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> Disorders > Disease or Syndrome > Otitis Media

Otitis Media

Otits Media: An inflammation of the middle ear, often caused by bacterial or viral infection.
Symptoms may include ear pain, fever, and hearing loss.
Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications such as mastoiditis or hearing impairment.
Effective management typically involves antibiotic therapy, pain relief, and, in some cases, surgical intervention.
This MeSH term provides a comprehensive overview of the condition, its causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches to support accurate research and clinical practice.

Most cited protocols related to «Otitis Media»

1
Mucinous Airway Defects in Mice
Mice were used with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approvals. Muc5ac−/− mice were generated previously16 (link). Muc5b−/− and Muc5bTg mice were generated here. Muc5b protein was assessed immunohistochemically using rabbit polyclonal antisera. Ciliary beat, MCC, and transport were assessed as described previously. Lung function was measured using a head-out plethysmograph and a flexiVent (Scireq, Montreal, Quebec, Canada), and blood oxygen was assessed using a pulse oximeter. Otitis media was assessed by visual otoscopy and middle ear lavage (MEL). Pulmonary inflammation was assessed by histology and lung lavage. Lavaged leukocytes were identified by light microscopy and flow cytometry. Neutrophils, macrophages, MHC-II, and apoptotic cells, were detected using commercially available Ab’S and reagents. S. aureus was administered by 10 μl intranasal or 50 μl intratracheal inocula at 107-108 CFU/animal. Bacteria and bacterial DNA were isolated from MEL, lung homogenates, and lung lavage pellets. Isolated colonies were phylotyped by 16S rRNA and mecA sequencing. Kaplan-Meier (1f and 3h, l), regression (1e and 2f), one-sided t-test (1g-i, k, l; 2b-e, g; 3b, c, f, g, j, k, and 4c, d, f, g, i, j), and one-way ANOVA (3i and 4a, h, j, l) with appropriate corrections for multiple comparisons, unequal variances, and non-Gaussian distribution were carried out using GraphPad Prism v5.04 (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA). Full methods are found in Supplementary Information.
Roy M.G., Livraghi-Butrico A., Fletcher A.A., McElwee M.M., Evans S.E., Boerner R.M., Alexander S.N., Bellinghausen L.K., Song A.S., Petrova Y.M., Tuvim M.J., Adachi R., Romo I., Bordt A.S., Gabriela Bowden M., Sisson J.H., Woodruff P.G., Thornton D.J., Rousseau K., De la Garza M.M., Moghaddam S.J., Karmouty-Quintana H., Blackburn M.R., Drouin S.M., William Davis C., Terrell K.A., Grubb B.R., O’Neal W.K., Flores S.C., Cota-Gomez A., Lozupone C.A., Donnelly J.M., Watson A.M., Hennessy C.E., Keith R.C., Yang I.V., Barthel L., Henson P.M., Janssen W.J., Schwartz D.A., Boucher R.C., Dickey B.F, & Evans C.M. (2013). Muc5b Is Required for Airway Defense. Nature, 505(7483), 412-416.
Publication 2013
5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine Animals Apoptosis Bacteria Blood Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cells DNA, Bacterial Eyelashes Flow Cytometry Head Immune Sera Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Leukocytes Light Microscopy Lung Macrophage Middle Ear MUC5AC protein, human MUC5B protein, human Mus neuro-oncological ventral antigen 2, human Neutrophil Otitis Media Otoscopy Oxygen Pellets, Drug Plethysmography Pneumonia prisma Proteins Pulse Rate Rabbits Respiratory Physiology RNA, Ribosomal, 16S Staphylococcus aureus
2
Acute Febrile Illness Surveillance Study
Study subjects included patients 5 years of age or older who presented in outpatient clinics or hospitals with acute, undifferentiated, febrile illness (greater than or equal to 38°C for 7 days duration or less) along with one or more of the following symptoms: headache, muscle, ocular and/or joint pain, generalized fatigue, cough, nausea, vomiting, sore throat, rhinorrhea, difficulty breathing, diarrhea, jaundice, dizziness, disorientation, stiff neck, or bleeding manifestations. Children younger than five years of age were included if they presented with hemorrhagic manifestations indicative of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), including epistaxis, pleural effusion, platelets less than 100,000/ml, petechiae, or bloody stool or vomit. Exclusion criteria included fever in excess of seven days or an identifiable focus of infection, such as sinusitis, pneumonia, acute otitis media, or acute urinary tract infection. Demographic data, medical history, and clinical features for each patient were obtained using a standard questionnaire. In malaria-endemic regions if malaria was suspected, capillary blood from febrile patients was screened for Plasmodium spp. by clinic or hospital personnel according to routine diagnostic procedures at each site. Peripheral blood samples were screened by microscopic analysis of stained thick smear slides. In some sites, owing to the possibility of arbovirus co-infection, malaria-positive patients were subsequently invited to participate in the NMRCD study, with malaria results recorded along with symptoms and demographic information.
