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Parasitemia
Parasitemia
Parasitemia refers to the presence of parasites in the bloodstream.
This condition is often observed in infectious diseases, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis, where the parasites invade and replicate within the host's red blood cells.
Accurate assessment of parasitemia levels is crucial for monitoring disease progression, guiding treatment decisions, and evaluating the efficacy of antiparasitic interventions.
PubCompare.ai's AI-powered platform can optimize your parasitemia research by helping you easily locate the best protocols from published literature, preprints, and patents.
Leveraging AI-driven comparisons, the tool enhances the reproducibililty and accuracy of your parasitemia studies, unlocking the power of data-driven insights for your research.
This condition is often observed in infectious diseases, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis, where the parasites invade and replicate within the host's red blood cells.
Accurate assessment of parasitemia levels is crucial for monitoring disease progression, guiding treatment decisions, and evaluating the efficacy of antiparasitic interventions.
PubCompare.ai's AI-powered platform can optimize your parasitemia research by helping you easily locate the best protocols from published literature, preprints, and patents.
Leveraging AI-driven comparisons, the tool enhances the reproducibililty and accuracy of your parasitemia studies, unlocking the power of data-driven insights for your research.
Most cited protocols related to «Parasitemia»
artenimol
Atmosphere
Biological Assay
BLOOD
Cell Nucleus
Erythrocytes
Gentamicin
Heparin Sodium
Parasitemia
Parasites
Percoll
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Schizonts
Sorbitol
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
Thermal Plasma
Trophozoite
Volumes, Packed Erythrocyte
The statistical analysis plan [53 ] was developed before analysis. All non-synonymous mutations in the pfk13 gene identified in the studies were included in the analysis. Isolates without reported mutations were assumed to be wild type in assessing relationships between parasite genotype and PC1/2. Isolates with a mixed genotype at any nucleotide within the pfk13 coding region (wild type/mutation or two non-synonymous mutations) were excluded from the analysis.
The PC1/2 is defined as the time in hours needed for the parasite density to decline by 50% during the log-linear phase of parasite clearance. PC1/2 was calculated using the WWARN parasite clearance estimator tool [41 (link)]. The goodness of fit of parasite clearance models was evaluated for each individual patient parasitemia-time profile used to estimate the PC1/2.
Profiles that satisfied the following criteria (i.e., provided biologically or statistically plausible results) were included in the analysis: (a) standard deviations of residuals < 2, (b) number of data points used to fit the linear part of the curve > 2, (c) duration of lag phase < 12 h, (d) pseudo R2 statistics ≥ 0.8. Additionally, patients who withdrew or had a record of inadequate dosing were excluded. The log transformed half-life metric was modeled for all pfk13 mutant alleles in all studies with information from individual patients on age, initial parasitemia, ACT treatment, and artesunate dose as covariates. The method by which the dose was calculated is documented in the statistical analysis plan. Random effects for study site were used to account for heterogeneity between studies. Residuals were examined for normality and for systematic deviations from the model.
The differences in PC1/2 between infections with P. falciparum parasites bearing a specific pfk13 propeller mutant allele and those with wild type parasites were assessed by the Wald test. The fold change in geometric mean of PC1/2 of infections with pfk13 mutant parasites compared to wild type isolates from the same sites; xPC1/2 was calculated as an exponent of the difference of the corresponding regression coefficients.
In order to determine a PC1/2 threshold value that defined slow parasite clearance, we divided Asian data into two populations: rapid clearing and slow clearing. The slow-clearing population was defined as all isolates with mutations associated with a significant increase in PC1/2 values in this analysis, while the fast-clearing population included all other isolates. The PC1/2 value that corresponds to the 95th percentile of the fast-clearing population (i.e., a value x such that the probability that PC1/2 > x is less than 0.05) was selected as the cutoff for infections with “slow clearing” parasites. Risk of bias in individual studies was assessed based on frequency of parasite counting, molecular methodology, and number of patients excluded because of missing data or unsatisfactory fit of the model for PC1/2 estimation (for details, see Additional file1 ). Data from studies/sites that reported results very different from all of the others in the same region were included in the analysis, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted after excluding Tra Lang, Vietnam (study site ID 23; study ID 8), and Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar (study site ID 15; study ID 13).
