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> Disorders > Disease or Syndrome > Smear Layer

Smear Layer

The smear layer is a thin film of debris that forms on the surface of dentin after instrumentation or abrasion.
It consists of organic and inorganic material, including pulp tissue remnants, odontoblastic processess, bacterial components, and calcified material.
The smear layer can influence the adhesion and penetration of dental materials, as well as the permeability of dentin.
Proper management of the smear layer is crucial for the success of many dental procedures, such as bonding, sealing, and restoration.
This MeSH term provides a concise overview of the smear layer and its clinical relevance in dentistry.

Most cited protocols related to «Smear Layer»

1
Calcium Imaging and Optogenetic Manipulation in C. elegans

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Publication 2014
Adult Animals Bacteria Carisoprodol Fluorescence Head Helminths Humidity Laser Ablation Light Locomotion Movement Optogenetics Phototaxis Precipitating Factors Pulse Rate Retina Smear Layer Transients
2
Quantifying Phototaxis Behavior in C. elegans
Phototaxis was tested on day 1 adult worms unless otherwise indicated. Worms were transferred to NGM plates (one worm per plate) covered with a thin layer of freshly spread OP50 bacteria 2–5 min before the test. To quantify the percent responding, we tested each worm five times with an 8–10-min interval between each test and tabulated a percentage score for each worm. To quantify response delay, response amplitude and response duration, we tested each worm only once. The number of head swings was determined according to the definition created in a previous study37 (link). Light pulses from an Arc lamp (EXFO Xcite) were delivered to the worm head or tail via a 10× objective in combination with a 1–8× zoom lens on a Zeiss microscope (Zeiss Discovery) and the entire event was recorded with a digital camera (Cohu 7800) at 16 frames per s. To direct light to the worm head, we manually moved the stage (plate) such that only the head of the worm appeared in the field of view. A positive response was scored if the worm topped forward movement within 3 s after the cessation of light illumination and also initiated backward movement that lasted at least half of a head swing. In most cases, a 2-s light pulse was used to trigger responses unless otherwise indicated. When light was directed to the worm tail or body, it usually stimulated forward movement. Light intensity was determined with a radiometric sensor head (268S for UV-A light and 268LP for visible light) coupled to an optometer (S471, UDT Instruments). The intensities of UV-A, violet, blue, green-1, green-2 and yellow light were sampled at 340, 430, 470, 500, 550 and 580 nm, respectively. The background light used to visualize worms was filtered into red with a red filter. Io was set as 20 mW mm−2 for all wavelengths. A software package was developed in the laboratory by modifying one reported previously to control the shutter and the camera, as well as to process images and quantify behavioral parameters38 (link),39 (link). Laser ablation was performed on L2 worms using standard protocols40 (link) and phototaxis was analyzed at day 1 or 2 adulthood. A GFP transgene under the control of the tax-2Δ promoter was expressed in the worm to aid laser ablation17 (link).
Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistica (StatSoft). P values were generated by ANOVA using the Bonferroni test. P < 0.05 was considered to be significant.
Ward A., Liu J., Feng Z, & Shawn Xu X.Z. (2008). Light-sensitive neurons and channels mediate phototaxis in C. elegans. Nature neuroscience, 11(8), 916-922.
Publication 2008
Adult Bacteria Fingers Head Helminths Human Body Laser Ablation Lens, Crystalline Light Light, Visible Lightheadedness Microscopy Movement neuro-oncological ventral antigen 2, human Phototaxis Precipitating Factors Pulse Rate Pulses Radiometry Reading Frames Smear Layer Tail Transgenes Viola
3
Scalable AAV production using CELLdiscs
Cells (2.4 × 106 and 6 × 107) were seeded per 15 cm dish and 16-layer CELLdisc (4,000 cm2) in 25 and 1,050 mL DMEM + GlutaMAX-I + 10% FCS 3 days prior to transfection, respectively. In the case of frozen cell stocks, a vial with 6 × 107 cells was rapidly thawed at 37°C, wiped with an ethanol-soaked cloth, and added to 20 mL pre-warmed culture medium. Next, 10 mL of this cell suspension was added to each of two bottles of pre-warmed 525 mL culture medium and gently mixed by rotating. Two bottles of cell suspension were then poured into one CELLdisc and equally spread on all layers, following the handling instructions provided with the CELLdiscs, and incubated for 72 h at 37°C. For transfection, 0.5 μg of total plasmid DNA were used per square centimeter of growth area in an equimolar ratio (i.e., under consideration of plasmid size). pDG, pDP8, or AAV9, AAV2-BR1, or AAV2-L1 (termed AAV2-ESGHGYF in the original publication)21 (link),22 rep/cap plasmids were mixed with pHelper (Applied Biosystems) and an AAV2 ITR-containing CMV-eGFP or CAG-eGFP plasmid. For one 16-layer/4,000 cm2 CELLdisc, the DNA was then mixed with 69 mL 300 mM CaCl2 and mixed by rotation. This mix was added dropwise to 69 mL 2 × HBS buffer, pH 7.0 (Alfa Aesar/Thermo Fisher Scientific). After incubation for approximately 2 min and visual confirmation of slight turbidity, the solution was added to a medium bottle with 5% FCS (525 mL). If multiple CELLdiscs were to be transfected, each transfection mix was prepared separately immediately before addition. The CELLdisc medium was then replaced with the 663 mL transfection medium and incubated for 4–6 h. The transfection medium was then replaced again with 1,050 mL fresh culture medium (5% FCS; optionally supplemented with pen/strep) and incubated for 72 h. Transfection of cell dishes overall followed the same approach, but with direct addition of transfection mix to the dishes, as described in detail before.4 (link) Four to six hours after transfection, the transfection medium was replaced with fresh medium (5% FCS), and cells were incubated for 72 h until harvest.
Strobel B., Zuckschwerdt K., Zimmermann G., Mayer C., Eytner R., Rechtsteiner P., Kreuz S, & Lamla T. (2019). Standardized, Scalable, and Timely Flexible Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Production Using Frozen High-Density HEK-293 Cell Stocks and CELLdiscs. Human Gene Therapy Methods, 30(1), 23-33.
Publication 2019
Buffers Cells Ethanol Freezing Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Plasmids Smear Layer Streptococcal Infections Transfection
4
Automated Tracking of C. elegans Locomotion and Lifespan