During the acute phase of illness blood samples were obtained from each patient, and when possible, convalescent samples were obtained 10 days to 4 weeks later for serological studies. For patients older than 10 years of age, up to 15 mL of blood was collected, and for patients younger than 10 years of age, up to 7 mL of blood was collected. Trained phlebotomists collected blood samples via arm venipuncture using standard methods and universal precautions.
Forshey B.M., Guevara C., Laguna-Torres V.A., Cespedes M., Vargas J., Gianella A., Vallejo E., Madrid C., Aguayo N., Gotuzzo E., Suarez V., Morales A.M., Beingolea L., Reyes N., Perez J., Negrete M., Rocha C., Morrison A.C., Russell K.L., J. Blair P., Olson J.G, & Kochel T.J. (2010). Arboviral Etiologies of Acute Febrile Illnesses in Western South America, 2000–2007. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 4(8), e787.
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Publication 2010
Arbovirus Infections Arthralgia Blood Blood Platelets Capillaries Child Cough Diagnostic Tests, Routine Diarrhea Epistaxis Eye Fatigue Feces Fever Focal Infection Headache Hemorrhage Icterus Malaria Microscopy Muscle Tissue Nausea Neck Otitis Media Patients Petechiae Phlebotomy Plasmodium Pleural Effusion Pneumonia Rhinorrhea Severe Dengue Sinusitis Sore Throat Tests, Serologic Universal Precautions Urinary Tract Infection Vomiting Youth
3
Development and Validation of Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire
Development of the new instrument began with a review of the literature. Face validity was established by incorporating attributes from existing widely-used, validated instruments in the otolaryngology literature. These included the Otitis Media 6-Item Quality-of-Life Survey (OM-6),4 (link) the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation,5 (link) and the 20-Item Sino-Nasal Outcomes Test (SNOT-20).6 (link) A discussion group of the authors was convened to enumerate a list of possible questions aimed at assessing symptoms in individuals who presented with ETD. Item relevance was established by consensus of the authors, and five items were included in this preliminary instrument, plus an inquiry of laterality. To provide a focused critique of item relevance, this preliminary version was distributed to a focus group of 10 patients from the senior author’s practice that had been diagnosed with ETD. Each respondent was asked to answer each question and to comment on clarity, comprehensibility, and ease of use. Each respondent was also asked to identify any items that were confusing or ambiguous and to write in any additional symptoms that he or she had experienced related to ETD that were not in the questionnaire.
Based on the responses from the focus group, several changes were made to the instrument. Three additional questions were added, and one of the existing questions was divided into two separate items. The qualitative response fields were replaced with a seven-item Likert scale, with a response of “1” indicating no problem and “7” indicating a severe problem. The overall layout was modeled on the layout of other popular questionnaires, notably the OM-6 and SNOT-20. The resulting instrument included nine items plus an inquiry of laterality. Scoring was possible in one of two ways. The total item score could be reported, with a range from 9 to 63, although this lacked the intuitive property of round numbers. Alternatively, the score could be reported as a mean item score, and expressed as a range from 1.0 to 7.0. The second method was preferred because of the easily understood score limits.
This nine-item instrument was then subjected to a pilot run in a sample of 15 patients in the senior author’s practice who had complaints of ETD. These responses were tabulated and subjected to reliability testing to establish overall internal consistency and internal consistency with each item deleted. The Cronbach α coefficient for the entire nine-item instrument used in this 15-person sample was .93, indicating a good internal consistency of the instrument for all respondents.
McCoul E.D., Anand V.K, & Christos P.J. (2012). Validating the Clinical Assessment of Eustachian Tube Dysfunction: The Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire (ETDQ-7). The Laryngoscope, 122(5), 1137-1141.
