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> Disorders > Disease or Syndrome > Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A serious condition involving bleeding into the subarachnoid space, the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater surrounding the brain.
This can result from various causes, such as the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm.
Symptoms may include sudden, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, and neurological deficits.
Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to manage this life-threatening emergency and prevent complications like cerebral vasospasm and hydrocephalus.
Effective research and optimization of treatment protocols are essential for improving outcomes for patients with Subarachnoid Hemhorrage.

Most cited protocols related to «Subarachnoid Hemorrhage»

1
Systematic Review of CVA/TIA Algorithms
The methods and search strategy for Mini-Sentinel systematic reviews are described in the accompanying manuscript by Carnahan.12 Briefly, PubMed and Iowa Drug Information Service (IDIS) searches of the English language literature were performed to identify studies published between 1990 and 2010 that evaluated the validity of algorithms for identifying CVAs and/or TIAs in administrative data. Search terms related to administrative data are described in detail by Carnahan12 and were included in all Mini-Sentinel systematic review searches. In addition, the following key words were used as PubMed search terms for the CVA/TIA review: (“Brain Ischemia”[Mesh] OR “Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease”[Mesh]) OR “Carotid Artery Thrombosis”[Mesh]) OR “Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis”[Mesh]) OR “Intracranial Hemorrhages”[Mesh]) OR “Stroke”[Mesh]) OR “Vasospasm, Intracranial”[Mesh]. The IDIS search included specification of the following terms: 435. or 432. or 433.1 or 434. or 436. (NOTE: 435. ISCHEMIA, CEREBRAL, TRANSIENT, 432. HEMORRHAGE, INTRACRANIAL NEC, 433.1 EMBOLISM/THROMBOSIS, CAROTID, 434. EMBOLISM/THROMBOSIS, CEREB, 436. DISEASE, CEREBROVASCULAR NEC) for the disease and “ischemi*” or “intracranial” or “stroke” in the abstract.
Two study investigators independently reviewed the abstracts to identify potentially relevant articles for retrieval; articles identified as potentially relevant by either investigator were retrieved. The study investigators independently reviewed the articles with a goal of identifying validation of CVAs or TIAs described in the article itself or from the reference section of the article if it included validation studies. Citations from the article’s references were selected for full-text review if they were cited as a source for the algorithm to identify CVAs or TIAs, or were otherwise deemed likely to be relevant. Discrepancies regarding the inclusion of a study for the review report were resolved by consensus following the independent reviews.
Mini-Sentinel investigators were surveyed to request information on any published or unpublished studies that validated an algorithm to identify CVAs or TIAs in administrative data. These studies were similarly reviewed by two study investigators to determine their relevance.
A single investigator abstracted information on the study design and population, algorithm, and validation statistics for each study. The data were confirmed by a second investigator for accuracy. Based upon the specific outcomes reported, we categorized studies by the following CVA/stroke subtypes: acute events including 1) strokes, 2) TIAs, and 3) intracranial bleeds (intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage), and 4) the composite endpoints of stroke/TIA or cerebrovascular disease (including prevalent disease).
Andrade S.E., Harrold L.R., Tjia J., Cutrona S.L., Saczynski J.S., Dodd K.S., Goldberg R.J, & Gurwitz J.H. (2012). A Systematic Review of Validated Methods for Identifying Cerebrovascular Accident or Transient Ischemic Attack Using Administrative Data. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 21(Suppl 1), 100-128.
Publication 2012
Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease Brain Ischemia Carotid Arteries Carotid Artery Thrombosis Cerebral Hemorrhage Cerebrovascular Accident Cerebrovascular Disorders Drug Information Services Embolism and Thrombosis Hemorrhage Intracranial Embolism Intracranial Hemorrhage Ischemia Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Thrombosis Transients
2
Global Burden of Disease Cause Hierarchy
The GBD study attributes each death to a single underlying cause that began the series of events leading to death, in accordance with ICD principles. The GBD study organises causes of death in a hierarchical list containing four levels (appendix 1 section 7). At the highest level (Level 1), all disease burden is divided among three mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories: communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases; non-communicable diseases (NCDs); and injuries. Level 2 distinguishes these Level 1 categories into 21 cause groups, such as cardiovascular diseases; diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), and other common infectious diseases; or transport injuries. Level 3 disaggregates these causes further; in most cases this disaggregation represents the finest level of detail by cause, such as stroke, ischaemic heart disease, or road injuries. Where data are sufficiently available or specific policy relevance has been sought, selected causes are further disaggregated at Level 4, such as drug-susceptible tuberculosis, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis without extensive drug resistance, and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. For GBD 2017, the cause hierarchy was further refined to separately estimate causes with substantial policy interest or high levels of burden. Specific changes included separate estimation of non-rheumatic calcific aortic and degenerative mitral valve diseases, and myelodysplastic, myeloproliferative, and other haemopoietic neoplasms, resulting in a reduction in the estimates of some residual causes. Disaggregation of residual causes also allowed separate estimation of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease due to type 1 and type 2 diabetes, poisoning by carbon monoxide, liver cancer due to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), subarachnoid haemorrhage, ectopic pregnancy, and invasive non-typhoidal salmonella. Maternal and neonatal disorders, previously estimated as separate cause groupings at Level 2 of the hierarchy, were estimated for GBD 2017 at Level 3 of the hierarchy, and then aggregated up to Level 2 to better capture the epidemiological connections and linked burden between them. The complete hierarchy of causes included in GBD 2017 and their corresponding ICD9 and ICD10 codes are described in appendix 1 (section 7).
Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. (2018). Lancet (London, England), 392(10159), 1736-1788.
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Publication 2018