The PC1/2 is defined as the time in hours needed for the parasite density to decline by 50% during the log-linear phase of parasite clearance. PC1/2 was calculated using the WWARN parasite clearance estimator tool [41 (link)]. The goodness of fit of parasite clearance models was evaluated for each individual patient parasitemia-time profile used to estimate the PC1/2.
Profiles that satisfied the following criteria (i.e., provided biologically or statistically plausible results) were included in the analysis: (a) standard deviations of residuals < 2, (b) number of data points used to fit the linear part of the curve > 2, (c) duration of lag phase < 12 h, (d) pseudo R2 statistics ≥ 0.8. Additionally, patients who withdrew or had a record of inadequate dosing were excluded. The log transformed half-life metric was modeled for all pfk13 mutant alleles in all studies with information from individual patients on age, initial parasitemia, ACT treatment, and artesunate dose as covariates. The method by which the dose was calculated is documented in the statistical analysis plan. Random effects for study site were used to account for heterogeneity between studies. Residuals were examined for normality and for systematic deviations from the model.
The differences in PC1/2 between infections with P. falciparum parasites bearing a specific pfk13 propeller mutant allele and those with wild type parasites were assessed by the Wald test. The fold change in geometric mean of PC1/2 of infections with pfk13 mutant parasites compared to wild type isolates from the same sites; xPC1/2 was calculated as an exponent of the difference of the corresponding regression coefficients.
In order to determine a PC1/2 threshold value that defined slow parasite clearance, we divided Asian data into two populations: rapid clearing and slow clearing. The slow-clearing population was defined as all isolates with mutations associated with a significant increase in PC1/2 values in this analysis, while the fast-clearing population included all other isolates. The PC1/2 value that corresponds to the 95th percentile of the fast-clearing population (i.e., a value x such that the probability that PC1/2 > x is less than 0.05) was selected as the cutoff for infections with “slow clearing” parasites. Risk of bias in individual studies was assessed based on frequency of parasite counting, molecular methodology, and number of patients excluded because of missing data or unsatisfactory fit of the model for PC1/2 estimation (for details, see Additional file
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Alleles
Artesunate
Asian Americans
Genes
Genetic Heterogeneity
Genotype
Hypersensitivity
Infection
Missense Mutation
Mutation
Nucleotides
Parasitemia
Parasites
Parasitic Diseases
Patients
Parasites were cultured according to the method described by Trager and Jensen [5 (link)], with modifications [6 (link)]. Briefly, parasites were maintained in human erythrocytes (O ±, Blood Bank, EFS, Toulouse, France) routinely at 0.5–4% parasitaemia in culture medium (haematocrit: 2–4%). The culture medium consisted of RPMI (Cambrex, Belgium) complemented with 25 mM Hepes (Cambrex) and 2 mM glutamine (Sigma, l'Isle d'Abeau, France) and supplemented with 7.5% human serum (EFS). The knob+ strains (FcB1-Colombia, W2-Indochina and F32-Tanzania) were concentrated by flotation with Plasmion® (Fresenius Kabi France) followed by 5% D-sorbitol (Sigma) lysis [2 (link)]. The knobby-strain (FcM29-Cameroon) was only synchronized by 5% D-sorbitol lysis every 48 hrs [7 (link)].
Gametocyte cultures of strain W2 were initiated as described elsewhere [8 (link)], with minor modifications [9 (link)]. Cultures were then treated with 50 mM N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (Sigma) for 3–5 days to remove most of the asexual stages. Young (stage II, 7-day-old) or old (stage IV–V, 13-day-old) gametocyte cultures were tested for magnetic enrichment.
