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> Disorders > Disease or Syndrome > Motion Sickness

Motion Sickness

Motion sickness is a common condition characterized by a feeling of uneasiness, nausea, and sometimes vomiting, triggered by certain types of motion or movement.
It can occur during travel by car, boat, plane, or even virtual reality experiences.
The exact cause is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a conflict between visual and vestibular (inner ear) signals received by the brain.
Factors such as individual susceptibility, environmental conditions, and psychological state can also contribute to the development of motion sickness.
Effective management strategies may include medication, visual cues, and gradual exposure to the triggering motion.
Understanding the mechanisms and optimizing research protocols for motion sickness can help improve the prevention and treatment of this common and disruptive condition.
Pubcompare.ai offers an AI-driven platform to support your motion sickness research by helping you easily locate and compare relevant protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents, enhancing reproducibility and accuracy in your studies.

Most cited protocols related to «Motion Sickness»

1
Myofascial Pain and Mandibular Mobility in Polish Women
The study was conducted on female patients from the University Dental Clinic of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland. Patients (Polish women living in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship) between 20 and 45 years of age (median 28.1) diagnosed with myofascial pain with limited mouth opening (Ib) based on DC/TMD criteria were included in the study.
Exclusion criteria included:

Inflammation in the oral cavity that emerged as myospasm or preventive muscle contraction,

Earlier splint therapy—could affect the value of the amplitude in the EMG examination, among other variables throughout a signal acquisition procedure.

Pharmacotherapy (e.g., oral contraception, hormone replacement therapy, and antidepressants) – some hormones and their replacements are known to affect muscle tone and pain intensity;

Systemic diseases (e.g., rheumatic and metabolic diseases)—they can affect muscle tone and pain intensity and range of motion TMJ

Mental illness- they can affect muscle tone and pain intensity, both treated and untreated

Lack of stability in the masticatory organ motor system—this affects muscle tone and pain intensity and range of motion TMJ

Masticatory organ injury—can affect muscle tone and pain intensity and range of motion TMJ, usually due to myospasm/local myalgia/preventive co-contraction

Pregnancy – as trimester-dependent estrogen/progesterone and relaxine interplay may affect muscle tone and pain intensity,

Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment—can affect muscle tone and pain intensity and range of motion TMJ,

Other types of inflammation in the oral cavity (e.g., pulp inflammation or impacted molars) – which usually yield in protective co-contraction,

Fibromyalgia—can affect muscle tone, pain intensity and/ as well as range of motion in TMJ and cervical spine,

Other specific contraindications for use of physical treatments in the MT, e.g. cancer therapy, some older models of artificial pacemakers, etc.

All women underwent an intra-oral and extra-oral dental examinations performed by orofacial pain trained dentist. The aim was to exclude odontogenic, periodontal and articular causes of TMD pain. Women meeting the above criteria constituted the study group (G1, n = 82). The patients qualified for the study underwent instrumental diagnostics (sEMG of the masseter muscles at rest and exercise, linear measurement of the range of mandibular mobility) and the level of pain intensity was assessed on the NRS numerical scale (Fig. 1).

CONSORT flowchart of the participants’ progress through the trial phases [35 (link)]

