Log In Sign up
The largest database of trusted experimental protocols
> Disorders > Disease or Syndrome > Refractive Errors

Refractive Errors

Refractive Erros are a group of common vision conditions where the eye fails to focus light properly, resulting in blurred vision.
This can include nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), and astigmatism.
Effective treatments and management strategies are crucial for maintaining clear sight and eye health.
Explore the latest research, protocols, and product innovations through PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform to advance your work in this important field of ophthalmology.

Most cited protocols related to «Refractive Errors»

1
Eye Care Network Retrospective Analysis
An 8-year retrospective review of all the patients who presented across the three-tier eye care network of L.V. Prasad Eye Institute (LVPEI) was performed from August 2010 to August 2018. The patient data were retrieved using the information captured through the in-house EMR system eyeSmart™. The study was approved by LVPEI's Institutional Review Board on 11.9.2018 with reference number of LEC 09-18-150 and adhered to the tenets of Declaration of Helsinki. A standard consent form for electronic data privacy was filled by the patient or their parents or guardians at the time of registration.
The three-tier eye care model of LVPEI includes 176 Vision Centers that provide primary care in the districts and villages of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, and Karnataka. These are linked to 18 Secondary Eye Care Centers, which are, in turn, linked to LVPEI Tertiary Centers in Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, and Bhubaneswar. LVPEI's Center of Excellence at Hyderabad is at the apex of the Eye Care Pyramid. The medical records of all patients who presented to any of these Centers during August 2010 to August 2018 were reviewed retrospectively using the eyeSmart EMR database.
In total, 2,270,584 patients were captured on the EMR system and their total consultations were 4,730,221 in this 8-year period. All the patients who were registered onto the EMR system were included in the study. The variables in the collected data include age, gender, geographical location, laterality of eye affected, and ocular diagnosis. The geographical location and country as reported by the patients at the time of registration were documented in the EMR system and were included in the study.
Each eye of the patients was diagnosed separately, and each individual diagnosis was considered cumulatively for the analysis. The LVPEI coding diagnosis developed in-house was used for the patients, which includes a comprehensive list of ocular disorders, and the ICD-11 coding was automatically mapped to the relevant diagnosis. The ocular diagnosis made were categorized into different ocular disorders, such as amblyopia, cataract, cornea, and anterior segment disorders, glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmology, ocular trauma, refractive error, retina, uvea, and strabismus.
The age, gender distribution, demographic details, and proportion of ocular disorders were calculated through an SQL query written to extract information from all the databases of the centers across the network during the 8-year period. The individual numbers and percentages of the parameters to be studied were calculated through the query and exported to an excel sheet for further analysis. A detailed representation of the process is provided in the supplementary material. No identifiable information of the patient was used for analytical purposes. The de-identified information was replicated into another database from where analytics were visualized using tools for the same in real time. “eyeSmart EMR” is an indigenously built EMR system at the LVPEI, India. This system was developed in-house by using open source tools such as PHP (Zend Technologies, Cupertino, CA, USA) for programming and MySQL (Oracle Corporation, Redwood City, CA, USA) for database management. The eyeSmart App was developed on the Android platform (Google LLC, Menlo Park, CA, USA). The system allows the documentation of clinical information of patients significantly in a structured format that allows analysis for research purposes, and unstructured information is also captured. The information from the database was analyzed to provide a real-time overview. All tables for age, gender, location, and diagnosis category were drawn by using Microsoft Excel.
Das A.V., Kammari P., Vadapalli R, & Basu S. (2020). Big data and the eyeSmart electronic medical record system - An 8-year experience from a three-tier eye care network in India. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 68(3), 427-432.
Publication 2020
Amblyopia Cataract Cornea Diagnosis Ethics Committees, Research Eye Disorders Eye Injuries Functional Laterality Gender Glaucoma Legal Guardians Parent Patients Primary Health Care Redwood Refractive Errors Retina Strabismus Uvea Vision
2
Eligibility Criteria for Vision Study
CITT-trained and certified optometrists or ophthalmologists using a previously described standardized protocol performed all testing (baseline and masked). An unmasked examiner performed eligibility testing, which included the following: best-corrected visual acuity at distance and near; cover testing at distance and near with objective prism neutralization; near point of convergence; positive and negative fusional vergence at near (fusional convergence and divergence amplitudes); near stereoacuity; monocular accommodative amplitude; and monocular accommodative facility (the ability to quickly achieve clear vision while alternately viewing 20/30 equivalent print through +2 D and −2 D lenses); cycloplegic refraction with 1% cyclopentolate; and an ocular health evaluation. All near testing with at 40cm. A masked examiner administered the CISS.
Major eligibility criteria for the study included best-corrected visual acuity at distance and near of 20/25 or better, no strabismus, heterophoria at near between 2Δ esophoria and 8Δ exophoria, near point of convergence closer than 6.0 cm break, negative fusional vergence at near greater than 7Δ BI-break and 5Δ BI-recovery, positive fusional vergence at near greater than 10Δ BO-break and 7Δ BO-recovery, monocular amplitude of accommodation in diopters greater than 15 minus 25% of the child’s age, and at least 500 seconds of arc of random dot stereopsis on the Randot® Stereotest (Stereo Optical Co, Chicago, IL). A refractive correction was required when the magnitude of uncorrected refractive error or change in refractive error (based on a cycloplegic refraction performed within 2 months) in either eye differed from the current prescription by 0.50 D or more in spherical equivalent of myopia, 1.50D or greater in spherical equivalent of hyperopia, or 0.75 D or greater of astigmatism. Table 1 has the complete listing of eligibility and exclusion criteria.
Validity of the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey: A Confirmatory Study. (2009). Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 86(4), 357-363.
Publication 2009
Astigmatism Child CISH protein, human Cyclopentolate Cycloplegics Depth Perception Eligibility Determination Esophoria Exophoria Heterophoria Hyperopia Lens, Crystalline Myopia Neoplasm Metastasis Ocular Accommodation Ocular Refraction Ophthalmologists Optometrist prisma Refractive Errors Strabismus Vision Visual Acuity
3
IXT Questionnaires Development and Validation