Gametocyte cultures of strain W2 were initiated as described elsewhere [8 (link)], with minor modifications [9 (link)]. Cultures were then treated with 50 mM N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (Sigma) for 3–5 days to remove most of the asexual stages. Young (stage II, 7-day-old) or old (stage IV–V, 13-day-old) gametocyte cultures were tested for magnetic enrichment.
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Culture Media
Culture Techniques
Erythrocytes
Glucosamine
Glutamine
HEPES
Homo sapiens
Parasitemia
Parasites
plasmion
Serum
Sorbitol
Strains
Volumes, Packed Erythrocyte
The Mimika district lies on the southern coast of Papua in Eastern Indonesia (Figure 1 ), covering an area of 21,522 square-kilometres with 12 sub-districts and 85 villages. The area is largely forested with both coastal and mountainous areas. Each year a total of approximately 5.5 metres of rainfall is recorded with peaks in July to September and December (unpublished data). At the last census in 2004, the population in the lowlands was reported as 130,000. One hospital, the Rumah Sakit Mitra Masyarakat (RSMM) in the town of Timika, services the whole district and is the only hospital available for the lowland population. Due to the presence of a local mine, there is economic migration, with the local population increasing by an estimated 16% per year. This has resulted in the diverse ethnic origin of the local population, with highland Papuans, lowland Papuans and non-Papuans all resident in the region. Healthcare for the population is provided by the public clinics of the local ministry of health, the Public Health Malaria Control programme (PHMC) of the mine, the RSMM hospital and the private sector.
Malaria transmission is perennial, but restricted to the lowland area where it is associated with three mosquito vectors: Anopheles koliensis, Anopheles farauti and Anopheles punctulatus [11 (link),12 (link)]. Entomological inoculation rates vary between 1 and 4 infected bites per year (unpublished data). Bed net coverage is estimated to be approximately 40%. In view of the high number of infections in non-immune patients, local protocols recommend that all patients with patent parasitaemia at any level are given antimalarial therapy. At the time of the study local treatment guidelines advocated chloroquine plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for P. falciparum and chloroquine monotherapy for non-falciparum malaria. An assessment of local treatment regimens in 2004 highlighted that the day-28 cure rate of chloroquine monotherapy was less than 35% for patients with P. vivax and that of chloroquine plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine was only 52% for patients with P. falciparum [7 (link)]. Local and national guidelines also recommend that patients with P. vivax parasitaemia over 1 years old, receive 14 days unsupervised treatment with primaquine, however adherence to and effectiveness of this regimen in this setting is not known.
Malaria transmission is perennial, but restricted to the lowland area where it is associated with three mosquito vectors: Anopheles koliensis, Anopheles farauti and Anopheles punctulatus [11 (link),12 (link)]. Entomological inoculation rates vary between 1 and 4 infected bites per year (unpublished data). Bed net coverage is estimated to be approximately 40%. In view of the high number of infections in non-immune patients, local protocols recommend that all patients with patent parasitaemia at any level are given antimalarial therapy. At the time of the study local treatment guidelines advocated chloroquine plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for P. falciparum and chloroquine monotherapy for non-falciparum malaria. An assessment of local treatment regimens in 2004 highlighted that the day-28 cure rate of chloroquine monotherapy was less than 35% for patients with P. vivax and that of chloroquine plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine was only 52% for patients with P. falciparum [7 (link)]. Local and national guidelines also recommend that patients with P. vivax parasitaemia over 1 years old, receive 14 days unsupervised treatment with primaquine, however adherence to and effectiveness of this regimen in this setting is not known.