The control group (G2, n = 104) consisted of healthy women Patients (Polish women living in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship), aged 20 to 45 (median 29), without claimed TMDs and pain disorders (based on the extra-oral and intra-oral dental examination, DC/TMD criteria, NRS scale), in whom SEMG tests were performed, and TMJ mobility measurements were performed.
The research project was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin (no. KB – 0012/102/13). Information on the clinical trial registration is available at www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05021874). All participants gave their written consent. The study complies with the CONSORT guidelines for reporting randomized controlled trials [27 ].
Gębska M., Dalewski B., Pałka Ł, & Kołodziej Ł. (2023). Evaluation of the efficacy of manual soft tissue therapy and therapeutic exercises in patients with pain and limited mobility TMJ: a randomized control trial (RCT). Head & Face Medicine, 19, 42.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Antidepressive Agents Arthralgia Cervical Vertebrae Contraceptives, Oral Dental Health Services Dental Pulp Dentist Diagnosis Early Therapy Estrogens Fibromyalgia Hormones Inflammation Injuries Malignant Neoplasms Mandible Masticatory System Metabolic Diseases Molar Motion Sickness Muscle Contraction Muscles, Masseter Muscle Tonus Myalgia Odontogenesis Oral Cavity Oral Examination Orofacial Pain Pacemaker, Artificial Cardiac Pain Pain Disorder Patients Periodontium Pharmacotherapy Physical Examination Progesterone Range of Motion, Articular Severity, Pain Splints Surgical Replantation Therapeutics Therapy, Hormone Replacement Woman
2
Progression of Motion Sickness Symptoms
In this first part, we investigate how unpleasantness and symptomatology develop with the progression of motion sickness. To do so, we (re-)analyzed motion sickness ratings collected during five previously published experiments (Exp 1 = Nooij et al. 2017b (link); Exp 2 = Nooij et al. 2017a ; Exp 3 = Nooij et al. 2021 (link); Exp 4 = Bos et al. 2005 (link); Exp 5 = Bos 2015 (link)) and two additional experiments to be published later (Exp 6–7). In all experiments, subjects were exposed to either physical or virtual motion for a maximum duration of 30 min and indicated their level of unpleasantness or symptomatology at regular intervals (two to five minutes). Unpleasantness was assessed in Exp 1–3 using the FMS, whilst symptomatology was assessed in Exp 4–7 using the MISC. The provocative stimulation was aborted when a subject reported a FMS class of ≥ 15 or a MISC class of ≥ 7, except for Exp 4 that used no stop-criterion. All experiments (except for Exp 3) consisted of multiple provocative sessions, which were presented on separate days. Additional experimental details are summarized in Supplementary Table S1.
Reuten A.J., Nooij S.A., Bos J.E, & Smeets J.B. (2021). How feelings of unpleasantness develop during the progression of motion sickness symptoms. Experimental Brain Research, 239(12), 3615-3624.
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Publication 2021
Disease Progression Motion Sickness Physical Examination
3
VR Experiences for Patient Enjoyment
We used a Samsung Gear VR Innovator edition goggle set, fitted with a Samsung Galaxy Note 4 mobile phone to deliver VR images and sound (Figure 1). We selected this equipment because, at the time of our study, it was a commercially available headset in wide use. In addition, the equipment has minimal visual latency (ie, minimal lag time between head movement and visual tracking) compared to other available form factors, such as Google Cardboard. In consultation with experts in VR health care software (AppliedVR, Los Angeles, CA, USA), we selected four diverse VR software modules: (1) Paint Studio, where users “paint” a picture using head gestures to control the paintbrush; (2) TheBluVR, an underwater ocean exploration; (3) Cirque du Soleil, where users share the stage with performers performing a graceful and harmonious aerial acrobatics while suspended from long, silk bands of fabric; and (4) Tours of Iceland, an aerial tour of rich topographies. These modules were selected because they contain minimal triggers of emotional distress or motion sickness, present a wide range of visual and auditory stimuli, and are considered pleasant experiences by typical users. Each VR experience lasted between 3 and 5 minutes in length.