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2009
Amblyopia Child Convergence Insufficiency Ethics Committees, Research Exotropia Parent Patients prisma Refractive Errors Vision
4
Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
The KNHANES is an ongoing population-based, cross-sectional epidemiological survey conducted in South Korea. Annually, 4,000 households in 200 enumeration districts were selected by a panel to represent the civilian, non-institutionalized South Korean population using the stratified, multistage clustered sampling method based on the 2005 National Census Data. In KNHANES, sample design and size are estimated so that annual survey results represent the whole population in Korea. Therefore, annual survey results can be used as statistics to represent the overall Korean population. All members of each selected household were asked to participate in the survey, and the rate of participation in the past several cycles ranged from 79% to 84%. From July 2008, ophthalmologic interviews and examinations have been conducted. All examination and health interviews were conducted by trained teams in mobile centers, while nutrition surveys were performed in individual households.
This survey is aimed to determine the prevalence of the following vision status and common eye diseases in a population-based sample of Koreans: visual impairment and blindness, refractive errors, strabismus, blepharoptosis, cataract, pterygium, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and glaucoma. The ophthalmologic survey was designed to be conducted over 5 years from 2008 to 2013. The present study includes interim data from a survey conducted from July 2008 to December 2009.
Yoon K.C., Mun G.H., Kim S.D., Kim S.H., Kim C.Y., Park K.H., Park Y.J., Baek S.H., Song S.J., Shin J.P., Yang S.W., Yu S.Y., Lee J.S., Lim K.H., Park H.J., Pyo E.Y., Yang J.E., Kim Y.T., Oh K.W, & Kang S.W. (2011). Prevalence of Eye Diseases in South Korea: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2009. Korean Journal of Ophthalmology : KJO, 25(6), 421-433.
Publication 2011
Age-Related Macular Degeneration Blepharoptosis Blindness Cataract Diabetic Retinopathy Eye Disorders Glaucoma Households Koreans Low Vision Physical Examination Pterygium Of Conjunctiva And Cornea Refractive Errors Strabismus Vision
5
Visual Acuity Measurement in Pediatric Ophthalmology
In the clinic, a detailed parental interview was conducted, including questions regarding family income and preschool or daycare enrollment.11 (link) The examination, described in detail elsewhere,11 (link),12 (link) included VA testing, evaluation of ocular alignment, cycloplegic refractive error measurement, and anterior segment and dilated fundus evaluations. Cycloplegic refraction was performed with the Retinomax Autorefractor (Right Manufacturing, Virginia Beach, VA) at least 30 minutes after instilling the second of 2 drops of 1% cyclopentolate given 5 minutes apart. Cycloplegic retinoscopy was performed if Retinomax readings with confidence ratings of ≥8 were not obtained in both eyes after 3 attempts per eye. If parents refused cycloplegic eyedrops, non-cycloplegic retinoscopy was performed.
Presenting monocular distance VA measurement was attempted using an electronic visual acuity (EVA) tester6 (link) with the ATS protocol.5 (link) The EVA system uses a handheld device programmed with the protocol algorithm to control the presentation of high-contrast black-and-white single HOTV optotypes framed by crowding bars spaced a half-letter width from the letter on a 17-inch monitor. The ATS testing algorithm has been described previously;5 (link),6 (link) an initial screening phase obtaining an approximate VA threshold is followed by a first threshold determination phase, a reinforcement phase, and a second threshold determination phase. The VA score, measured in 0.1 logMAR increments from 20/800 to 20/16, is the smallest logMAR level passed in either of the two threshold phases.
The VA testing protocol specific to MEPEDS has been reported in detail.3 (link) Children were seated 3 meters from the monitor with a lap card containing the single-surround HOTV letters. Children who had difficulty comprehending the task underwent a binocular pretest at near, which if passed was followed by a binocular pretest at 3 meters, and monocular threshold testing for those able to complete the pretests. Children were instructed to identify the letter on the monitor verbally or by pointing to the matching optotype on the hand-held card; those who knew their letters were still encouraged to refer to the card. The right eye was tested first, followed by the left, with the fellow eye occluded with an adhesive patch or, rarely, occluding glasses. Testing was attempted on all children, including those with developmental delay or disability.
Pan Y., Tarczy-Hornoch K., Susan A. C., Wen G., Borchert M.S., Azen S.P, & Varma R. (2009). Visual Acuity Norms in Preschool Children: The Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 86(6), 607-612.
Publication 2009
ARID1A protein, human Child Child, Preschool Cyclopentolate Cycloplegics Day Care, Medical Disabled Persons Eye Drops Eyeglasses Medical Devices Ocular Refraction Parent Refractive Errors Reinforcement, Psychological Retinoscopy Vision Visual Acuity