Publication 2012
Functional Laterality isononanoyl oxybenzene sulfonate Nose Otitis Media Patients Symptom Evaluation
4
Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Diagnostic Protocol
Patients were prospectively enrolled from the clinical practice of the senior author (v.k.a.). All subjects were outpatients who presented for otolaryngologic evaluation at a tertiary referral center between August 2010 and October 2010. All patients included in this study were at least 18 years old. Patients were diagnosed as having ETD if they had a retracted or poorly mobile tympanic membrane on pneumatic otoscopy, with a history of at least two of the following symptoms in one or both ears over the previous 1 month period: aural fullness or pressure, a sensation of clogged or muffled hearing, recurrent or persistent middle ear effusion (defined as an effusion present on examinations at least 1 month apart), or the inability to rapidly self-equilibrate middle ear pressure following changes in ambient atmospheric pressure. Abnormal impedance audiometry was used as a criterion standard to verify the diagnosis at the time of enrollment. Exclusion criteria included surgery of the head or neck within 3 months; a history of radiation therapy to the head and neck; sinonasal malignancy; evidence of acute upper respiratory infection, including sinusitis and acute otitis media; adenoid hypertrophy; nasal polyposis; cleft palate or history of cleft palate repair; craniofacial syndrome, including Down syndrome; cystic fibrosis; ciliary dysmotility syndrome; or other systemic immunodeficiency. A second group of patients who did not meet these inclusion criteria and who had presented with medical complaints not related to ETD were consecutively enrolled for use as a control group. Presenting complaints for these patients included voice disturbance, tonsil hypertrophy, and intraoral lesions. All of these patients had a normal examination of the tympanic membrane, middle ear, nasal cavity, and nasopharynx. Normal impedance audiometry was used as a criterion standard to verify the absence of ETD. Written informed consent was obtained from each subject, and approval for this study was obtained from the institutional review board of Weill Cornell Medical College.
McCoul E.D., Anand V.K, & Christos P.J. (2012). Validating the Clinical Assessment of Eustachian Tube Dysfunction: The Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire (ETDQ-7). The Laryngoscope, 122(5), 1137-1141.
Publication 2012
Adenoids Atmospheric Pressure Ciliary Motility Disorders Cleft Palate Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosis Down Syndrome Ear Ethics Committees, Research Head Hypertrophy Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Malignant Neoplasms Middle Ear Nasal Cavity Nasal Polyps Nasopharynx Neck NR1D1 protein, human Operative Surgical Procedures Otitis Media Otitis Media with Effusion Otoscopy Outpatients Palatine Tonsil Patients Physical Examination Pressure Radiotherapy Sinusitis Syndrome Tympanic Membrane Upper Respiratory Infections Voice Disorders
5
Antibiotic Dispensing Practices in Riyadh Pharmacies
A cross sectional study of a quasi-random sample of 327 pharmacies was conducted in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia with about 5 million habitants, in November 2010. The sample was intended to be representative of all Riyadh pharmacies. The sample was stratified by the five regions of Riyadh (Eastern, Western, Northern, Southern, Central) regardless of the pharmacy's size, deprivation level of the area. A convenience sample of streets was chosen from each region and a complete enumeration of all pharmacies in each street was considered. Each pharmacy was visited once by two investigators (total of 6 male physicians and 2 male medical students participated) who simulated having a brother/sister with a predetermined clinical scenario according to simulated-client method pharmacy surveys [19 (link),20 ]. The scenarios included sore throat, acute bronchitis, otitis media, acute sinusitis, diarrhea, and urinary tract infection in a pregnant (childbearing age) women. The investigators concealed their identity and the study objective of their visits from the approached pharmacists who were identified by their licenses and pictures on the front wall of the pharmacy. The clinical scenarios were presented as follow; one investigator talked to the pharmacist while the other observed the discussion and memorized the responses. Immediately after leaving the pharmacy, both investigators completed a standardized data form that included information about the location of the pharmacy, antibiotics dispensing practice, pharmacists' inquiries about associated symptoms (e.g. fever/shortness of breath/abdominal pain/loin pain), allergy history, pregnancy status in case of UTI; type of antibiotic, if dispensed; and information about drug interactions if this was provided by the pharmacist.
Two sessions of standardization took place in the presence of all actors. Each group rehearsed simulating all the clinical scenarios to the senior investigator using the same complaints (terminology and statements). Rehearsal was repeated to ensure reliability of the simulated scenario. The actors used lay language and refrained from using any jargon.
Only the following clinical information was presented to the pharmacist. Any additional information was only provided if the pharmacist inquired about it. The sore throat scenario: a healthy young male relative was described as having difficulties in swallowing with slight fever of 24 hours duration. Acute bronchitis scenario: an elderly man relative was described as having sore throat, cough with sputum production. Additional information provided upon request was the patient had multiple comorbid conditions and was using warfarin.
Acute sinusitis scenario: a young male relative was described as having running nose, facial pain, and headache. Otitis media scenario: a 5-year-old relative child was described as having ear pain and discharge. Urinary tract infection scenario: a childbearing female relative was described as having dysuria and urinary frequency. Diarrhea scenario: a young male relative was described with loose bowel motion for one day.
