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Tendinopathy
Tendinopathy
Tendinopathy is a broad term referring to pathological conditions affecting tendons, often characterized by pain, impaired function, and structural changes.
This condition can occur due to overuse, injury, or underlying medical conditions.
Tendinopathy can affect various tendons throughout the body, including the Achilles, patellar, and rotator cuff tendons.
Symptoms may include localized pain, tenderness, swelling, and decreased range of motion.
Effective management often requires a combination of conservative treatments, such as rest, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory medications.
In some cases, more advanced interventions like eccentric exercies, shock wave therapy, or surgery may be necessary.
Proper diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial to promote healing and prevent chronic disabillity.
Understanding the underlying mechanisms and optimal treatment approaches for tendinopathy remains an active area of research.
This condition can occur due to overuse, injury, or underlying medical conditions.
Tendinopathy can affect various tendons throughout the body, including the Achilles, patellar, and rotator cuff tendons.
Symptoms may include localized pain, tenderness, swelling, and decreased range of motion.
Effective management often requires a combination of conservative treatments, such as rest, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory medications.
In some cases, more advanced interventions like eccentric exercies, shock wave therapy, or surgery may be necessary.
Proper diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial to promote healing and prevent chronic disabillity.
Understanding the underlying mechanisms and optimal treatment approaches for tendinopathy remains an active area of research.
Most cited protocols related to «Tendinopathy»
Ankle
Ethics Committees, Research
Foot
Grafts
Hamstring Tendons
Healthy Volunteers
Homo sapiens
Injuries
Knee
Males
Microtubule-Associated Proteins
Patients
Physical Therapist
Reading Frames
Reconstructive Surgical Procedures
Soleus Muscle
Splints
Tendinopathy
Tendon, Achilles
Tendons
Woman
The study was approved by the local ethics committee.
According to the "guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures" the VISA-A score was cross-culturally adapted into German (VISA-A-G) in six steps [17 (link)].
Step I: Initial translation from English to German (forward translation) was performed by three independent translators with German mother tongue. An orthopaedic surgeon specialised in foot, ankle, and Achilles tendon, and a sport scientist both were aware of the concepts being examined in the questionnaire. A third translator without medical background ("naïve translator") was not familiar with the questionnaire's concepts. Written reports were made to indicate rationales for decision making, linguistic difficulties and problems with regards to content.
Step II: Considering the original VISA-A the resulting three German versions were synthesized during a consensus meeting of the three translators. A written report documented the procedure.
Step III: Back translation of the preliminarily VISA-A-G questionnaire was then conducted by two American English native speakers fluid in German but without medical background and blind to the original VISA-A.
Step IV: An expert committee was constituted including forward and back translators, a health professional, and a language professional. This panel developed the prefinal VISA-A-G version by consensus discussion with respect to semantic, idiomatic, experiential, and conceptual equivalence based on all previous material (original, target and back translated questionnaires including the respective reports).
Step V (pretesting): The prefinal questionnaire was filled out by a cohort of 35 male and 42 female persons (asymptomatic persons). These persons were then asked regarding their individual understanding of the questionnaire's items. The interviewer prepared a report on the test subjects, understanding of the items, and their decision making. Again the questionnaire was adapted respectively resulting in a final version.
Step VI: The final version of the VISA-A-G questionnaire and all reports and forms were then subjected to a review done by the developers of the VISA-A-G questionnaire for appraisal of the adaptation process.
The final VISA-A-G questionnaire was then subjected to psychometric testing including an analysis of reliability and validity in 30 Achilles tendinopathy patients and 79 asymptomatic people. Internal consistency was evaluated in 30 Achilles tendinopathy patients.
This was done following closely the procedure described in the original VISA-A report [8 (link)].
Test subjects: For reliability and validity testing four groups of test subjects were defined according to the status of their Achilles tendon. Group I included 15 preoperative Achilles tendinopathy patients selected prospectively from the own center. Group II consisted of 15 Achilles tendinopathy patients conservatively treated. These patients were recruited from review of the most recent charts in our sports medicine center. 48 Frankfurt/Main university pharmacology students (one class preparing for their examinations) without Achilles tendon complaints constituted group III. Group IV was formed by 31 members of three local running clubs serving as non injured but active controls. That population was recruited by direct contact during their practise.
