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> Disorders > Disease or Syndrome > Status Epilepticus

Status Epilepticus

Status epilepticus is a serious medical condition characterized by a prolonged seizure or series of seizures without recovery of consciousness between them.
It is a neurological emergency requiring immediate treatment to prevent brain damage and potentially fatal complications.
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Most cited protocols related to «Status Epilepticus»

1
Observational Cohort Study of Post-Cardiac Arrest Patients
The University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board approved this study. We performed an observational cohort study of consecutive patients hospitalized at a single academic center from April 2010 to October 2014 with ≥6 hours of EEG monitoring. We maintain a registry of all patients treated by our Post-Cardiac Arrest Service including demographic and disease-specific baseline characteristics, treatments and outcomes. Our local standard of care is to monitor all comatose survivors of CA with continuous EEG,[17 (link)] and during the study period we cooled all comatose post-CA patients to 33°C We excluded patients from this analysis for arrest from trauma, exsanguination, or catastrophic neurological event (arrest secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke or status epilepticus), for 24 hours, regardless of initial rhythm or arrest location. and those who died or were transitioned to comfort measures only within 6 hours of presentation.
Elmer J., Gianakas J.J., Rittenberger J.C., Baldwin M., Faro J., Plummer C., Shutter L.A., Wassel C.L., Callaway C.W, & Fabio A. (2016). Group-based trajectory modeling of suppression ratio after cardiac arrest. Neurocritical care, 25(3), 415-423.
Publication 2016
Cardiac Arrest Care, Comfort Cerebrovascular Accident Comatose Ethics Committees, Research Exsanguination Patients Status Epilepticus Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Survivors Wounds and Injuries
2
Modulating seizure-induced molecular changes in rat hippocampus
A detailed description of the methods used can be found in the online supplementary materials.
Male Wistar-Han rats (n = 20) were implanted with cannulae and electrodes, and a second set of rats (n = 16) were implanted with cannulae. Experimental protocols conformed to NIH guidelines, and were approved by INSERM and by the IACUC of the University of California-Irvine. Continuous video/EEG monitoring was performed.
To induce status epilepticus (SE), kainic acid (KA) was given by intraperitoneal injection once per hour (5 mg/kg), and pilocarpine hydrochloride (310 mg / kg) was injected 30 minutes after a preliminary scopolamine injection (1mg/kg).
To assess molecular changes and in vitro physiology, rats were infused with ordered or scrambled oligonucleotides (ODNs) on days 1 (10 nmol), and 2 (5nmol) after the SE. Electrophysiological and biochemical studies were performed on the day following the 2nd infusion. For long-term effects of the ODN in vivo, repeated infusions alternated full dose (10 nmol/hemisphere) and half dose the following post-SE days: day 1 (full dose), day 2 (half dose), day 3 (half dose), day 6 (full dose), day 8 (half dose), day 10 (full dose). Recordings were discontinued on day 13 post-SE.
Analysis of seizures, interictal activities and theta rhythm were performed as described previously 25 (link).
Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures were prepared as described before26 (link),27 (link) using P8 rats. Phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides, were added in the culture medium (1 μM) 3 hours after treatment with kainic acid that provoked seizure-like events28 (link). Cultures were assessed for HCN expression 2-days after KA, and for NRSF at 4h-7d.
Animals used for NRSF, HCN1, HCN2 and Kv4.2 measurements were decapitated and the hippocampi were rapidly dissected. Organotypic slice culture tissues were harvested directly from the membranes. All tissues were processed for Western Blot analyses as described in the supplementary methods.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed, as described in the supplementary methods, to detect the physical binding of transcription factors and histones to DNA.
Hippocampal slices were prepared from the dorsal hippocampus and recordings performed as previously described 10 (link).
SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. We used non parametric Mann-Whitney test for samples lower than 6 in size, and t-test otherwise. Results are expressed as mean ± s.e.m, with p<0.05 considered significant.
McClelland S., Flynn C., Dubé C., Richichi C., Zha Q., Ghestem A., Esclapez M., Bernard C, & Baram T.Z. (2011). Neuron-restrictive silencer factor-mediated cyclic nucleotide gated channelopathy in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy. Annals of neurology, 70(3), 454-465.
Publication 2011
Aftercare Animals Culture Media Histones Immunoprecipitation, Chromatin Injections, Intraperitoneal Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Kainic Acid Longterm Effects Males Microphysiological Systems Oligodeoxyribonucleotides Oligonucleotides Physical Examination physiology Pilocarpine Hydrochloride Rats, Wistar Rattus norvegicus Scopolamine Seahorses Seizures Status Epilepticus Theta Rhythm Tissue, Membrane Tissues Transcription Factor Western Blot
3
Spontaneous Seizures in Canine Subjects