Most recents protocols related to «Refractive Errors»

1
Ocular Changes in Parkinson's Disease
Participants were recruited from the movement disorder clinic of the Samsung Medical Center. The Institutional Review Board of Samsung Medical Center approved this study, and all subjects provided written informed consent. Patients were enrolled if they were diagnosed with PD based on the United Kingdom Brain Bank Criteria for PD38 (link). Patients with any of the following conditions were excluded: any neurologic disorder other than PD, systemic vasculitis, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disease, end-stage renal disease, peripheral nervous system autonomic failure (diabetic neuropathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, amyloid neuropathy, surgical sympathectomy, and pheochromocytoma, etc.), ocular pathology that could affect OCTA measurements (glaucoma, a refractive error >+6.0 diopters of spherical equivalent or <−6.0 diopters of spherical equivalent, astigmatism ≥ 3.0 diopters, epiretinal membrane, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, retinal artery/vein occlusion, or optic neuropathy) or previous retinal surgery. Exact age- and sex-matched controls were recruited. The healthy controls were required to have normal visual acuity, normal intraocular pressure ≤21 mm Hg, and normal optic discs. The same exclusion criteria were applied to healthy controls and PD patients. Demographic and clinical data, including age, sex, and comorbid vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia), were collected for all enrolled participants. The UPDRS III39 (link), H&Y scale40 (link), LEDD41 (link), and MoCA42 (link) were investigated in all enrolled PD patients.
Ahn J.H., Kang M.C., Lee D., Cho J.W., Park K.A, & Youn J. (2023). Central retinal microvasculature damage is associated with orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Parkinson's Disease, 9, 36.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Age-Related Macular Degeneration Amyloid Neuropathies Arteries Astigmatism Blood Vessel Brain Cardiovascular Diseases Diabetes Mellitus Diabetic Neuropathies Diabetic Retinopathy Dyslipidemias Epiretinal Membrane Ethics Committees, Research Eye Glaucoma Guillain-Barre Syndrome High Blood Pressures Hypertensive Retinopathy Kidney Failure, Chronic Movement Disorders Musculoskeletal Diseases Nervous System Disorder Neural-Optical Lesion Operative Surgical Procedures Optic Disk Patients Peripheral Nervous System Pheochromocytoma Pure Autonomic Failure Refractive Errors Retina Retinal Artery Occlusion Retinal Vein Occlusion Sympathectomy Tonometry, Ocular Veins Visual Acuity
2
Biobank Eye Examination Protocol
A subset of the UK Biobank participants completed an eye examination. The measures collected included best corrected visual acuity using a logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) chart (Precision Vision, LaSalle, Illinois, USA). Visual acuity was measured with participants wearing their distance glasses at 4m, or at 1m if a participant was unable to read letters at 4m. Participants were asked to read from the top of the chart downwards, with the test terminated when two or more letters were read incorrectly. Further, refractive error was measured using a Tomey RC-5000 auto refraktometer (Tomey Corp., Nagoya, Japan) [11 (link)]. For each eye, up to 10 measurements were taken and the most reliable measure was automatically recorded. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured using an Reichert Ocular response Analyzer [12 (link)] from which corneal compensated IOP was calculated that accounts for rigidity of the cornea [13 (link)].
Currant H., Fitzgerald T.W., Patel P.J., Khawaja A.P., Webster A.R., Mahroo O.A, & Birney E. (2023). Sub-cellular level resolution of common genetic variation in the photoreceptor layer identifies continuum between rare disease and common variation. PLOS Genetics, 19(2), e1010587.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Cornea Eyeglasses Muscle Rigidity Refractive Errors Tonometry, Ocular Vision Visual Acuity
3
Rigorous QC for UK Biobank Ocular Imaging