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Publication 2013
Animals Arecoline Bacteria Fingers Glucose Helminths HEPES Human Body Humidity Levamisole Locomotion Magnesium Chloride Movement Parts, Body Pharmaceutical Preparations Reading Frames Smear Layer Sodium Chloride Strains ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Vision
5
Optogenetic Control of Worm Behavior

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Publication 2011
Behavior Test Head Helminths Light Movement Phototaxis Pulse Rate Retina Sibling Smear Layer Transgenes

Most recents protocols related to «Smear Layer»

1
Comparison of MTA Filling Materials for Oval Root Canals
A total of 30 freshly extracted single-rooted mandibular human premolars with oval root canals were obtained after the study was approved by the institutional review board of Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea (KUGH-022-08-033). Teeth presenting dental caries, cracks, and fractures were excluded. After cleansing of visible blood and gross debris, radiographs were taken to ensure a similar buccolingual dimension of the root canals. The teeth were stored in a sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution diluted 1:10 with distilled water until the time of experimental usage.
To obtain standardized root lengths, the roots were sectioned 12 mm from the apex with a diamond bar under water cooling. The root canals were instrumented using a rotary instrument system (ProTaper Next, Sybron Endo, Orange, CA, USA) up to size F3. During instrumentation, the root canals were irrigated with 2 mL of 1% NaOCl using a 27-gauge side-vented needle. The smear layer formed in the root canal wall was removed using 1 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for 2 minutes. Finally, the root canals were irrigated with 2 mL of distilled water and dried with paper points.
The root canal specimens were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 15), which were then treated with different filling materials. In the first group, each root canal was filled with ProRoot MTA. After the powder was mixed with the liquid, the mixture was inserted into an MTA carrier (MAP system, Dentsply-Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Then, the material was placed in the root canal and compacted apically with plugger and paper points. In the other group, the root canal was filled with Endocem MTA Premixed. The material was injected into the canal and apically placed using paper points. The filling procedure was performed until the canal was filled up to 3 mm from the orifice. Then, the orifice was restored with a temporary filling material (Caviton, GC, Tokyo, Japan). The specimens were stored in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; HyClone Laboratories Inc., Logan, UT, USA) for 30 days to facilitate biomineralization.
Park J.H., Kim H.J., Lee K.W., Yu M.K, & Min K.S. (2023). Push-out bond strength and intratubular biomineralization of a hydraulic root-end filling material premixed with dimethyl sulfoxide as a vehicle. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 48(1), e8.
Publication 2023
Bicuspid Biomineralization BLOOD Caviton Dental Caries Dentsply Diamond Edetic Acid endocem Endometriosis Ethics Committees, Research Fracture, Bone Homo sapiens Mandible Mandibular Canal Needles Phosphates Plant Roots Powder ProRoot MTA Pulp Canals Radiography Root Canal Therapy Saline Solution Smear Layer Sodium Hypochlorite Tooth Tooth Root
2
Intracellular Chemical Composition Analysis by Raman Microscopy