Prior to patient use, we cleaned fabric surfaces of the Samsung Gear set using Virex, the plastic housing using Sani-Wipes, and the glass lenses using alcohol-based lens cleaner. We placed sanitary disposable fabric covers on the VR goggles for each individual user, and fitted head caps on patients to minimize direct contact with the device—precautions recommended by our infection control department. We briefly instructed patients on the use of the VR goggles, and asked them to watch the four VR experiences in the order preferred by the patient. After each patient completed the study, we discarded the disposable head cap, fabric cover, and foam backing from the device.
Mosadeghi S., Reid M.W., Martinez B., Rosen B.T, & Spiegel B.M. (2016). Feasibility of an Immersive Virtual Reality Intervention for Hospitalized Patients: An Observational Cohort Study. JMIR Mental Health, 3(2), e28.
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Publication 2016
Auditory Perception Ethanol Head Head Movements Infection Control Lens, Crystalline Medical Devices Motion Sickness Patients Precipitating Factors Psychological Distress Silk Sound
4
Older and Middle-Aged Drivers' Cognitive Abilities
Subjects were 111 older adult drivers (age 65 to 89 years; mean age 72.3) and 80 middle-aged drivers (age 40 to 64 years; mean age 57.2). These drivers were recruited from the general community surrounding Iowa City, Iowa, by means of announcements in local newspapers or public service announcements, visits to local churches, senior centers and living facilities, and from visitors to the medical complex who were not seeking medical care, such as family members or friends of patients. All participants held a valid state driver’s license and were still driving, had no neurological diagnosis or complaints, and no personal or family report of abnormal cognitive decline. Specific exclusion criteria included personal or family report of abnormal cognitive decline, documented neurological disease, brain lesions due to cerebrovascular or neoplastic disease, alcoholism, stroke, depression or other psychiatric conditions, vestibular disease, and motion sickness. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Iowa, and informed consent was obtained in accord with institutional and federal guidelines for human subjects’ safety and confidentiality.
Dawson J.D., Uc E.Y., Anderson S.W., Johnson A.M, & Rizzo M. (2010). Neuropsychological Predictors of Driving Errors in Older Adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 58(6), 1090-1096.
Publication 2010
Aged Alcoholic Intoxication, Chronic ARID1A protein, human Brain Cerebrovascular Accident Diagnosis Disorders, Cognitive Ethics Committees, Research Family Member Friend Homo sapiens Mental Disorders Motion Sickness Neoplasms Nervous System Disorder Patients Safety Vestibular Diseases
5
Measuring Motion Sickness Sensitivity via OVAR
Before the first OVAR test, subjects were trained to report their motion sickness score with a simplified Pensacola scale from 0 to 20 (Hecht et al. 2001 ; Young et al. 2001 (link)). Zero was no reaction; 5 was starting to feel warm; 10 was moderate gastro-intestinal distress and/or dizziness, plus sweating; 15 was a strong feeling of nausea or dizziness, but subjects could still carry on with the test; and 20 was the end point at which time, subjects felt they could go no further. This could be due to a sense of imminent emesis or a strong sense of dizziness, which could have come from hypocapnea or a drop in blood pressure (Cohen et al. 2010 ). Subjects were in continuous communication with the experimenters during the test. The score of motion sickness was reported verbally every 15–60 s, depending on the pace of development of motion sickness. The test was stopped automatically after 15 min from the start of OVAR if the motion sickness end point had not been reached. Thus, for example, for rotation at 60°/s, the subject would have had a maximum of 150 rotations. For inter-individual comparisons, an index of motion sickness sensitivity was used, which was a ratio between the final score and number of revolutions that subjects had completed. Because there was intersubject variability in the final score they could achieve, this normalized metric, which has units of score per head turn allowed for a more consistent comparison between subjects. Therefore, the motion sickness sensitivity was larger for more susceptible subjects and vice versa.
Dai M., Sofroniou S., Kunin M., Raphan T, & Cohen B. (2010). Motion sickness induced by off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR). Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation cerebrale, 204(2), 207-222.
Publication 2010
Feelings Head Hypersensitivity Intestines Motion Sickness Nausea Stomach Vomiting