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Publication 2011
Animals Antiepileptic Agents Brain Canis familiaris Females Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Medical Devices Neurologic Examination Ovum Implantation Physical Examination Punctures, Lumbar Seizures Status Epilepticus
4
Novel Autoimmune Encephalitis Antibodies

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Publication 2014
anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 autoantibody Antibodies Antigens Ataxia Biological Assay Brain Cells Donor, Blood Encephalitis Epilepsy Ethics Committees, Research Freezing glutamate decarboxylase 2 (pancreatic islets and brain, 65kDa) protein, human Herpes Encephalitis Immunoglobulin Subunits Immunohistochemistry Inflammation Kinsbourne Syndrome LGI1 protein, human Limbic Encephalitis Multiple Sclerosis N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Nervous System Disorder Neurons Neuropil Patients Physicians Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell Seizures Serum Simplexvirus Status Epilepticus Stiff-Person Syndrome Triad resin Virus
5
Pediatric Ischemic Stroke Enrollment Criteria
Patients were identified as potential study subjects and enrolled by the site neurologist or his/her designee at each site. Informed consent was obtained from the parent or guardian. Children enrolled met the following criteria: age at stroke onset ≥ 2 years and < 19 years, presentation within 96 hours after symptom onset with acute neurologic deficit of any duration consistent with focal brain ischemia in an arterial distribution, and MRI or CT performed within 96 hours of symptom onset demonstrating acute infarction in an arterial territory corresponding to the clinical deficit. Exclusion criteria included: acute traumatic brain injury; primary intracerebral or intraventricular hemorrhage; meningitis or encephalitis; status epilepticus (continuous clinical or electrographic seizure activity for ≥ 30 minutes); severe metabolic, toxic, or global hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy; pre-existing severe neurologic deficit due to malignancy, congenital brain malformation, neurodegenerative disease, metabolic encephalopathy, severe residual deficits from perinatal or postnatal acquired encephalopathy; or stroke after craniotomy for any neurosurgical procedure.
Ichord R.N., Bastian R., Abraham L., Askalan R., Benedict S., Bernard T.J., Beslow L., deVeber G., Dowling M., Friedman N., Fullerton H., Jordan L., Kan L., Kirton A., Amlie-Lefond C., Licht D., Lo W., McClure C., Pavlakis S., Smith S.E., Tan M., Kasner S, & Jawad A.F. (2011). Inter-rater Reliability of the Pediatric NIH Stroke Scale (PedNIHSS) in a Multicenter Study. Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation, 42(3), 613-617.
Publication 2011
Arteries Brain Brain Diseases, Metabolic Brain Ischemia Cerebrovascular Accident Child Congenital Abnormality Craniotomy Encephalitis Encephalopathies Hemorrhage Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Infarction Injuries, Acute Brain Legal Guardians Malignant Neoplasms Meningitis Neurodegenerative Disorders Neurologic Symptoms Neurologists Neurosurgical Procedures Parent Patients Seizures Status Epilepticus Traumatic Brain Injury

Most recents protocols related to «Status Epilepticus»