For the in situ determination of the chemical composition of intracellular structures, a confocal Raman microscope (alpha300 RSA; WITec, Germany) was used as previously described (56 (link)– (link)60 (link)). To immobilize the fast-moving flagellates on the quartz slide, 5 μL of the cell pellet was mixed with 5 μL of 1% (wt/vol) solution of low-melting-point agarose (catalog number 6351.5; Carl Roth, Germany), immediately spread as a single-cell layer between a quartz slide and coverslip, and sealed with CoverGrip sealant (Biotium, USA). Two-dimensional Raman maps were obtained with laser excitation at 532 nm (20 mW power at the focal plane) and oil-immersion objective UPlanFLN 100×, numerical aperture (NA) 1.30, or water-immersion objective UPlanSApo 60×, NA 1.20 (Olympus, Japan). A scanning step size of 200 nm in both directions and an integration time of 100 ms per voxel were used. A minimum of 30 cells were measured for each strain. Raman chemical maps were constructed by multivariate decomposition of the baseline-corrected spectra into the spectra of pure chemical components by using Project Plus 5.1 software (WITec, Germany).
Pilátová J., Tashyreva D., Týč J., Vancová M., Bokhari S.N., Skoupý R., Klementová M., Küpper H., Mojzeš P, & Lukeš J. (2023). Massive Accumulation of Strontium and Barium in Diplonemid Protists. mBio, 14(1), e03279-22.
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Publication 2023
Cells chemical composition Immobilization Microscopy, Confocal Microtubule-Associated Proteins Protoplasm Quartz Sepharose Smear Layer Strains Submersion
3
Microleakage Evaluation of Dental Restorations
The demineralized solution was replaced with distilled water, the specimens were rinsed with distilled water and then they were re-immersed in distilled water for 24 h and then in 1% methylene blue (Vitalia Pharma, Ploiesti, Romania) for 24 h. Finally, the specimens were cleaned under running water for 5 min and then removed from the storage containers. The teeth were sectioned through the middle of the restoration in a facial–lingual direction, using thin diamond discs (Disc DS022, Clinique) with low speed and continuous water cooling in order to reduce the risk of damage. The slices were finished and polished using the Sof-Lex Finishing and Polishing Kit (Batch No. NC11462, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA). The cross-sections were ultrasonically cleaned in deionized water for 10 min in order to remove the smear layer produced by the cutting procedures.
The images of the microleakages at the occlusal and cervical margins were registered and scored using an optical Carl-Zeiss AXIO Imager A1m microscope, (Carl-Zeiss, Jena, Germany) coupled with a high-resolution digital camera, capable of obtaining images between 50 and 1000×, using Dark Field and Bright Field filters.
Dye penetration was evaluated according to a 4-point scale: 0 = no dye penetration; 1 = dye penetration from the cavosurface margin to less than half the length of the prepared wall; 2 = dye penetration from the cavosurface margin to more than half the length of the prepared wall, but not involving the axial wall; 3 = dye penetration from the cavosurface margin along the whole length of the prepared wall and also involving the axial wall. The evaluations were carried out in a blind study to overcome the subjectivity of reading.
The tested hypothesis sustained the absence of statistically significant differences between microleakage scores of the study subgroups and corresponding control subgroups for both etching strategies.
Boaru M.O., Tărăboanță I., Stoleriu S., Andrian S., Pancu G., Nica I., Sufaru I.G, & Iovan G. (2023). The Influence of Chlorhexidine Gluconate Dentine Pre-Treatment on Adhesive Interface and Marginal Sealing. Medicina, 59(2), 278.
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Publication 2023
Blindness Diamond Face Fingers Light Microscopy Methylene Blue Neck Smear Layer Tongue Tooth
4
Controlled Maillard Reaction of nPPI-Maltodextrin

