Psychotic Disorders Schizophrenia Substance Use Substance Use Disorders Treatment Protocols Voluntary Workers
2
Standardizing Cause of Death Data

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Publication 2018
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Age Groups Atrial Fibrillation Cerebrovascular Accident Child Congestive Heart Failure Dementia Diabetes Mellitus Epidemics Garbage Meningitis Obesity Parkinson Disease Pneumonia Thromboembolism Toxoplasmosis Tuberculosis Youth
3
Estimating Causes of Death Mortality
Alternative estimation strategies were used to model a subset of causes of death with unique epidemiology, large changes in reporting over time, or particularly limited data availability, including HIV/AIDS, malaria, chronic kidney disease, cirrhosis, liver cancer, meningitis, dementia, and atrial fibrillation. Alternative strategies included prevalence-based models, incidence and case fatality models, and sub-cause proportion models as described in appendix 1 (section 7). Mortality-incidence ratio models based on registry data were used to estimate mortality from 32 cancers (appendix 1 section 3.3). Negative-binomial models were used for eight causes of death with typically low death counts or causes that typically have no deaths in countries with a high Socio-demographic Index (SDI), including ascariasis, cystic echinococcosis, cysticercosis, diphtheria, iodine deficiency, other intestinal infectious diseases, schistosomiasis, and varicella and herpes zoster virus. Once underlying cause of death estimates and accompanying uncertainty were generated, these models were combined with the cause of death correction procedure (CoDCorrect) to establish estimates consistent with all-cause mortality levels for each age-sex-year location.
Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. (2018). Lancet (London, England), 392(10159), 1736-1788.
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Publication 2018
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Ascariasis Atrial Fibrillation Cancer of Liver Chronic Kidney Diseases Cirrhosis Communicable Diseases Cyst, Hydatid Cysticercosis Dementia Diphtheria Human Herpesvirus 3 Intestines Iodine Malaria Malignant Neoplasms Meningitis Schistosomiasis
4
Cryptococcal Meningitis Management in HIV
We enrolled patients at Mulago Hospital, Kampala, and Mbarara Hospital, Mbarara — both in Uganda — and at GF Jooste Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, beginning in November 2010, February 2011, and April 2011, respectively. Patients with suspected meningitis were screened at the time of hospital presentation and counseled regarding cryptococcosis, HIV and AIDS, ART, and possible research participation. Eligibility criteria for enrollment were an age of 18 years or older, a diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, no previous receipt of ART, a diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture or CSF cryptococcal antigen assay, and treatment with amphotericin-based therapy. Exclusion criteria were an inability to undergo follow-up, contraindication for or refusal to undergo lumbar punctures, multiple concurrent CNS infections, previous cryptococcosis, receipt of chemotherapy or immunosuppressive agents, pregnancy, breast-feeding, and serious coexisting conditions that precluded random assignment to earlier or deferred ART. Women included in the study agreed to use two forms of contraception, because high-dose fluconazole is potentially teratogenic during the first trimester of pregnancy. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant or his or her surrogate. The institutional review board at each participating site approved the study.
Boulware D.R., Meya D.B., Muzoora C., Rolfes M.A., Huppler Hullsiek K., Musubire A., Taseera K., Nabeta H.W., Schutz C., Williams D.A., Rajasingham R., Rhein J., Thienemann F., Lo M.W., Nielsen K., Bergemann T.L., Kambugu A., Manabe Y.C., Janoff E.N., Bohjanen P.R, & Meintjes G. (2014). Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy after Diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis. The New England journal of medicine, 370(26), 2487-2498.
Publication 2014
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Amphotericin Antigens Biological Assay Central Nervous System Infection Cerebrospinal Fluid Contraceptive Methods Cryptococcus Cryptococcus neoformans Infections Diagnosis Eligibility Determination Ethics Committees, Research Fluconazole HIV HIV Infections Immunosuppressive Agents Inpatient Meningitis Meningitis, Cryptococcal Patients Pharmacotherapy Pregnancy Punctures, Lumbar Teratogenesis Therapeutics Woman
5
Invasive Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains
Clinical K. pneumoniae strains isolated from patients with septicemia were collected at National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH) from 1996 to 2001. Identification of the isolates was according to standard clinical microbiologic methods (1 ). All strains were stored at −80°C before use.