Aorta Cancer of Liver Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Cardiovascular Diseases Cerebrovascular Accident Chronic Kidney Diseases Communicable Diseases Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent Diarrhea Ectopic Pregnancy Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Hematopoietic Neoplasms Infant, Newborn Injuries Mitral Valve Mothers Myocardial Ischemia Neonatal Diseases Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Noncommunicable Diseases Nutrition Disorders Pharmaceutical Preparations Resistance, Drug Respiratory Tract Infections Salmonella Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Tuberculosis Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Typhoid Fever
3
GBD 2019 Risk-Outcome Pair Updates
Since GBD 2010, we have used the World Cancer Research Fund criteria for convincing or probable evidence of risk–outcome pairs.16 For GBD 2019, we completely updated our systematic reviews for 81 risk–outcome pairs. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flowcharts on these reviews are available in appendix 1 (section 4). Convincing evidence requires more than one study type, at least two cohorts, no substantial unexplained heterogeneity across studies, good-quality studies to exclude the risk of confounding and selection bias, and biologically plausible dose–response gradients. For GBD, for a newly proposed or evaluated risk–outcome pair, we additionally required that there was a significant association (p<0·05) after taking into account sources of potential bias. To avoid risk–outcome pairs repetitively entering and leaving the analysis with each cycle of GBD, the criteria for exclusion requires that with the available studies the association has a p value greater than 0·1. On the basis of these reviews and meta-regressions, 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 were excluded from GBD 2019: vitamin A deficiency and lower respiratory infections; zinc deficiency and lower respiratory infections; diet low in fruits and four outcomes: lip and oral cavity cancer, nasopharynx cancer, other pharynx cancer, and larynx cancer; diet low in whole grains and two outcomes: intracerebral haemorrhage and subarachnoid haemorrhage; intimate partner violence and maternal abortion and miscarriage; and high FPG and three outcomes: chronic kidney disease due to hypertension, chronic kidney disease due to glomerulonephritis, and chronic kidney disease due to other and unspecified causes. In addition, on the basis of multiple requests to begin capturing important dimensions of climate change into GBD, we evaluated the direct relationship between high and low non-optimal temperatures on all GBD disease and injury outcomes. Rather than rely on a heterogeneous literature with a small number of studies examining relationships with specific diseases and injuries, we analysed individual-level cause of death data for all locations with available information on daily temperature, location, and International Classification of Diseases-coded cause of death. These data totalled 58·9 million deaths covering eight countries. On the basis of this analysis, 27 GBD cause Level 3 outcomes met the inclusion criteria for each non-optimal risk factor (appendix 1 section 2.2.1) and were included in this analysis. Other climate-related relationships, such as between precipitation or humidity and health outcomes, have not yet been evaluated.
Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. (2020). Lancet (London, England), 396(10258), 1223-1249.
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Publication 2020
Cancer of Mouth Cancer of Nasopharynx Cancer of Pharynx Cerebral Hemorrhage Chronic Kidney Diseases Climate Climate Change Cold Temperature Diet Fruit Genetic Heterogeneity Glomerulonephritis Humidity Hypertensive Nephropathy Induced Abortions Injuries Laryngeal Cancer Malignant Neoplasms Mothers Respiratory Tract Infections Spontaneous Abortion Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Vitamin A Deficiency Whole Grains Zinc
4
Consensus Guidelines for Microdialysis Monitoring
The senior authors selected specific ‘key speakers’ to review a particular area of the literature. These individuals were selected based on their experience and contribution to the literature on a particular aspect of microdialysis monitoring. See Appendix 1 in the supplementary material for a list of key speakers and for the topics they each reviewed. The other participants of the meeting were identified through literature review and by correspondence with the key speakers who were able to identify other clinicians and scientists active in using microdialysis in neurocritical care patients. At the meeting, the literature was presented to the whole group followed by discussion to allow consensus generation. After the meeting, the recommendations were circulated to all participants allowing further discussion and revision.
In addition, for the purposes of the consensus statement, we performed a PubMed database search using the term microdialysis plus one of the following terms: ‘traumatic brain injury’, ‘brain injury’, ‘trauma’, ‘subarachnoid hemorrhage’, ‘stroke’, ‘epilepsy’, ‘intracerebral hematoma’ and ‘cost effectiveness’. We restricted our review to using articles published in the English language. Where recommendations are based on published observational data, the relevant references are given although formal grading was not performed. Where references are not provided, the recommendations are based on expert opinion.
Hutchinson P.J., Jalloh I., Helmy A., Carpenter K.L., Rostami E., Bellander B.M., Boutelle M.G., Chen J.W., Claassen J., Dahyot-Fizelier C., Enblad P., Gallagher C.N., Helbok R., Hillered L., Le Roux P.D., Magnoni S., Mangat H.S., Menon D.K., Nordström C.H., O’Phelan K.H., Oddo M., Perez Barcena J., Robertson C., Ronne-Engström E., Sahuquillo J., Smith M., Stocchetti N., Belli A., Carpenter T.A., Coles J.P., Czosnyka M., Dizdar N., Goodman J.C., Gupta A.K., Nielsen T.H., Marklund N., Montcriol A., O’Connell M.T., Poca M.A., Sarrafzadeh A., Shannon R.J., Skjøth-Rasmussen J., Smielewski P., Stover J.F., Timofeev I., Vespa P., Zavala E, & Ungerstedt U. (2015). Consensus statement from the 2014 International Microdialysis Forum. Intensive Care Medicine, 41, 1517-1528.
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Publication 2015
Brain Injuries Cerebral Hemorrhage Cerebrovascular Accident Epilepsy Microdialysis Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Traumatic Brain Injury Wounds and Injuries
5
Stroke Consciousness and Outcome Associations
We studied the relationship between the outcome at 30 days after stroke and the consciousness levels based on JCS at the onset of neurological impairment. We analysed all new stroke patients identified from January 1999 to December 2009 inclusive in the entire Kyoto prefecture and registered in the Kyoto Stroke Registry (KSR).9 Detailed information on KSR has been described previously.10 The diagnosis of stroke was confirmed by local neurologists and/or neurosurgeons according to the WHO definition.11 (link) We categorised the patients into cerebral infarction, cerebral haemorrhage (CH), subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and others, based on the neurological findings, laboratory data and findings of CT, MRI and angiography.
We used the following definitions:

Consciousness levels based on JCS encompassed four levels

JCS0 (alert)

JCS1 (not fully alert but awake without any stimuli)

JCS2 (arousable with stimulation)

JCS3 (unarousable)

The ADL scale at 30 days after stroke onset included five levels

ADL1 (No symptoms or no significant disability. Able to carry out all usual activities without help. Able to walk without a mobility aide.)

ADL2 (Mildly disabled, or utilisation of mobility aide. Unable to carry out all usual activities without help. Unable to walk without mobility aide.)

ADL3 (Moderately disabled, or wheelchair-bound condition. Unable to walk without assistance.)

ADL4 (Severely disabled, or bed-bound condition. Unable to use wheelchair without help.)

ADL5 (Dead.)

Shigematsu K., Nakano H, & Watanabe Y. (2013). The eye response test alone is sufficient to predict stroke outcome—reintroduction of Japan Coma Scale: a cohort study. BMJ Open, 3(4), e002736.
Publication 2013
Angiography Cerebral Hemorrhage Cerebral Infarction Cerebrovascular Accident Consciousness Diagnosis Inclusion Bodies Neurologists Neurosurgeon Patients Range of Motion, Articular Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Wheelchair

Most recents protocols related to «Subarachnoid Hemorrhage»

1
Characterizing Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
The study design and protocol have been approved by the ethics committees for human research at our institute (IRB number: R2019-227). This study followed a prospective and observational design. The study was performed in accordance with the approved guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. From November 2020 to February 2022, 133 healthy volunteers aged ≥ 20 years underwent MRI after providing written informed consent explaining the potential for detection of brain disease. Volunteers were recruited from medical staff and students, and their families by open recruitment. Inclusion criteria for this study were those who had no history of brain injury, brain tumor or cerebrovascular disease on previous brain MRI, or those who had never undergone brain MRI and no neurological symptoms including cognitive function. One volunteer aged 84 years old was excluded from this study because of a history of head surgery due to a head injury over 30 years ago. In addition, three volunteers were incidentally found small unruptured intracranial aneurysms with a maximum diameter of < 2 mm on this MRI. They were included in this study, because small unruptured aneurysms might not affect CSF motion.
Patients’ MRI data was used in an opt-out method, after their personal information was anonymized in a linkable manner. Among 44 patients suspected with NPH, 5 patients diagnosed with secondary NPH [29 (link)] that developed after subarachnoid hemorrhage [3 (link)], intracerebral hemorrhage [1 (link)], and severe meningitis [1 (link)], and 3 patients diagnosed with congenital/developmental etiology NPH [30 (link)] were excluded from this study. Finally, 36 patients diagnosed with iNPH who had radiological findings of disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus (DESH) [31 (link)], specifically ventricular dilatation, enlarged Sylvian fissure, and narrow sulci at the high convexity, and triad symptoms of gait disturbance, cognitive impairment, and/or urinary incontinence were included in this study, according to the Japanese guidelines for management of iNPH [32 (link)]. Of them, 18 patients (50%) underwent CSF removal in 30–35 ml via a lumbar tap and were evaluated for changes in their symptoms before, one day and two days after the CSF tap test. In addition, 21 patients (86%) underwent CSF shunt surgery and their symptoms improved by ≥ 1 point on the modified Rankin Scale and/or the Japanese iNPH grading scale [32 (link)].
Yamada S., Hiratsuka S., Otani T., Ii S., Wada S., Oshima M., Nozaki K, & Watanabe Y. (2023). Usefulness of intravoxel incoherent motion MRI for visualizing slow cerebrospinal fluid motion. Fluids and Barriers of the CNS, 20, 16.
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Publication 2023
Aneurysm Brain Brain Diseases Brain Injuries Brain Neoplasms Cerebral Hemorrhage Cognition Craniocerebral Trauma Dilatation Disorders, Cognitive Ethics Committees Head Healthy Volunteers Heart Ventricle Homo sapiens Hydrocephalus Intracranial Aneurysm Japanese Lumbar Region Medical Staff Meningitis Neurologic Symptoms Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Shunt, Cerebrospinal Fluid Student Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Subarachnoid Space Triad resin Urinary Incontinence Voluntary Workers X-Rays, Diagnostic
2
Rat MCAO/R Model of Ischemic Stroke
The middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat model was used to carry out the research (Fluri et al., 2015 (link)). Rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection and the pain reflex was detected by the Randall-Selitto deep pressure test (calipers applied to the hind paw of the rat) in the perioperative period. Surgery was performed after the pain reflex disappeared. Briefly, the rat underwent a neck incision, exposing the right external carotid artery (ECA), internal carotid artery (ICA), and common carotid artery (CCA). After ligation of the distal ECA and proximal CCA, we clipped the ICA and made a small cut at the distal end of the CCA ligation. A thread was inserted (0.38–0.40 mm; MSRC40B200PK50, Shen Zhen RWD Life Science Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China) with a thick head to approximately 16–20 mm and fixed. After 2 h, the thread tail was pulled out but the head was retained to restore blood circulation. The skin incision was then sutured. Sham rats underwent the same procedure but without occlusion. A successful model could be judged by Horner syndrome in the left eye when the rats awakened, bending of its right forelimb on lifting the tail, and the ability to move in a circle as they moved autonomously on the ground. Rats with massive bleeding, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and premature death/drop-out were excluded after cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury (Feng C. et al., 2020 (link)). A total of 198 SD rats were operated on, in this experiment, of which 155 were finally included in the experiment and 16 were excluded due to unsuccessful molding; the mortality rate was 13.64%.
Xu S., Li X., Li Y., Li X., Lv E., Zhang X., Shi Y, & Wang Y. (2023). Neuroprotective effect of Dl-3-n-butylphthalide against ischemia–reperfusion injury is mediated by ferroptosis regulation via the SLC7A11/GSH/GPX4 pathway and the attenuation of blood–brain barrier disruption. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 15, 1028178.
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Publication 2023
Blood Circulation Common Carotid Artery Dental Occlusion External Carotid Arteries Head Horner Syndrome Injections, Intraperitoneal Internal Carotid Arteries Ligation Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Neck Operative Surgical Procedures Pain Pentobarbital Sodium Pressure Rattus norvegicus Reflex Reperfusion Reperfusion Injury Skin Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Tail Upper Extremity
3
Older Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
We retrospectively enrolled the older patients suffering from AIS in the Peking University People’s Hospital from September 2019 to February 2022. The inclusion criteria were as follows: age ≥ 60 years, admission within 24 h of symptom onset, and a neurological deficit symptom with infarction lesion on imaging. The exclusion criteria included the following: (1) intracranial hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage; (2) cannot complete the SARC-F questionnaire due to dementia, aphasia, and loss of consciousness; (3) active infection within the last 2 weeks; (4) premorbid stroke-related disability; (5) active malignancy; and (6) recent history of trauma or surgery.
Song X., Chen X., Bai J, & Zhang J. (2023). Association between pre-stroke sarcopenia risk and stroke-associated infection in older people with acute ischemic stroke. Frontiers in Medicine, 10, 1090829.
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Publication 2023
Aphasia Cerebrovascular Accident Disabled Persons Historical Trauma Infarction Infection Intracranial Hemorrhage Malignant Neoplasms Neurologic Symptoms Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Presenile Dementia Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
4
Acute Ischemic Stroke Risk Factors
The Ethics Committee of Guangdong Medical College’s Affiliated Hospital approved the study. Before the investigation, a letter of information agreement was obtained from each member enlisting. Between 2015 and 2019, 1045 age-matched healthy controls and 1086 IS patients were tested at Guangdong Medical University’s Associated Hospital. Clinical signs and symptoms, computed tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tests were used to examine patients with IS independence. Exceptions were made for patients with a history of CTI (cerebral, transient ischemia), subarachnoid hemorrhage, and autoimmune illnesses (such as malignant tumors, chronic infections, hematological, systemic inflammatory, or coronary artery disease). The controls in this study did not have tumors with malignant status, autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, or an IS history. Prior measurements defined high blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes [24 (link)].
Li S., Chen S., Wang Y., Hu X., Wang Y., Wu Z., Huang S., He J., Deng F., Zhao B., Ma G, & Li Y. (2023). Direct targeting of DOCK4 by miRNA-181d in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-mediated neuronal injury. Lipids in Health and Disease, 22, 34.
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Publication 2023
Autoimmune Diseases Cerebral Infarction Chronic Infection Coronary Artery Disease Diabetes Mellitus Ethics Committees, Clinical High Blood Pressures Inflammation Malignant Neoplasms Patients Radionuclide Imaging Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Transients X-Ray Computed Tomography
5
Prevalence of Diseases in CKD Cohorts