1
Evaluating Probiotic Intervention on Canine Epilepsy
For the entire trial period, specific seizure data of the participants (inclusive seizure triggers) will be documented by the owners in a standardised seizure diary (Additional file 3). The short-term efficacy of the intervention will be evaluated over the 3-month study phase. Only generalised seizures will be considered for efficacy assessment in the statistical analysis. The secondary outcome of this study is the treatment success of the probiotic intervention on seizure frequency. Treatment success in canine epilepsy is defined by the IVETF as being seizure free for a period lasting three times longer than the pretreatment interictal interval and at least 3 months, this being the primary therapy goal [79 (link)]. If seizures continue to occur, partial therapeutic success is the secondary goal, defined as prevention of cluster seizures or status epilepticus, relevant reduction in seizure frequency in consideration of the pretreatment seizure frequency and reduction in seizure severity [79 (link)]. Treatment success in this study is defined as as participants being seizure free throughout the respective study phase. Partial therapeutic success will be evaluated in dogs participating in the study for at least 3 months and receiving a consistent long-term ASD treatment for this phase. Participants will be categorised as “seizure free” with having no seizures throughout the respective study phase and as “responder” with a seizure frequency reduction of at least of 50% between both study phases.
Furthermore, the seizure diary is used to determine the seizure type, according to the definition of the IVETF consensus report [80 (link)] (Additional file 3). Generalised epileptic seizures affect both sides of the body because both cerebral hemispheres are involved [80 (link)]. Usually, the motor system is affected, with a combination of vegetative symptoms and always a loss of consciousness [80 (link)]. In contrast, focal seizures are limited to one cerebral hemisphere [80 (link)]. Cluster seizures are defined as more than one epileptic seizure within a 24-hour period and the regaining of consciousness between seizures [80 (link)]. A status epilepticus is a continuous epileptic seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes, or two or more epileptic seizures without regaining consciousness between seizures (for generalised convulsive seizures) [80 (link)].
Schmidt T., Meller S., Meyerhoff N., Twele F., Zanghi B, & Volk H.A. (2023). A six-month prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover, dietary trial design to investigate the potential of psychobiotics on seizure semiology and comorbidities in canine epilepsy: study protocol. BMC Veterinary Research, 19, 57.
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Publication 2023
Brief Interventions Canis familiaris Cerebral Hemispheres Consciousness Convulsive Seizures Epilepsy Epilepsy, Generalized Human Body Inclusion Bodies Long-Term Care Precipitating Factors Probiotics Seizures Seizures, Focal Seizures, Generalized Status Epilepticus Therapeutics
2
Evaluating Health-Related Quality of Life in Epilepsy
Demographic and clinical data were retrieved from medical records. Demographic data included age and sex. Clinical data included age at first seizure and at diagnosis; seizure number, severity, and type in accordance with 2017 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE)23 (link) (at onset, at study visit, and changes over time); status epilepticus (defined as a seizure with a duration ≥ 30 min or a series of seizures in which the patient does not regain normal mental status between seizures); results from performed tests (genetic tests, electroencephalogram [EEG], and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]); comorbidities; previous and current treatment (antiepileptic drugs and other therapies); and healthcare resource use (number of visits to physician and admissions to the emergency room or intensive care units [ICU] and attendance to day-care or a rehabilitation centre).
Patient HRQoL was evaluated using the Health Utilities Index Mark 2 and Mark 3 (HUI2/3)24 (link) and the SINDRA questionnaire at the study visit. Both questionnaires were addressed to patient’s caregivers. The HUI 2/3 consists of 15 questions evaluating the following attributes: vision, hearing, speech, ambulation, dexterity, emotion, cognition, self-care, and pain. Each attribute is assigned a score on a 0 to 1 scale, with 0 corresponding to the worst health status and 1 corresponding to the best health status. In addition, an overall HUI score from − 0.371 to 1, where 0 corresponds to death, 1 represents perfect health, and negative scores are health states considered worse than dead. The SINDRA questionnaire was created ad hoc and consisted of 17 statements: seven related to patient functional skills, eight related to patient daily activities, and two related to caregivers’ work absence or work leave caused by patient caring. The SINDRA questionnaire is provided on Additional information. The impact of caregiving on patient’s caregivers was assessed with the care-related quality of life (CarerQoL) questionnaire25 at the study visit. The questionnaire consists of 7 items graded as “no”, “a little” or “a lot” regarding the description of the caregiving situation (CarerQol-7D) and the valuation of informal care in terms of well-being using a visual analogue scale (CarerQol-VAS) in which 0 is “completely unhappy” and 10 “completely happy”. The Spanish validation of the HUI 2/3 and the CarerQoL-7D questionnaires were used with permission. All the information was collected in a case report form by a healthcare professional.
Gil-Nagel A., Sánchez-Carpintero R, & Villanueva V. (2023). Patient profile, management, and quality of life associated with Dravet syndrome: a cross-sectional, multicentre study of 80 patients in Spain. Scientific Reports, 13, 3355.
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Publication 2023
Antiepileptic Agents Cognition Day Care, Medical Diagnosis Electroencephalography Emotions Epilepsy Genetic Testing Health Personnel Hispanic or Latino Informal care Pain Patients Physicians Sadness Seizures Speech Status Epilepticus Vision Visual Analog Pain Scale
3
Acute Phase Data Collection in Status Epilepticus