Among the total of 1,352 isolates obtained from patients with septicemia, 101 strains were obtained from patients displaying primary liver abscess. The diagnosis of primary liver abscess was confirmed by sonography-guided aspiration or surgical drainage in 53 of these 101 patients. Of these 53 patients, 26 had diabetes mellitus, 25 were otherwise healthy before development of the abscess, one patient had nephrotic syndrome, and one patient displayed hepatic failure associated with advanced liver cirrhosis. The strains isolated from the 53 patients were designated as tissue-invasive (invasive) strains. In addition to displaying primary liver abscesses, four patients displayed metastatic endophthalmitis, whereas another displayed metastatic meningitis.
Of the remaining 1,251 patients who did not display clinical symptoms of liver abscess, meningitis, or endophthalmitis, 52 patients were confirmed to be free of abscess by either abdominal sonography or computed tomography. The K. pneumoniae strains from these patients were designated as nontissue invasive (noninvasive) strains.
For comparative purposes, we obtained 21 nonblood isolates from nonseptic patients at NTUH, and 101 strains from other facilities. These included 15 strains (6 of which were found capable of causing primary liver abscess) were obtained from the National Cheng Kung University Hospital (NCKUH; a gift from I.-J. Su, National Health Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan). Another 13 strains (1 of which caused meningitis without liver abscess and 1 that caused abscess) were a gift from S.-S. Wang (ECK Hospital, Sansia, Taiwan). 34 strains, all of which caused nosocomial infections without liver abscess, meningitis, or endophthalmitis, were a gift from J.-T. Wang (Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Banciao, Taiwan). 15 strains from Hong Kong were a gift from L.K. Siu (National Health Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan). Finally, 24 strains, none of which caused liver abscess, were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection, including strain MGH-78578, which caused pneumonia and was selected for genome sequencing.
For general use, both K. pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth or agar at 37°C. When necessary, 50 μg/ml of either kanamycin or chloramphenicol was added.
Fang C.T., Chuang Y.P., Shun C.T., Chang S.C, & Wang J.T. (2004). A Novel Virulence Gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Causing Primary Liver Abscess and Septic Metastatic Complications. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 199(5), 697-705.
Publication 2004
Abdomen Abscess Agar Chloramphenicol Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis Drainage Endophthalmitis Escherichia coli Genome Hepatic Insufficiency Infections, Hospital Kanamycin Klebsiella pneumoniae Liver Abscess Liver Cirrhosis Meningitis Microbiological Techniques Nephrotic Syndrome Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Pneumonia Septicemia Strains Tissues Ultrasonography X-Ray Computed Tomography

Most recents protocols related to «Meningitis»

1
Characterizing Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
The study design and protocol have been approved by the ethics committees for human research at our institute (IRB number: R2019-227). This study followed a prospective and observational design. The study was performed in accordance with the approved guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. From November 2020 to February 2022, 133 healthy volunteers aged ≥ 20 years underwent MRI after providing written informed consent explaining the potential for detection of brain disease. Volunteers were recruited from medical staff and students, and their families by open recruitment. Inclusion criteria for this study were those who had no history of brain injury, brain tumor or cerebrovascular disease on previous brain MRI, or those who had never undergone brain MRI and no neurological symptoms including cognitive function. One volunteer aged 84 years old was excluded from this study because of a history of head surgery due to a head injury over 30 years ago. In addition, three volunteers were incidentally found small unruptured intracranial aneurysms with a maximum diameter of < 2 mm on this MRI. They were included in this study, because small unruptured aneurysms might not affect CSF motion.