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Publication 2023
Buffers Climate Glycation Humidity Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Maillard Reaction maltodextrin potassium phosphate Powder Proteins Smear Layer
5
Standardized Root Canal Instrumentation
A total of 70 teeth, stored in physiologic saline, were used. The inclusion criteria for teeth choice were: humans extracted single-rooted teeth, without root fractures or prior endodontic treatment without the endodontic space obstructed by calcifications or other materials.
The use of extracted teeth for the in vitro study was previously authorized by the Ethical Committee of the University of Chieti-Pescara (reference number: BONEISTO N. 22 10.07.2021). The teeth were decoronated with the use of diamond burns. The length of the roots was then standardized to approximately 15 mm. NiTi Mtwo instruments were used in a 16:1 handpiece (Anthogyr, Sallanches, France) in conjunction with a high torque endodontic electric motor (E-Go, Sweden and Martina, Padova, Italy) at 150 rpm in a simultaneous technique. Working length was established by passing a size 10 K-file (Dentsply-Sirona Endodontics, Ballaigues, Switzerland) in the canal until visible at the apex and subtracting 1 mm. Instrumentation was continued until Maximal Apical Foramen 30 (taper 0.05). During shaping, each canal was irrigated between each successive instrument with 2.5 mL of 5.25% NaOCl using an endodontic syringe (Navi tip, Ultradent, South Jordan, UT, USA). After root canal instrumentation, the smear layer was removed by irrigating the canal with 1 mL of 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid solution (Ogna, Italy) for 2 min, followed by a final flush with 1 mL of 5.25% NaOCl (Ogna, Italy) for 30 s. Then, the canals were washed with 1 mL of 5% sterile saline solution. All root canals were irrigated with a 30-gauge needle (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany).
The apical foramen was sealed by composite resin (P60, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) and the root surface was waterproofed with coats of clear nail varnish to prevent bacterial leakage. Then, the samples were placed in test tubes, immersed in TSB (Oxoid, Milan, Italy), ultrasonicated for 1 min to release the entrapped air and allow penetration of the culture media into root canal irregularities sterilized by autoclaving.
Carlesi T., Dotta T.C., Pierfelice T.V., D’Amico E., Lepore S., Tripodi D., Piattelli A., D’Ercole S, & Petrini M. (2023). Efficacy of 5% Aminolaevulinic Acid and Red Light on Enterococcus faecalis in Infected Root Canals. Gels, 9(2), 125.
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Publication 2023
Bacteria Burns Composite Resins Culture Media Dentsply Diamond Edetic Acid Electricity Flushing Foramen, Apical Fracture, Bone Homo sapiens Nails Needles Physiologic Calcification physiology Plant Roots Pulp Canals Root Canal Therapy Saline Solution Smear Layer Sterility, Reproductive Syringes titanium nickelide Tooth Tooth Extraction Tooth Root Torque

Top products related to «Smear Layer»