The most densely populated well-mixed population was selected for using principal component analysis applied to the genotype data. PCA was applied to a subset of SNPs following pruning based on linkage disequilibrium with a window size of 50kb, a step size of 1 and an r2 threshold of 0.8, using PLINK [16 (link)]. Further a minor allele frequency (MAF) threshold of 0.1 was applied. Individuals within a defined euclidean distance (1.45 × 10-3) of the mean of the selected population (CEU, Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry, and TSI, Toscana in Italia), as identified by comparison to the HapMap Phase III study [17 (link)] in PC1-PC2 space (PC1 = 7.52 × 10-4, PC2 = -4.66 × 10-4) were selected. This subset largely aligns with those that self-identify as White British in the UK Biobank ethnicity field. Individuals were further excluded if they were related to third degree or more [18 (link)]. Participants who were recommended for exclusion from genetic studies by the UK Biobank were removed from the dataset (Fig 2).
In addition to the genotypic quality control, rigorous quality control was applied to the phenotypic data. Exclusion/inclusion criteria were applied to the OCT images and the quantitative measures derived from them utilising methods previously implemented in Patel et al. (2016) [19 (link)]. In line with this method all participants with an OCT image quality score <45 were removed from the study. Further, individuals with values within the poorest 20% of the population in each of the OCT segmentation indicators were removed. These segmentation indicators include: Inner limiting membrane (ILM) indicator, a measure of the minimum localised edge strength around the ILM boundary across the entire OCT scan. ILM indicator is indicative of blinks, severe signal fading, and segmentation errors; Valid count, used to identify significant clipping in the z-axis of the OCT scan; Minimum motion correlation, maximum motion delta and maximum motion factor, all of which utilise the nerve fibre layer and total retinal thickness to calculate Pearson correlation and absolute differences between the thickness values from each set of consecutive B-scans. The lowest correlation and highest absolute difference in a scan define the resulting indicator values. These values identify blinks, eye motion artefacts and segmentation failures. It should be noted that the image quality score and segmentation indicators are often correlated with one another. Finally individuals with outlier values of refractive error were removed from the study. Outlier refractive error scores were defined as values lying outside one standard deviation of 1.5 times the inter-quartile range from the median. The final dataset included 31,135 individuals.
Currant H., Fitzgerald T.W., Patel P.J., Khawaja A.P., Webster A.R., Mahroo O.A, & Birney E. (2023). Sub-cellular level resolution of common genetic variation in the photoreceptor layer identifies continuum between rare disease and common variation. PLOS Genetics, 19(2), e1010587.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Blinking Epistropheus Ethnicity Europeans Genotype HapMap Low-Income Population Muscle Rigidity Nerve Fibers Phenotype Radionuclide Imaging Refractive Errors Retina Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Tissue, Membrane
4
Genome-Wide Association Study of Retinal Layer Thickness
GWAS were implemented using an additive linear model in BGENIE [18 (link)]. The mean thickness of each component PRC layer across the ETDRS grid was used as the input phenotype (Fig 1C). Eye-specific covariates including image quality measures obtained from the OCT machine (listed above) and refractive error (calculated as sphericalerror + 0.5 × cylindricalerror) were regressed out of thickness values for the left and right eye separately before a mean was made across the two eyes. Covariates including age, weight, sex, height, OCT machine ID and the first 20 genotype PCs were used in the model. A genome-wide significance threshold of P <5 × 10-8 was used. LD-score regression was implemented using LD SCore v1.0 [20 (link)] to obtain estimates of genomic inflation and heritability of traits.
Currant H., Fitzgerald T.W., Patel P.J., Khawaja A.P., Webster A.R., Mahroo O.A, & Birney E. (2023). Sub-cellular level resolution of common genetic variation in the photoreceptor layer identifies continuum between rare disease and common variation. PLOS Genetics, 19(2), e1010587.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Eye Genome Genome-Wide Association Study Genotype Phenotype Refractive Errors
5
Vortex Vein Characteristics in PCV and AMD
Patients orally agreed to the use of their data in the present study. Ethical approval for this retrospective study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre (approval no. 2022KYPJ173). In total, 180 participants(mean age, 64.12±8.87 years; range, 52-75 years) were recruited in this study, including 109 males and 71 females. All participants underwent ICGA (SPECTRALIS Diagnostic Imaging Platform; Heidelberg Engineering, Inc.) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) (SPECTRALIS® OCT; Heidelberg Engineering Inc.) between January 2018 and January 2022 at the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Guangzhou, China.