Patients’ MRI data was used in an opt-out method, after their personal information was anonymized in a linkable manner. Among 44 patients suspected with NPH, 5 patients diagnosed with secondary NPH [29 (link)] that developed after subarachnoid hemorrhage [3 (link)], intracerebral hemorrhage [1 (link)], and severe meningitis [1 (link)], and 3 patients diagnosed with congenital/developmental etiology NPH [30 (link)] were excluded from this study. Finally, 36 patients diagnosed with iNPH who had radiological findings of disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus (DESH) [31 (link)], specifically ventricular dilatation, enlarged Sylvian fissure, and narrow sulci at the high convexity, and triad symptoms of gait disturbance, cognitive impairment, and/or urinary incontinence were included in this study, according to the Japanese guidelines for management of iNPH [32 (link)]. Of them, 18 patients (50%) underwent CSF removal in 30–35 ml via a lumbar tap and were evaluated for changes in their symptoms before, one day and two days after the CSF tap test. In addition, 21 patients (86%) underwent CSF shunt surgery and their symptoms improved by ≥ 1 point on the modified Rankin Scale and/or the Japanese iNPH grading scale [32 (link)].
Yamada S., Hiratsuka S., Otani T., Ii S., Wada S., Oshima M., Nozaki K, & Watanabe Y. (2023). Usefulness of intravoxel incoherent motion MRI for visualizing slow cerebrospinal fluid motion. Fluids and Barriers of the CNS, 20, 16.
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Publication 2023
Aneurysm Brain Brain Diseases Brain Injuries Brain Neoplasms Cerebral Hemorrhage Cognition Craniocerebral Trauma Dilatation Disorders, Cognitive Ethics Committees Head Healthy Volunteers Heart Ventricle Homo sapiens Hydrocephalus Intracranial Aneurysm Japanese Lumbar Region Medical Staff Meningitis Neurologic Symptoms Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Shunt, Cerebrospinal Fluid Student Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Subarachnoid Space Triad resin Urinary Incontinence Voluntary Workers X-Rays, Diagnostic
2
Epidemiological Investigation of Streptococcus suis Outbreak
Epidemiologists from the Nakhon Ratchasima Public Health Office investigated the outbreak following a report from the Maharaj Nakhon Ratchasima hospital on April 1st, concerning the death of the first of two patients with a history of raw pork consumption during an ordination ceremony, who died from a S. suis infection. In parallel, the death of the two patients was reported in the local news, which prompted 199 participants of the ordination ceremony to report at the community hospital between April 3rd and April 8th. The epidemiologists reviewed the patients’ information, interviewed the patients, and conducted a survey amongst ceremony participants using a questionnaire. Finally, an attending veterinarian investigated the farm from which the contaminated pork originated and interviewed the farmer [26 ].
Suspected cases of S. suis infection were defined as: any patient who attended the ordination ceremony on March 28th, had a history of contact with food items served during the ceremony, and who displayed any of the following clinical symptoms: headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, stomach ache, diarrhoea, vomiting or nausea.
Blood cultures were taken from all suspected cases (n=88). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was extracted by lumbar puncture for patients showing symptoms of meningitis (n=3). Cases were confirmed following positive blood and/or CSF cultures. Presumptive identification of S. suis was carried out using ViTek-2 in the Maharaj Nakhon Ratchasima hospital as well as by a previously described S. suis typing PCR [26–28 ]. All isolates were stored at −80 °C for further analysis.
Brizuela J., Kajeekul R., Roodsant T.J., Riwload A., Boueroy P., Pattanapongpaibool A., Thaipadungpanit J., Jenjaroenpun P., Wongsurawat T., Batty E.M., van der Putten B.C., Schultsz C, & Kerdsin A. (2023). Streptococcus suis outbreak caused by an emerging zoonotic strain with acquired multi-drug resistance in Thailand. Microbial Genomics, 9(2), mgen000952.