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Anopheles
Antimalarials
Bites
Chloroquine
Infection
Malaria
Malaria, Falciparum
Mosquito Vectors
Parasitemia
Patients
Primaquine
Private Sector
sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine
Transmission, Communicable Disease
Treatment Protocols
Vaccination
Asexual blood-stage cultures of P. falciparum clone 3D7 were maintained in vitro and synchronized according to standard procedures (Blackman, 1994 (link); Yeoh et al., 2007 (link)) in RPMI 1640 medium containing the serum substitute Albumax (Invitrogen). For introduction of transfection constructs, mature schizonts were enriched from highly synchronous cultures using Percoll (GE Healthcare) as described previously (Harris et al., 2005 (link)), and transfected by electroporation with 10 μg of circular plasmid DNA using the Amaxa 4D electroporator (Lonza) and the P3 Primary cell 4D Nucleofector X Kit L (Lonza) and program FP158, exactly as recently described for P. knowlesi (Moon et al., 2013 (link)). Selection for parasites harbouring the plasmid was performed by culture in medium containing 2.5 nM WR99210. Selection for parasites in which integration of transfected DNA into the genome had taken place was promoted by cycles of culture in the absence and presence of WR99210, as described previously (Harris et al., 2005 (link)). When integration was detected by diagnostic PCR, integrant clones were obtained by limiting dilution and maintained in medium containing WR99210. Parasite growth rates were assessed by microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained thin films at 2-day intervals, and expressed as percentage parasitaemia (percentage of parasitized erythrocytes in the population)
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BLOOD
Clone Cells
Diagnosis
DNA, Circular
Electroporation
Erythrocytes
Genome
L Cells
Microscopy
Parasitemia
Parasites
Percoll
Plasmids
Schizonts
Serum
Stain, Giemsa
Technique, Dilution
Transfection
Most recents protocols related to «Parasitemia»
Example 48
In vivo adapted P. falciparum (3D7HLH/BRD) were selected as described in PLoS One 3, e2252 (2008). In brief, NSG mice (n=2 per experimental group; female; 4-5-week-old; 19-21 g; The Jackson Laboratory) were intraperitoneally injected with 1 ml of human erythrocytes (0-positive, 50% haematocrit, 50% RPMI 1640 with 5% albumax) daily to generate mice with humanized circulating erythrocytes (huRBC NSG). Approximately 2×107 blood-stage P. falciparum 3D7HLH/BRD (FASEB J. 25, 3583-3593 (2011)) were intravenously infected to huRBC NSG mice and >1% parasitaemia was achieved 5 weeks after infection. After three in vivo passages, the parasites were frozen and used experimentally. Approximately 48 h after infection with 1×107 blood-stage of P. falciparum 3D7HLH/BRD, the mean parasitaemia was approximately 0.4%. huRBC NSG mice were orally treated with a single dose of compound and parasitaemia was monitored for 30 days by IVIS to acquire the bioluminescence signal (150 mg kg-1 of luciferin was intraperitoneally injected approximately 10 min before imaging).
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Biological Assay
BLOOD
Erythrocytes
Females
Freezing
Homo sapiens
Infection
Luciferins
Mus
Parasitemia
Parasites
Volumes, Packed Erythrocyte
Example 4
Both transcriptomics and proteomics data indicate that PfGS-I is expressed throughout all stages of the malaria parasite life cycle (plasmodb.org/plasmo/app/record/gene/PF3D7_0922600#category:proteomics). To investigate whether AST might be a potent multi-stage antimalarial drug through the inhibition of PfGS-I, the effect of AST on P. falciparum proliferation was first examined in human blood. AST was added into P. falciparum-infected blood and measured parasitemia as the percentage of infected cells on day 4. The results showed that AST inhibits asexual-stage P. falciparum proliferation in the blood in a dose-dependent manner (
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Antimalarials
BLOOD
Cardiac Arrest
Cells
Gene Expression Profiling
Genes
Homo sapiens
Infection
Malaria
Parasitemia
Parasites
Psychological Inhibition
Example 45
CD-1 mice (n=4 per experimental group; female; 6-7-week-old; 20-24 g, Charles River) were intravenously inoculated with approximately 1×105 P. berghei (ANKA GFP-luc) blood-stage parasites 24 h before treatment and compounds were administered orally (at 0 h). Parasitaemia was monitored by the in vivo imaging system (IVIS SpectrumCT, PerkinElmer) to acquire the bioluminescence signal (150 mg kg−1 of luciferin was intraperitoneally injected approximately 10 min before imaging). In addition, blood smear samples were obtained from each mouse periodically, stained with Giemsa, and viewed under a microscope for visual detection of blood parasitaemia. Animals with parasitaemia exceeding 25% were humanely euthanized.