Most recents protocols related to «Motion Sickness»

1
Alleviating Motion Sickness in Autonomous Vehicles
Not available on PMC !

Example 16

Subjects performing non-driving tasks inside an autonomous car can develop motion sickness. Peripheral information delivered by different sensors, including analyzed variability patterns of the subject are incorporated into the algorithm for generating a type of a drive that which alleviate these symptoms.

A model for the car driver and bicycle cyclist interactions when they are approaching a conflicting zone which is based on comprising variability patterns, can benefit from introducing irregularity parameters into the response of the car. The model can apply randomness of the location of the cars' decision points in a passenger-tailored way.

US11881296B2. Identifying and quantifying individualized variability-patterns and implementing them for improved efficacy of systems (2024-01-23). OBERON SCIENCES ILAN LTD. [IL]. Inventors: Yaron Ilan [IL].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Motion Sickness Pedestrians
2
Evaluating PONV Incidence in PACU
Primary outcome: Observe the incidence of PONV in the PACU. Secondary outcome: Observe the incidence of PONV within 24 hours after surgery; General data such as age, weight, body mass index, ASA classification, and Apfel score were collected; Record the operation time, recovery time and dosage of remimazolam and alfentanil. Postoperative nausea is when the patient only has a feeling of nausea but no contractile movements of the diaphragm or abdominal muscles. Postoperative vomiting occurs when the patient experiences contraction of the diaphragm or abdominal muscles with or without vomiting of stomach contents, or when both nausea and vomiting are present.[1 (link)] Appel designed a PONV risk score[9 (link)] based on 4 major risk factors for adult PONV: female, nonsmoking, history of PONV and/ or motion sickness, and postoperative use of opioids. The risk of PONV was 10 %, 20 %, 40 %, 60 % and 80 % for each factor scored 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.
Xiao H., Liu M., Man Y., Wei Y, & Ji F. (2023). Effect of low-dose propofol combined with dexamethasone on the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in gynaecological day surgery under remimazolam-based general anesthesia. Medicine, 102(10), e33249.
Publication 2023
Abdominal Muscles Adult Alfentanil Index, Body Mass Motion Sickness Movement Muscle Contraction Nausea Operative Surgical Procedures Opioids Patients Postoperative Nausea Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting remimazolam Stomach Contents Vaginal Diaphragm Woman
3
Assessing Motion Sickness and Immersive Tendencies
By way of sampling information, participants completed questionnaires including sociodemographic and their general utilization of new technologies. Participants were also asked how often they use a smartphone, a computer, virtual reality, and play video games. In addition, they were asked to indicate how familiar they are with virtual reality on a 10-point scale ranging from 1 = “strongly disagree” to 10 = “strongly agree”.
The Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire (MSSQ; Golding 1998 (link)) assesses the level of motion sickness experienced during various transportation-related activities and other activities. It contains 9 categories of possible experiences that elicit motion sickness (e.g., cars, buses, swings, funfairs). Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 = “never” to 5 = “always”.
The Immersive Tendencies Questionnaire (ITQ; Witmer and Singer 1998 (link)) assesses one’s tendency to shut out external distractions in order to focus on different tasks in daily life. The French version (Robillard et al. 2002 ) contains 18 items where participants rate their level of agreement on a 7-point scale. Four dimensions are derived: focus (i.e., the tendency to maintain focus on current activities), involvement (i.e., the tendency to become involved in activities), emotion (i.e., the ease of feeling intense emotions evoked by the activity), and game (i.e., the tendency to play video games).
Della Libera C., Simon J., Larøi F., Quertemont E, & Wagener A. (2023). Using 360-degree immersive videos to assess multiple transdiagnostic symptoms: A study focusing on fear of negative evaluation, paranoid thoughts, negative automatic thoughts, and craving. Virtual Reality.
Publication 2023
Emotions Menopause Motion Sickness Singer Submersion Susceptibility, Disease
4
Immersive Virtual Reality Study on Alcohol and Nicotine Craving
The study is composed of two phases including an online questionnaire session and a face-to-face meeting (Fig. 3). During the online questionnaire session, and after providing an initial online informed consent, participants completed the sociodemographic questionnaire, the MSSQ, the ITQ, the questionnaire on the use of new technologies, the GPTS-B, the FNE, the CES-D, the AUDIT and the questions concerning nicotine consumption. After this first measurement, participants were invited between 3 and 15 days on the campus of the University for the second phase. After providing a second-written informed consent, the familiarization immersion phase took place and participants were immersed for 2 min with the instruction to count the number of animals. After the familiarization immersion phase, participants completed the STAI-Y A, the SSQ, the pre-immersion alcohol and nicotine craving. Then, the immersion phase started, and participants were given the following instructions: “You are now going to be immersed in a bar for two and a half minutes. Persons and objects will be present around you. Please, pay attention to them and just behave as you would in a similar situation”. Finally, participants were instructed to complete the post-immersion questionnaires by referring to what happened during the immersion and were given the alcohol and nicotine craving, the SSQ, the S-FNE, the ATQP and ATQN, the SSPS, and the questionnaire of presence. All immersions took place using the wireless Oculus Go headset (Panel Type: 5.5″ Single Fast-Switch LCD 2560 × 1440; 1280 × 1440 pixels per eye; Refresh Rate: 60–72 Hz; FOV: 110°).