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Publication 2023
Arthralgia Blood Blood Culture Cerebrospinal Fluid Chills Diarrhea Epidemiologists Farmers Food Headache Infection Meningitis Myalgia Nausea Pain Patients Pork Punctures, Lumbar Stomach Veterinarian
3
Serological Profiles of GBS Antigens in Infant Sepsis
We undertook an analysis of stored samples from a case-control study undertaken at the Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and the Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital in Johannesburg from 2012 to 2014 [20] (link). The “risk-based” rather than “universal screening” strategy for use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis is standard of care in this study setting. Neonates or infants<3 months of age with signs and symptoms of sepsis and/ or meningitis routinely have blood and cerebrospinal (CSF) fluid cultures.
The mother was approached for consent and enrolment of her child and herself within 48 h of the culture result becoming available. As part of the consenting, mothers signed consent for storage and usage of samples for further testing of antibodies to other GBS antigens subject to approval by the HREC. Controls (mothers of well infants) were selected from hospital registries and postnatal wards. Bloods were taken from the mother (5 mL) and baby (1–2 mL) or cord (5 mL) for serum IgG against targeted GBS epitopes. The women had a rectal and lower vaginal swab which was sent for GBS culture and serotyping as described [21] (link).
GBS isolates from colonized women and invasive disease isolates from the infants were tested for the presence of N-terminal domains of Rib (RibN) and Alp1 (Alp1N) IgG using PCR at the State Serum Institute, Denmark, as described [22] (link). Briefly, Alp protein typing on the GBS isolates from cases and colonized controls was performed by PCR using primers that target the genomic regions for the N-terminal domains of RibN, AlphaCN, Alp1N, and Alp 2/3N.
Dangor Z., Kwatra G., Pawlowski A., Fisher P.B., Izu A., Lala S.G., Johansson-Lindbom B, & Madhi S.A. (2023). Association of infant Rib and Alp1 surface protein N-terminal domain immunoglobulin G and invasive Group B Streptococcal disease in young infants. Vaccine, 41(10), 1679-1683.
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Publication 2023
Antibiotic Prophylaxis Antibodies Antigens Blood Child Cone-Rod Dystrophy 2 Epitopes Genome Infant Infant, Newborn Meningitis Mothers Oligonucleotide Primers Proteins Rectum Septicemia Serum Vagina Woman
4
Retrospective Study of TBE Diagnosis and Management
This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Germany among hospital-based physicians. The study was granted an exemption determination from a central Institutional Review Board (IRB) in the United States prior to starting data collection. No personal identifiable information was captured during the course of the study. Prior to participating, physicians provided their informed consent to proceed with the study.
The study was conducted in two main phases (Fig. 1). A qualitative phase was initially conducted between July 13, 2020 and August 13, 2020 in which 12 physicians were interviewed to assess how TBE is diagnosed and managed in real-world practice, as well as to examine the feasibility of questions to be included in the quantitative phase. The quantitative phase, which was conducted between October 14, 2020 and May 7, 2021, consisted of two parts, a screening and a chart review survey.

Study schematic

To be eligible to participate in either phase of the study, physicians must have reported (1) being, as their primary specialty, an emergency room (ER) specialist, an intensive care unit (ICU) physician (i.e., medical, neurological, or pediatric ICU), an infectious disease specialist, a neurologist, or a pediatrician, (2) being in clinical practice for ≥ 3 years, and (3) spending ≥ 60% of their time in clinical practice. Qualitative phase participants must have also reported (1) working in a hospital-based setting ≥ 70% of the time and (2) managing ≥ 2 patients with meningitis, encephalitis, or non-specific CNS symptoms per year and prescribing or ordering testing for some patients. Quantitative phase participants must have also reported (1) working in a hospital-based setting ≥ 50% of the time and (2) managing ≥ 5 patients with meningitis, encephalitis, or non-specific CNS symptoms per year and prescribing or ordering testing for these patients.