1
Isomet by Buehler
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom
The Isomet is a precision sectioning saw designed for cutting materials for microscopic analysis or sample preparation. It features a variable-speed motor and a micrometer-controlled feed system to allow for precise control of the cutting process.
2
Matrigel by BD
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, Canada, Japan, Italy, France, Belgium, Australia, Uruguay, Switzerland, Israel, India, Spain, Denmark, Morocco, Austria, Brazil, Ireland, Netherlands, Montenegro, Poland
Matrigel is a solubilized basement membrane preparation extracted from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) mouse sarcoma, a tumor rich in extracellular matrix proteins. It is widely used as a substrate for the in vitro cultivation of cells, particularly those that require a more physiologically relevant microenvironment for growth and differentiation.
3
Size 10 k file by Dentsply
Sourced in Switzerland, United States
The Size 10 K-file is a dental instrument used for root canal treatment. It is a thin, flexible metal file with a tapered tip designed to navigate and shape the narrow, intricate canals within a tooth's root system.
4
Isomet low speed saw by Buehler
Sourced in United States, Germany
The IsoMet Low Speed Saw is a precision cutting instrument designed for sectioning a variety of materials, including metals, ceramics, and composites. It features a low-speed blade that allows for controlled and accurate cuts, making it suitable for applications that require precision and minimal sample damage.
5
X smart by Dentsply
Sourced in Switzerland, Japan, United States
The X-Smart is a dental laboratory equipment product designed for endodontic procedures. It is an electric motor-driven handpiece that allows for rotary file instrumentation of root canals.
6
Isomet 5000 by Buehler
Sourced in United States, Germany
The Isomet 5000 is a precision saw designed for cutting a variety of materials, including metals, ceramics, and composites. It features a microprocessor-controlled blade speed and feed rate for accurate and repeatable cuts. The Isomet 5000 is capable of making straight, angled, or contoured cuts with a high degree of precision.
7
Inspiral brush tip by Ultradent
The Inspiral® brush tip is a dental lab equipment product designed for application and distribution of dental materials. It features a spiral-shaped brush tip that allows for controlled and precise placement of the material.
8
Isomet 1000 by Buehler
Sourced in United States, Germany, Brazil, Switzerland, Japan, Israel
The Isomet 1000 is a precision sectioning saw designed for cutting hard materials, including metals, ceramics, and composites. It features a precision-ground diamond wafering blade and a motorized feed system to provide accurate and reproducible sample preparation.
9
Protaper gold by Dentsply
Sourced in Switzerland, United States
ProTaper Gold is a line of endodontic files designed for root canal preparation. The files are made of a proprietary gold alloy and feature a unique taper design. The product is intended to provide efficient and effective root canal shaping.
10
Ah plus by Dentsply
Sourced in Germany, Switzerland, Brazil, United States, United Kingdom
AH Plus is an endodontic sealer material manufactured by Dentsply. It is designed for use in root canal procedures to fill and seal the root canal space.

More about "Smear Layer"

The smear layer is a thin, film-like deposit that forms on the surface of dentin after instrumentation or abrasion.
It consists of various organic and inorganic components, including remnants of pulp tissue, odontoblastic processes, bacterial elements, and calcified material.
This smear layer can significantly impact the adhesion and penetration of dental materials, as well as the permeability of the dentin itself.
Proper management of the smear layer is crucial for the success of many common dental procedures, such as bonding, sealing, and restoration.
Researchers and clinicians have developed various techniques and tools to address the smear layer, including the use of IsoMet Low Speed Saws, X-Smart rotary instruments, and Inspiral® brush tips.
These technologies help to effectively remove or modify the smear layer, optimizing the outcomes of treatments like root canal therapy, cavity preparation, and indirect restorations.
Additionally, materials like AH Plus sealers and ProTaper Gold rotary files have been shown to effectively manage the smear layer, enhancing the sealing abilities and adhesion of restorative materials.
By understanding the importance of the smear layer and leveraging the latest advancements in dental technology, clinicians can improve the long-term success of their treatments and provide better outcomes for their patients.
Utilizing AI-powered tools like PubCompare.ai can help researchers and dentists stay up-to-date on the latest smear layer management protocols, identify the optimal techniques and products, and streamline their research and clinical workflows.
This powerful technology can enhance reproducibility, foster innovation, and ultimately lead to improved patient care.