Three levels of demand were used sequentially until an antibiotic was dispensed or denied [4 (link)]: 1) Can I have something to relieve my symptoms?: 2) Can I have something stronger? 3) I would like to have an antibiotic.
Data are presented as percentage of the pharmacists' responses toward the simulated clinical scenarios.
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at King Fahd Medical City. Deception and incomplete disclosure to study subjects (pharmacists) were considered ethically acceptable because this was a minimal risk study and it could not have been performed with complete disclosure of investigator entity. Data were kept anonymous.
Bin Abdulhak A.A., Altannir M.A., Almansor M.A., Almohaya M.S., Onazi A.S., Marei M.A., Aldossary O.F., Obeidat S.A., Obeidat M.A., Riaz M.S, & Tleyjeh I.M. (2011). Non prescribed sale of antibiotics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 11, 538.
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Publication 2011
Abdominal Pain Aged Antibiotics Bronchitis Brothers Child Clinical Investigators Cough Diarrhea Drug Interactions Dyspnea Dysuria Earache Ethics Committees, Research Facial Pain Fever Headache Hypersensitivity Males Otitis Media Patient Discharge Patients Physicians Pregnancy Rhinorrhea Sinusitis Sore Throat Sputum Students, Medical Urinary Tract Infection Urine Warfarin Woman

Most recents protocols related to «Otitis Media»

1
Healthy Subjects Neurological Evaluation
A total of 18 healthy subjects (8 men and 10 women, 23.44 ± 2.33 years) were included in this study. All participants complied with the following requirements: no history of seizures, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, severe head and neck illnesses, ingestion of alcohol within the previous 48 h, ingestion of central excitatory or inhibitory drugs, damage to the external auditory canal or tympanic membrane, or otitis media. The study was approved by the medical ethics review committee at Tianjin University. All subjects gave written informed consent and received payment for participation.
Han Y., Bai Y., Liu Q., Zhao Y., Chen T., Wang W, & Ni G. (2023). Assessing vestibular function using electroencephalogram rhythms evoked during the caloric test. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1126214.
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Publication 2023
Cardiovascular Diseases External Auditory Canals Head Healthy Volunteers High Blood Pressures Neck Otitis Media Pharmaceutical Preparations Psychological Inhibition Seizures Tympanic Membrane Woman
2
Diagnosis and Evaluation of Otitis Media with Effusion
The key points of diagnosis of OME were as follows: (1) ear symptoms and signs without acute middle ear infection; (2) hearing loss, self-hearing enhancement, or hearing changes with posture changes occuring; (3) a tympanogram showed a “B” or “C” curve; (4) pure tone/behavioral audiometry indicating that the affected ear had mild to moderate conductive hearing loss; and (5) patients who showed tympanic effusion during the ear endoscopy before the operation which was confirmed intraoperatively. Patients diagnosed with OME according to the above criteria were included in the AH + OME group. Pediatric patients without OME were included in the AH group.
Chen W., Yin G., Chen Y., Wang L., Wang Y., Zhao C., Wang W, & Ye J. (2023). Analysis of factors that influence the occurrence of otitis media with effusion in pediatric patients with adenoid hypertrophy. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 11, 1098067.
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Publication 2023
Audiometry, Pure-Tone Conductive Hearing Loss Hearing Impairment Otitis Media Otoscopy Patients Tympanic Cavity
3
Classifying Age-Related Hearing Loss
Using ICD10/ICD9 codes and self-reports, individuals with chronic otitis media, salpingitis, mastoiditis, otosclerosis, Meniere’s disease, deafness, labyrinthitis, conductive HL, ototoxic HL, head, ear or neck trauma, stroke, encephalitis, meningitis, or facial nerve disorders were excluded from the analysis. Additionally, individuals with unilateral/bilateral sensorineural or mixed conductive HL were excluded if they were diagnosed <55 years-of-age or did not have an age-of-diagnosis (Supplementary Table S2).
Four different case status were determined based on the response to a touchscreen questionnaire: 1) H-aid self-reported hearing aid use (f.3393: “Do you use a hearing aid most of the time?“); 2) H-diff self-reported hearing difficulty (f.2247: “Do you have any difficulty with your hearing?”); 3) H-noise self-reported hearing difficulty with background noise (f.2257: “Do you find it difficult to follow a conversation if there is background noise, e.g., TV, radio, children playing)?”; and 4) H-both individuals with both H-diff and H-noise. Individuals who provided inconsistent answers for H-aid, H-diff, or H-noise (e.g., reported H-diff on the first visit but not the second visit), or did not provide definite answers, (e.g., answered “Do not know”) were excluded (Supplementary Table S1). In the analysis age is defined for cases, when they answered “Yes” to a specific ARHL question for the first time during the assessments. We used a common set of controls without any hearing-related phenotypes. For the controls, age at last assessment was used in the analysis.