In the acute phase, we collected the following data: age, gender, personal history, modified Rankin score (mRS) before SE (at baseline), medications, clinical symptoms of the seizures observed during SE, and post-ictal deficit. Severe and life-threatening complications were specified: respiratory distress, including infectious pneumonia, hemodynamic instability (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg; the need for vasoamines), and traumatic complications.
SE duration was calculated or estimated through a combination of clinical and EEG data. SE was considered refractory if it persisted 30 min after the introduction of a first- and second-line ASM (9 (link), 36 (link)) and super-refractory if it persisted at least 24 h after the start of general anesthesia (37 (link), 38 (link)).
The etiologies and/or contributing factors of SE were classified according to the ILAE Task Force definition: acute etiologies, sequelae or old structural abnormalities, progressive etiologies, known epileptic syndromes, and unknown etiologies (21 (link), 39 (link)). SE severity was rated by two scales, namely, the Status Epilepticus Severity Score (STESS) (40 (link)) and the Epidemiology-Based Mortality Score in Status Epilepticus (EMSE) (41 (link)).
The cognitive status of non-epileptic patients before SE was estimated using the long version (a 26-item questionnaire) of the IQ CODE (42 (link)). In the literature, the threshold chosen for diagnosing dementia is 3.4/5 (43 (link)).
The chronology of follow-up was 1, 3, and 12 months to detect early, medium-term, and late complications, respectively (mRS, onset of recurrent epileptic seizures or new SE, and death). Cognitive complaint and focal neurological deficit were specified at 3 months.
Benaiteau M., Valton L., Gardy L., Denuelle M., Debs R., Wucher V., Rulquin F., Barbeau E.J., Bonneville F., Pariente J, & Curot J. (2023). Specific profiles of new-onset vs. non-inaugural status epilepticus: From diagnosis to 1-year outcome. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1101370.
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Publication 2023
Cognition Congenital Abnormality Dementia Epilepsy Epileptic Syndromes Gender General Anesthesia Hemodynamics Infection Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Pneumonia Respiratory Rate Seizures sequels Status Epilepticus Systolic Pressure
4
Impact of Clinical Predictors on Stroke Outcomes
To compare the NOSE and NISE groups, we used the chi-square test for qualitative variables, except when the theoretical numbers were <5, in which case, Fisher's test was used. To compare quantitative variables, we used the Wilcoxon test. To limit the risk of type-1 errors associated with multiple comparisons, we corrected the alpha values using the Bonferroni method. The alpha values to be considered are indicated below the figures or tables (in general, the alpha value = 0.05/90). Due to the inherent heterogeneity of clinical data and the multiple comparisons made, we considered “tendencies” for p < 0.05 but above the corrected threshold. We only considered significant p-values below the corrected alpha values. For post-hoc analyses, Tukey's test was used (p-values automatically adjusted for multiple comparisons).
To study the impact on outcome (mRS) at different timestamps for predictive factors such as the presence or absence of PMA, drug resistance, or status epilepticus, we performed multiple linear regressions. We used linear mixed-effects models in which the variable “patient” was considered a random effect. The variables “measurement time” (baseline, first month, third month, and twelfth month), drug resistance (1/0), with or without PMA (1/0), and new-onset status epilepticus (1/0) were considered as fixed effects. Finally, Pearson correlations were performed. The corrected p-value was considered for the significance threshold for linear mixed-effect models, and the Pearson correlation was 0.017 (0.05/3).
Benaiteau M., Valton L., Gardy L., Denuelle M., Debs R., Wucher V., Rulquin F., Barbeau E.J., Bonneville F., Pariente J, & Curot J. (2023). Specific profiles of new-onset vs. non-inaugural status epilepticus: From diagnosis to 1-year outcome. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1101370.
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Publication 2023
Nose Patients Resistance, Drug Status Epilepticus
5
Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Focal Cortical Dysplasia
All statistical analyses were performed using R software version 1.4.1106 (https://www.r-project.org). Continuous variables were reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range, IQR), as appropriate, while categorical variables were presented as absolute numbers and percentages. D’Agostino-Pearson test was used to assess data skewness. Parametric, nonparametric, Chi-Square, and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare the distribution of normally distributed, non-normally distributed, and categorical variables, respectively. Results were presented as effect and Confidence interval (CI).
For each DTI map, the within ROI average value of the FCD was calculated and compared to that of the homologous CBP as done by previous studies on this topic [18 (link)–20 (link)]. The Youden index method was applied to the scalar index showing the most significant difference between FCD and CBP, aiming to identify the cut-off value with the combined highest sensitivity and specificity in discriminating between the two. The DTI indices best discriminating between FCD and CBP were then entered in the analysis to assess the link between these DTI changes and selected clinical (sex, epilepsy duration, age at MRI, seizure frequency, history of status epilepticus, and total ASD trials) and lesion related parameters (lesion lateralisation, lesion localisation, and lesion volume), using the difference in index between the two regions [18 (link)]. FCD subtype profiling analysis was limited to the patients with histologically confirmed FCD (14 patients subdivided as follows: 7 type I, 4 type IIa, and 3 type IIb), excluding one patient with type IIIb FCD. The analysis was restricted to the DTI scalar index best discerning between the lesion and CBP, using the same approach as described above. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Holm correction was used in the case of multiple comparisons.
Gennari A.G., Cserpan D., Stefanos-Yakoub I., Kottke R., O’Gorman Tuura R, & Ramantani G. (2023). Diffusion tensor imaging discriminates focal cortical dysplasia from normal brain parenchyma and differentiates between focal cortical dysplasia types. Insights into Imaging, 14, 36.
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Publication 2023
Epilepsy Patients Seizures Status Epilepticus