Schematic representation of the procedure. MSSQ = Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire, ITQ = Immersive Tendencies Questionnaire, GPTS-B = Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale—part B, FNE = Fear of negative evaluation, CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression, STAI-Y A = State scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, SSQ = Simulator Sickness Questionnaire. S-FNE = State Fear of Negative Evaluation, ATQ = Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire

The study was approved by the local ethics committee and was conducted following the ethical standards as described in the Declaration of Helsinki (1964).
Della Libera C., Simon J., Larøi F., Quertemont E, & Wagener A. (2023). Using 360-degree immersive videos to assess multiple transdiagnostic symptoms: A study focusing on fear of negative evaluation, paranoid thoughts, negative automatic thoughts, and craving. Virtual Reality.
Publication 2023
Alanine Transaminase Animals Attention Ethanol Face Fear Immersion Motion Sickness Neuroses, Anxiety Nicotine Regional Ethics Committees Schopf-Schulz-Passarge Syndrome Submersion Susceptibility, Disease Thinking Vision
5
Validation of Photorealistic Immersive Environment
One hundred and fifty-eight participants (Table 1) were recruited through social networks between February 2020 and April 2021. A minimum of 154 participants was required based on an a priori power analysis performed using G*Power 3.1. (Faul et al. 2009 (link)) with alpha threshold of 0.01, power of 0.8 and an intermediate effect size of 0.25 for the correlation between state and trait measures.

Demographic data and descriptive statistics of trait measures

N (%)Mean (SD)Median (IQR)Min–Max
Age30.50 (11.50)18–50
Education
 (1) Primary0 (0.0%)
 (2) Lower secondary5 (3.2%)
 (3) Apprenticeship5 (3.2%)
 (4) Special-needs education3 (1.9%)
 (5) Upper secondary21 (13.3%)
 (6–9) Vocational school23 (14.6%)
 (10) Bachelor67 (42.4%)
 (11) Master34 (21.5%)
 (12) Doctorate0 (0.0%)
Gender (M/F)60/98
Familiarity with technologies
 Smartphone
  No use8 (5.1%)
  Rarely0 (0.0%)
  Occasionally5 (3.2%)
  Often9 (5.7%)
  Very often136 (86.1%)
 Computer
  No use16 (10.1%)
  Rarely6 (3.8%)
  Occasionally14 (8.9%)
  Often25 (15.8%)
  Very often97 (61.4%)
 Videos games
  No use75 (47.5%)
  Rarely26 (16.5%)
  Occasionally21 (13.3%)
  Often18 (11.4%)
  Very often18 (11.4%)
 Virtual reality
  No use100 (63.3%)
  Occasionally57 (36.1%)
  Regularly1 (0.6%)
  Familiarity with Virtual reality2.62 (1.84)1–7
Immersive tendencies (ITQ)
 Focus23.10 (4.34)10–34
 Involvement18.10 (5.74)5–32
 Emotion15.50 (4.47)6–26
 Game7.85 (3.96)3–21
 State anxiety (STAI-Y A)28 (11.75)20–65
Trait measures
 Social anxiety (FNE)13 (12.75)0–29
 Paranoia (GPTS-B)19 (14.75)16–78
 Depressive symptoms (CES-D)13 (13.50)0–47
Consumption N (%)Non-smokers/non-drinkersSmokers/drinkersFormer smokers
Nicotine108 (68.4%)31 (19.6%)19 (12.0%)
Alcohol8 (5.1%)150 (94.9%)