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Animals
Biological Assay
BLOOD
Females
Luciferins
Microscopy
Mus
Parasitemia
Parasites
Rivers
Between 2012 and 2016, two cross-sectional surveys per year in relation to the malaria transmission season were carried out: one just before start (June) and the other at the end (January) of the season (for the year 2016, start of season survey was not conducted due to logistical challenges). Only individuals enrolled into the study were sampled at every survey; demographic and clinical information which included history of fever and symptoms suggestive of clinical malaria in the previous 48 h and at time of survey was collected using a structured questionnaire. Axillary temperature was measured by a digital clinical thermometer. A malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) (SD Bioline®) was performed for participants with suspected clinical malaria based on clinical assessment and if positive were treated according to the national guidelines.
A blood sample was collected by fingerpick for microscopy and for measuring haemoglobin. Thick blood films were stained with 2.5% buffered Giemsa (PH 7.2) for 10–15 min, dried and read independently by two microscopists. If a slide was positive, parasites were counted against 500 white blood cells (WBCs) and parasite densities estimated assuming 8000 WBC per µl. Slides were considered negative after examining 200 high power fields. If the estimation of the parasite count between the two independent microscopists differed by ≥ 20% or if readings were discrepant for positivity, a third microscopist resolved the discrepancy. Asymptomatic P. falciparum carriage was defined as asexual parasitaemia of any density detected by microscopy without symptoms suggestive of clinical malaria within the previous 48 h or at time of assessment during survey. Haemoglobin was measured using a HemoCue® photometer (Ångelholm, Sweden) according to manufacturer’s instruction. A study clinic in the health centre of the study area was established where all study participants sought medical care for any illness during the study period. During each malaria transmission season (August to January), a passive case detection (PCD) system was established where suspected cases of clinical malaria were clinically assessed and systematically screened with malaria RDT (SD Bioline®). Positive cases were treated according to the national treatment guidelines. Usage of ITN was assessed by asking all participants attending the study clinic, regardless of their illness, if they had slept under an ITN the previous night.
A blood sample was collected by fingerpick for microscopy and for measuring haemoglobin. Thick blood films were stained with 2.5% buffered Giemsa (PH 7.2) for 10–15 min, dried and read independently by two microscopists. If a slide was positive, parasites were counted against 500 white blood cells (WBCs) and parasite densities estimated assuming 8000 WBC per µl. Slides were considered negative after examining 200 high power fields. If the estimation of the parasite count between the two independent microscopists differed by ≥ 20% or if readings were discrepant for positivity, a third microscopist resolved the discrepancy. Asymptomatic P. falciparum carriage was defined as asexual parasitaemia of any density detected by microscopy without symptoms suggestive of clinical malaria within the previous 48 h or at time of assessment during survey. Haemoglobin was measured using a HemoCue® photometer (Ångelholm, Sweden) according to manufacturer’s instruction. A study clinic in the health centre of the study area was established where all study participants sought medical care for any illness during the study period. During each malaria transmission season (August to January), a passive case detection (PCD) system was established where suspected cases of clinical malaria were clinically assessed and systematically screened with malaria RDT (SD Bioline®). Positive cases were treated according to the national treatment guidelines. Usage of ITN was assessed by asking all participants attending the study clinic, regardless of their illness, if they had slept under an ITN the previous night.