In the quantitative phase, physicians (N = 500) were first screened in order to identify up to 200 who met the eligibility criteria for the chart review survey, with an approximately even split of ER specialists, ICU physicians, infectious disease specialists, neurologists, and pediatricians/neuro-pediatricians, and to gauge the caseload of patients with meningitis, encephalitis, or myelitis symptoms among the physician specialties of interest.
Prior to chart review survey data collection, the survey instrument was piloted with a convenience sample of 5 physicians who met the eligibility criteria described above to verify that the questions were appropriate and sufficiently clear to respondents and that the required data points were easy to collect (to reduce the amount of potential missing data). For the chart review, physicians completed a 50-min cross-sectional web-based survey, including a minimum of 2–3 retrospective case report forms (CRFs) for patients who had presented with meningitis and those who presented with encephalitis. The chart review survey collected profile information about the physician (e.g., gender, age, specialty, practice setting, etc.) and about their clinical practice (e.g., number of patients with meningitis, encephalitis, and myelitis seen in the past year with etiology, diagnostic testing performed, etc.).
Schley K., Friedrich J., Pilz A., Huang L., Balkaran B.L., Maculaitis M.C, & Malerczyk C. (2023). Evaluation of under-testing and under-diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis in Germany. BMC Infectious Diseases, 23, 139.
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Publication 2023
Communicable Diseases Eligibility Determination Encephalitis Ethics Committees, Research Gender Meningitis Myelitis Neurologists Patients Pediatricians Physicians Specialists Vision
5
Tick-Borne Encephalitis Testing Patterns
For the qualitative interviews, results were summarized with means (continuous data) or counts and percentages (categorical data), as well as with illustrative verbatim quotes. For the chart review survey, sample characteristics variables were reported as counts and percentages. The count and percentage of patients who received a TBE test and who did not receive a TBE test were also reported. The TBE positive rate was computed as the number of patients who had a positive TBE test divided by the number of patients who received a TBE test and then multiplied by 100 to convert to a percentage value. TBE testing rate and TBE positive rate were computed among the subsets of patients who experienced different types of symptoms for the aggregate patient sample, tick bite (tick bite, no tick bite, and don’t know), seasonality (admitted during tick season1and not admitted during tick season), headache (headache and no headache), fever groups (no fever, fever > 38 °C to 39 °C, and high fever > 39 °C), clinical manifestations and flu-like symptoms (yes or no). Chi-square tests were used to examine whether the distribution of TBE positive rate varied across the five manifestations of interest (i.e., meningitis only, encephalitis only, myelitis only, a combination of meningitis, encephalitis, and/or myelitis, and non-specific neurological symptoms) for the aggregate sample, for patients who presented with headache, and for those who presented without headache. p-values < 0.05, two-tailed, were considered statistically significant.
Schley K., Friedrich J., Pilz A., Huang L., Balkaran B.L., Maculaitis M.C, & Malerczyk C. (2023). Evaluation of under-testing and under-diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis in Germany. BMC Infectious Diseases, 23, 139.
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Publication 2023
Encephalitis Fever Headache Meningitis Myelitis Neurologic Symptoms Patients Tick Bites Ticks

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More about "Meningitis"

Meningitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
This infection can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms.
Common symptoms of meningitis include headache, fever, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light.
Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial to manage meningitis and reduce the risk of long-term neurological damage or death.
Researchers and clinicians utilize advanced tools and strategies to optimize meningitis research, identify effective treatments and diagnostic approaches, and enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their findings.
These tools may include Tryptic soy broth, FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum), CD-1 mice, Etest (Epsilometer test), Newborn calf serum, Stata 14, Pastorex meningitis kit, SAS version 9.4, and Tryptic soy agar.
RPMI 1640 medium is a commonly used cell culture medium for in vitro studies.
By leveraging these resources and technologies, researchers can gain deeper insights into the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and treatment of meningitis.
This knowledge can lead to the development of more effective diagnostic tools, targeted therapies, and improved patient outcomes.
PubCompare.ai, for example, is a platform that can help researchers locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents using AI-driven comparisons, enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of their work.