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1
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Pilocarpine is a pharmaceutical compound commonly used in laboratory settings. It functions as a cholinergic agonist, primarily activating muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. This product is utilized in various research applications, including the study of autonomic nervous system responses and the evaluation of ocular effects.
2
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Pilocarpine hydrochloride is a chemical compound that is commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a crystalline solid with the molecular formula C11H16N2O2·HCl. Pilocarpine hydrochloride is a cholinergic agent, which means it acts on the parasympathetic nervous system to produce various physiological effects.
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Kainic acid by Merck Group
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Kainic acid is a chemical compound that is commonly used as a research tool in neuroscience laboratories. It is a potent agonist of certain glutamate receptors in the central nervous system, which makes it useful for the study of excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration. The core function of kainic acid is to selectively activate specific subtypes of glutamate receptors, allowing researchers to investigate their roles in neurological processes and disorders.
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More about "Status Epilepticus"

Status epilepticus is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by a prolonged seizure or series of seizures without recovery of consciousness in between.
It is a neurological condition that requires immediate treatment to prevent brain damage and potentially fatal complications.
Seizures can be triggered by various factors, including the use of certain medications like pilocarpine, lithium chloride (LiCl), and kainic acid.
Diazepam (Valium) and scopolamine methyl nitrate or bromide are commonly used to treat status epilepticus, as they can help stop the seizures and restore normal brain function.
Optimizing research protocols for status epilepticus is crucial to improve reproducibility and accuracy.
PubCompare.ai's cutting-edge AI-driven tools can help researchers easily locate and identify the best protocols and products from the literature, preprints, and patents, taking the guesswork out of the research process.
By leveraging these tools, researchers can experience seamless protocol optimization and accelerate their discoveries, leading to better understanding and treatment of this serious medical condition.