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Publication 2023
Anemia Asthma Atrial Fibrillation Cardiac Arrhythmia Cardiomyopathies Cardiovascular Diseases Cerebrovascular Accident Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease Congestive Heart Failure Deep Vein Thrombosis Dementia Disease, Chronic Gout Hemorrhage Index, Body Mass Lipid Metabolism Disorders Malignant Neoplasms Myocardial Infarction Obesity Pulmonary Embolism Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Transient Ischemic Attack Venous Thrombosis

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More about "Subarachnoid Hemorrhage"

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious and life-threatening condition characterized by bleeding into the subarachnoid space, the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater surrounding the brain.
This can occur due to various causes, such as the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm.
Patients with SAH may experience sudden, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, and neurological deficits.
Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to manage this emergency and prevent complications like cerebral vasospasm and hydrocephalus.
Effective research and optimization of treatment protocols are essential for improving outcomes for patients with SAH.
Researchers can leverage tools like Alaris PK, Anti-NeuN, Cobas 8000 chemistry autoanalyzer, and statistical software such as SPSS version 24.0, Statistica 13.1, Stata 13, and Stata version 14 to analyze data and develop evidence-based treatment strategies.
Neuroimaging techniques, such as Volume Viewer and TTC (Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride), can also play a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of SAH.
By utilizing these advanced technologies and techniques, researchers and clinicians can gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and optimize the treatment protocols for this devastating condition.
PubCompare.ai's AI-powered platform can assist in streamlining the research process by helping researchers easily locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents using intelligent comparisons.
The platform's AI-driven insights can also aid in identifying the most effective treatments and products, accelerating progress towards breakthroughs in SAH management.