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Axilla
BLOOD
Fever
Fingers
Hemoglobin
Malaria
Microscopy
Parasitemia
Parasites
Rapid Diagnostic Tests
Sleep
Thermometers
Transmission, Communicable Disease
C57BL/6 mice with 8 weeks of age were intraperitoneally injected with 106Plasmodium berghei ANKA-GFP (PbA)-iRBCs. Parasitemia was determined as the percentage of GFP+ RBCs, using flow cytometry analysis (FACScan Cell Analyzer; Becton Dickinson). At day 5–6 post-infection when parasitemia was 10–20%, blood was collected (between 13:00h and 15:00h) by cardiac puncture with a syringe containing 100 μl of heparin. The collected blood was suspended in 5 ml of RPMI1640 medium and centrifuged at 500g for 10 min. iRBCs were then synchronized in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with FBS, to a final concentration of 20%, and neomycin (100 μg/ml) in 250-ml culture flasks flushed with a gas mixture of 5% CO2, 5% O2, and 90% N2 using a 0.2-μm filter unit connected to the gas hose as previously described (Janse et al. 2006 (link)). After 16 h, RBCs and iRBCs were collected by centrifugation and the supernatant used to collect EPs. The pellet was resuspended in PBS containing 2% BSA and mature-stage iRBC were selected and concentrated using automatic magnetically activated cell sorting (MACS) as previously described (de Moraes et al. 2016 (link)). Supernatant from RBCs and iRBCs was further centrifuged at 1600g for 20 min to remove lysed cells. The resultant supernatant was further centrifuged at 20,000g for 20 min to obtain a pellet with EPs. Medium and PBS solutions used to prepare EPs were previously filtered through a 0.2-μm filter.
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BLOOD
Cells
Centrifugation
Erythrocytes
Flow Cytometry
Heart
Heparin
Infection
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Neomycin
Parasitemia
Punctures
Syringes
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Giemsa is a type of stain used in microscopy for the differential staining of cells, tissues, and other biological samples. It is a widely used stain in various fields, including hematology, parasitology, and cytology. Giemsa stain primarily helps to visualize and differentiate cellular components, such as nuclei, cytoplasm, and specific organelles, based on their varying affinity for the stain.
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More about "Parasitemia"
Parasitemia, also known as parasitemia or parasitaemia, refers to the presence of parasites circulating in the bloodstream.
This condition is commonly observed in various infectious diseases, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis, where the parasites invade and replicate within the host's red blood cells.
Accurate assessment of parasitemia levels is crucial for monitoring disease progression, guiding treatment decisions, and evaluating the efficacy of antiparasitic interventions.
Researchers often use techniques like microscopic examination of blood smears, flow cytometry, or molecular methods like PCR to quantify parasitemia.
Malaria parasitemia, for example, is typically measured using Giemsa-stained blood smears and can be expressed as a percentage of infected red blood cells or as the number of parasites per microliter of blood.
Culturing parasites in media like RPMI 1640 supplemented with Albumax II or Hypoxanthine can also provide valuable data on parasitemia levels.
Monitoring parasitemia is essential for understanding disease dynamics and the impact of interventions.
Tools like GraphPad Prism 5 and SYBR Green I can help analyze and visualize parasitemia data, while AI-powered platforms like PubCompare.ai can assist researchers in finding the best protocols and enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of their parasitemia studies.
By leveraging the latest technologies and methodologies, researchers can unlock the power of data-driven insights to advance their understanding and management of parasitic infections.
This condition is commonly observed in various infectious diseases, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis, where the parasites invade and replicate within the host's red blood cells.
Accurate assessment of parasitemia levels is crucial for monitoring disease progression, guiding treatment decisions, and evaluating the efficacy of antiparasitic interventions.
Researchers often use techniques like microscopic examination of blood smears, flow cytometry, or molecular methods like PCR to quantify parasitemia.
Malaria parasitemia, for example, is typically measured using Giemsa-stained blood smears and can be expressed as a percentage of infected red blood cells or as the number of parasites per microliter of blood.
Culturing parasites in media like RPMI 1640 supplemented with Albumax II or Hypoxanthine can also provide valuable data on parasitemia levels.
Monitoring parasitemia is essential for understanding disease dynamics and the impact of interventions.
Tools like GraphPad Prism 5 and SYBR Green I can help analyze and visualize parasitemia data, while AI-powered platforms like PubCompare.ai can assist researchers in finding the best protocols and enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of their parasitemia studies.
By leveraging the latest technologies and methodologies, researchers can unlock the power of data-driven insights to advance their understanding and management of parasitic infections.