ITQ Immersive Tendencies Questionnaire, STAI-Y A State scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, FNE fear of negative evaluation, GPTS-B Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale—part B, CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression

The study was presented to the participants as the validation of a photorealistic immersive environment in the general population. Participants were aged between 18 and 50 years. Exclusion criteria included color blindness, brain injury or concussion with blackouts, epilepsy, severe migraine, cancer, hepatic disease, carbon intoxication, dyslexia, dyspraxia, dyscalculia or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Participants with sever motion sickness (i.e., reporting being consistently nauseated and/or vomiting in at least two transport situations) were also excluded based on a modified version of the motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire (Golding 1998 (link)). This questionnaire is used to determine sensitivity to kinetosis, which is moderately correlated with a general tendency towards cybersickness (Kim et al. 2005 (link)).
Della Libera C., Simon J., Larøi F., Quertemont E, & Wagener A. (2023). Using 360-degree immersive videos to assess multiple transdiagnostic symptoms: A study focusing on fear of negative evaluation, paranoid thoughts, negative automatic thoughts, and craving. Virtual Reality.
Publication 2023
Acalculia Alanine Transaminase Apraxias Blindness, Color Brain Concussion Brain Injuries Carbon Depressive Symptoms Disorder, Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Dyslexia Epilepsy Fear Gender Hypersensitivity Liver Diseases Malignant Neoplasms Migraine Disorders Motion Sickness Neuroses, Anxiety Non-Smokers Paranoia Social Anxiety Submersion Susceptibility, Disease Thinking

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1
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2
Quest 2 by Oculus
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The Oculus Quest 2 is a standalone virtual reality headset. It features a high-resolution display, advanced motion tracking, and intuitive controllers. The device is self-contained and does not require a separate computer or external sensors.
3
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More about "Motion Sickness"

Motion sickness, also known as kinetosis or seasickness, is a common physiological condition characterized by a feeling of uneasiness, nausea, and sometimes vomiting.
It is typically triggered by certain types of motion or movement, such as travel by car, boat, plane, or even virtual reality experiences.
The exact cause of motion sickness is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a conflict between visual and vestibular (inner ear) signals received by the brain.
Factors such as individual susceptibility, environmental conditions, and psychological state can also contribute to the development of motion sickness.
Effective management strategies for motion sickness may include medication, visual cues, and gradual exposure to the triggering motion.
Medications such as SynchroMed II, a programmable implantable drug infusion system, can be used to alleviate symptoms.
Visual cues, such as those provided by the Oculus Quest 2 virtual reality headset, can help reduce the sensory conflict that leads to motion sickness.
Gradual exposure to the triggering motion, as facilitated by open field software templates, can also help desensitize individuals to the condition over time.
Understanding the mechanisms and optimizing research protocols for motion sickness is crucial for improving the prevention and treatment of this common and disruptive condition.
Researchers can utilize tools like MATLAB, SPSS version 18.0, JMP 13, and SPSS Statistics 22 to analyze data and develop more effective interventions.
By enhancing reproducibility and accuracy in motion sickness studies, platforms like PubCompare.ai can support researchers in identifying the most effective protocols and products for managing this condition.