Information on the number of individuals available for analysis for each phenotype (H-aid, H-diff, H-noise, and H-both) as well as information on the age distribution among males and females can be found in Supplementary Table S3.
Naderi E., Cornejo-Sanchez D.M., Li G., Schrauwen I., Wang G.T., Dewan A.T, & Leal S.M. (2023). The genetic contribution of the X chromosome in age-related hearing loss. Frontiers in Genetics, 14, 1106328.
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Publication 2023
Cerebrovascular Accident Child Diagnosis Electric Conductivity Encephalitis Facial Nerve Diseases Females Head Hearing Aids Labyrinth Diseases Males Mastoiditis Meniere Disease Meningitis Neck Injuries Otitis Media Otosclerosis Ototoxicity Phenotype Salpingitis
4
Otoacoustic Emissions in Acute Illness
OAE (DPOAEs) was measured in both ears (excluding ears with middle ear pathology, eg, otitis media) on the day of admission (day 1), days 2 and 3, and between days 5 and 7 and 10 and 14. Patients were followed up in the outpatient clinic at least 30 days after discharge. OAEs were recorded using the Interacoustics Titan DPOAE 440 module. Eleven frequencies were measured in each ear: 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 kHz. The frequency ratio (f2/f1) was fixed at 1.22. OAE was performed with patients lying down with a 30° tilted head position. Frequencies were categorized as low (1, 1.5, 2 kHz), mid (3, 4, 5 kHz), mid-high (6, 7, 8 kHz), and high (9, 10 kHz). The emission threshold level (ETL) in each frequency category was calculated as the mean of the included frequencies.
A signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of +3 dB was applied to the noise floor in low to mid-high frequencies and +6 dB in high frequencies. The distribution of final noise floor, and thus border of OAE detection, within each frequency category was low −10 dB, mid −15 dB, mid-high −13 dB, high −16 dB [28 (link)].
Jensen E.S., Cayé-Thomasen P., Bodilsen J., Nielsen H., Friis-Hansen L., Christensen T., Christiansen M., Kirchmann M, & Brandt C.T. (2023). Hearing Loss in Bacterial Meningitis Revisited—Evolution and Recovery. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 10(3), ofad056.
Publication 2023
Head Middle Ear Otitis Media Patient Discharge Patients
5
Antibiotic Prescribing for Respiratory Tract Infections
Participants were from an individual patient data (IPD) database on antibiotic prescribing for RTIs (acute sore throat, acute cough, and otitis media) in a community setting (Box 1). Full details of the IPD database have been reported elsewhere.18 (link),19 For the present study, participants in the IPD database who completed symptom diaries (n = 9103) were included. Study and patient-level characteristics are presented in Supplementary Table S1.20 (link)–31 (link)
Hounkpatin H., Stuart B., Zhu S., Yao G., Moore M., Löffler C., Little P., Kenealy T., Gillespie D., Francis N.A., Bostock J., Becque T., Arroll B., Altiner A., Alonso-Coello P, & Hay A.D. (2023). Post-consultation acute respiratory tract infection recovery: a latent class-informed analysis of individual patient data. The British Journal of General Practice, 73(728), e196-e203.
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Publication 2023
Antibiotics Cough Otitis Media Patients Respiratory Tract Infections Sore Throat

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More about "Otitis Media"

Otitis media, or middle ear inflammation, is a common condition that often arises from bacterial or viral infections.
Symptoms may include ear pain, fever, and hearing loss.
Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications like mastoiditis or permanent hearing impairment.
Effective management typically involves antibiotic therapy, pain relief, and in some cases, surgical intervention.
When diagnosing otitis media, clinicians may utilize various laboratory techniques, such as blood agar plates, chocolate agar, and MSwab samples.
These methods can help identify the causative pathogens, which may include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis.
Additionally, the use of SAS 9.4 software and analysis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels in BHI broth can aid in understanding the disease pathogenesis.
In animal studies, the CBA/CaJ mouse model has been employed to investigate the immunological and inflammatory responses associated with otitis media.
Researchers may also explore the role of yeast extract and Todd-Hewitt broth in culturing and studying the relevant bacterial species.
For clinicians and researchers, the PathScan Enabler IV can be a valuable tool in the analysis of otitis media samples, facilitating the detection and quantification of various biomarkers.
By leveraging these insights and techniques, healthcare professionals can enhance their understanding of otitis media, leading to more accurate diagnoses, targeted treatments, and improved patient outcomes.