The present study included 63 patients with PCV, 50 with AMD and 67 healthy control group. Based on the results of fundus examination, OCT, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and ICGA, age- and sex-matched patients were grouped based on diagnosis into PCV, AMD and healthy control group. Only one eye was included for patients diagnosed with bilateral PCV or AMD. In healthy participants, only the eye with the best-corrected visual acuity (>20/16) was included.
The following exclusion criteria were adopted: History of prior ocular surgery or trauma(excluded 15 PCV patients); severe vitreous haemorrhage that may affect imaging examination (excluded two PCV patients); any systemic disease that may affect blood flow, such as diabetes mellitus or hypertension (excluded one PCV patients and three AMD patients); central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC); primary glaucoma; optic neuritis; retinal vein occlusion; choroidal melanoma; retinal vasculitis; uveitis; an epiretinal membrane that may affect ocular circulation (excluded one PCV patients and five AMD patients) or moderate to high myopia (defined as a spherical equivalent refractive error in phakic eyes <-3.00 D) (excluded nine healthy participants).
We conducted another screening to exclude the cases who only received monocular ICGA and OCT examination and included 44 cases of unilateral PCV and 18 cases of unilateral AMD. The diseased eye was included in the PCV/AMD group, and the healthy fellow eye was included in the PCV/AMD fellow eye group.
Following intravenous injection of 5 ml 25 mg ICG (Dandong Yichuang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd), ICGA images were recorded. Early-stage images (5 min after dye injection) were selected for analysis. The vortex veins were separated into four categories according to a previous method (8 (link)). The branches of type I vortex veins do not converge and pass directly through the sclera, whereas all branches of type IV (complete with ampulla) converge to form the ampulla, which is a complete vortex system. Type IV systems have a larger root area due to the dilated ampulla (8 (link)). The fundus was divided into four quadrants: Superior and inferior temporal and superior and inferior nasal. Patient characteristics, such as sex, age, number, location and type of vortex veins were recorded. The sketching tool of the retinal device was used to mark the root area and diameter of the thickest branch of each vortex vein (Fig. 1). The centre of a concentric circle was placed on the macula, the thickest vortex vein branch intersecting with the outermost circle was selected and its diameter was measured and stored as the central vortex vein diameter (CVVD). The ends of each vortex vein branch were connected with a smooth curve and the area enclosed by the curve was defined as the root area of the vortex vein (RAVV). The width of the thickest first-order branch of the vortex vein was defined as the diameter of the peripheral thickest branch (DPTB). The mean RAVV (MRAVV) and MDPTB were calculated. Vortex vein anastomosis was observed when vortex vein branches connected the two vortex vein systems on IGCA. The percentage of eyes with vortex vein anastomosis in each group was calculated and recorded as the percentage of vortex vein anastomosis (PVVA). Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) was measured using SPECTRALIS® OCT device. All labelling was performed separately by two experienced ophthalmologists (CXC and XMX) and the mean of the two measurements was used as the final data.
Cai C.X., Xiong X.M., Li T., Liu B.Q., Huang X.H., Yu S.S., Lin Z.Q., Wang Q., Cui J.L., Lu L, & Lin Y. (2023). Vortex vein engorgement and different shapes of venous drainage systems in polypoid choroidal vasculopathy vs. age‑related macular degeneration on indocyanine green angiography. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 25(4), 162.
Publication 2023
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Choroid Diabetes Mellitus Epiretinal Membrane Ethics Committees, Research Eye Females Fluorescein Angiography Glaucoma Healthy Volunteers High Blood Pressures Macula Lutea Males Medical Devices Melanoma Myopia Nose Ophthalmologists Optic Neuritis Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Plant Roots Refractive Errors Retina Retinal Vasculitis Retinal Vein Occlusion Sclera Surgical Anastomoses Thalamostriate Veins Tomography, Optical Coherence Uveitis Veins Vision Visual Acuity Vitreous Hemorrhage Wounds and Injuries

Top products related to «Refractive Errors»

1
Iol master by Zeiss
Sourced in Germany, United States, Ireland, Japan, United Kingdom, Lao People's Democratic Republic
The IOL Master is a non-contact optical biometry device used to measure various parameters of the eye, including axial length, anterior chamber depth, and corneal curvature. It provides precise measurements that are essential for calculating the appropriate intraocular lens power for cataract surgery.
2
Iolmaster 500 by Zeiss
Sourced in Germany, United States, Japan, Ireland, Switzerland, China
The IOLMaster 500 is a non-contact optical biometry device designed for ocular measurements. It utilizes optical coherence technology to precisely measure axial length, anterior chamber depth, and corneal curvature. The IOLMaster 500 is a diagnostic tool used in pre-operative evaluations for cataract and refractive surgery.
3
Kr 8900 by Topcon
Sourced in Japan
The KR-8900 is a high-performance automated refractor-keratometer designed for comprehensive vision assessments. The device measures refractive errors and corneal curvature data, providing essential information for prescribing corrective lenses.
4
Lenstar ls 900 by Haag-Streit
Sourced in Switzerland, United States, Germany, Japan
The Lenstar LS 900 is an optical biometry device designed for measuring the axial length of the eye, keratometry, and other biometric parameters. It utilizes high-resolution optical coherence interferometry technology to provide precise measurements.
5
Pentacam by Oculus
Sourced in Germany, United States, Japan
The Pentacam is a diagnostic device that captures a 3D image of the anterior segment of the eye. It uses rotating Scheimpflug camera technology to obtain detailed measurements of the cornea, anterior chamber, lens, and iris.
6
Ct 80 by Topcon
Sourced in Japan, United States
The CT-80 is a compact and portable computed tomography (CT) scanner designed for laboratory use. It features a high-resolution X-ray imaging system that captures detailed three-dimensional images of small samples or specimens. The CT-80 is capable of non-destructive analysis and visualization of internal structures, enabling researchers and scientists to study a wide range of materials and objects without causing damage.
7
Spectralis by Heidelberg Engineering
Sourced in Germany, United States, United Kingdom, Japan, Switzerland, Ireland
The Spectralis is an optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging device developed by Heidelberg Engineering. It captures high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina and optic nerve using near-infrared light. The Spectralis provides detailed structural information about the eye, which can aid in the diagnosis and management of various eye conditions.
8
Iolmaster 700 by Zeiss
Sourced in Germany, United States, Ireland, Italy, Japan
The IOLMaster 700 is an optical biometry device designed for accurate measurement of the eye's components. It utilizes optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology to provide precise data on the axial length, anterior chamber depth, and corneal curvature of the eye.
9
Kr8800 by Topcon
Sourced in Japan
The KR8800 is a multi-function clinical refraction system designed for use in ophthalmology and optometry practices. The device is capable of performing automated refraction, keratometry, and corneal topography measurements.

More about "Refractive Errors"

Refractive errors, also known as vision disorders or sight problems, are a group of common eye conditions where the eye fails to properly focus light, leading to blurred vision.
This can include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightendness), and astigmatism.
Effective treatments and management strategies are crucial for maintaining clear sight and overall eye health.
Explore the latest research, protocols, and product innovations through PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform to advance your work in this important field of ophthalmology.
Discover the power of this platform to optimize your research on refractive errors, locating the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents using advanced AI comparisons.
Identify the most effective products and methodologies, such as the IOL Master, IOLMaster 500, KR-8900, Lenstar LS 900, Pentacam, CT-80, Spectralis, IOLMaster 700, and KR8800, to eleviate refractive issues and improve visual outcomes.
Experience the future of research today with PubCompare.ai.
OtherTerms: vision disorders, sight problems, myopia, nearsightedness, hyperopia, farsightedness, astigmatism, IOL Master, IOLMaster 500, KR-8900, Lenstar LS 900, Pentacam, CT-80, Spectralis, IOLMaster 700, KR8800