Inclusion criteria for all four groups were: age over 18 years, willingness to take part in this project, and ability to give written informed consent. Contrasting to the original VISA-A publication [8 (link)] only patients suffering from unilateral Achilles tendinopathy were included (group I and II). Achilles tendinopathy was defined as tenderness of the midportion of the Achilles tendon 2 to 7 cm proximal to the Achilles tendon insertion and a history of load induced pain in this area [2 (link)-4 (link)]. This clinical diagnosis includes degenerative Achilles tendon lesions, Achilles tendon partial tears on a microscopic level, and paratendinosis or combinations of these. For the control groups (group III and VI) subjects with previous Achilles tendon injuries were included, if they did not complain any actual symptoms or functional deficiencies. Persons with inadequate compliance and pregnant or nursing women were excluded from participating in any of the four groups. Patients (group I and II) with bilateral symptoms, subtotal or complete Achilles tendon tears, insertional Achilles tendinopathy, Haglund's disease, and relevant injuries or previous surgery of the lower extremity, radicular and pseudoradicular induced pain were excluded.
To document the individual level of activity the ankle activity score which is a reliable, valid, and sensitive measure [18 (link)] was calculated for all test subjects.
For concurrent validity testing all participants (n = 109) completed the VISA-A-G questionnaire and Achilles tendinopathy severity was additionally rated by an orthopaedic surgeon specialized in Achilles tendon disorders (HL) using a generic tendon grading system [19 (link)] and a "classification system for the effect of pain on athletic performance" [20 ]. Even if the clinimetric properties of these tools are not formally validated so far they have been used as a standard for concurrent validity testing in previous VISA-A validation research [8 (link),9 (link),12 (link)]. Percy and Conochie categorized pain and function following surgery of Achilles tendon tears: "Excellent" means full function and no residual disability. "Good" is defined as full function with no real limitation of activities and minor pain. A "fair" result is represented by some limitation of activities. Severe weakness and marked limping indicates a "poor" result [19 (link)]. Curwin and Stanish assessed six degrees of reported exercise induced tendon pain and the level of sports performance: 1 = no pain and unrestricted level of sports performance; 2 = pain only with extreme exertion and unrestricted level of sports performance; 3 = pain with extreme exertion and 1 to 2 hours afterward and normal or slightly decreased level of sports performance; 4 = pain during and after any vigorous activities and somewhat decreased level of sports performance; 5 = pain during activity forcing termination and markedly decreased level of sports performance; 6 = pain during daily activities and unable to perform sport [20 ].
Besides this, VISA-A-G results for patients expected to present moderate symptoms (group II) and patients probably suffering the most severe symptoms (group I) were compared with the controls (group III and IV).
Next, the VISA-A-G ratings from this study were compared with the respective VISA-A group values presented in the original publication [8 (link)].
For reliability testing a subset of subjects were included. For test retest reliability all conservative patients (n = 15), all students (n = 48), and all joggers (n = 31) were evaluated by the VISA-A-G questionnaire two times within one week. Intertester reliability was assessed by comparing the results when both authors administered the VISA-A-G questionnaire independently in a one to seven days interval to five participants from the students and conservative Achilles tendinopathy group respectively.
According to the "guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures" the VISA-A score was cross-culturally adapted into German (VISA-A-G) in six steps [17 (link)].
Step I: Initial translation from English to German (forward translation) was performed by three independent translators with German mother tongue. An orthopaedic surgeon specialised in foot, ankle, and Achilles tendon, and a sport scientist both were aware of the concepts being examined in the questionnaire. A third translator without medical background ("naïve translator") was not familiar with the questionnaire's concepts. Written reports were made to indicate rationales for decision making, linguistic difficulties and problems with regards to content.
Step II: Considering the original VISA-A the resulting three German versions were synthesized during a consensus meeting of the three translators. A written report documented the procedure.
Step III: Back translation of the preliminarily VISA-A-G questionnaire was then conducted by two American English native speakers fluid in German but without medical background and blind to the original VISA-A.
Step IV: An expert committee was constituted including forward and back translators, a health professional, and a language professional. This panel developed the prefinal VISA-A-G version by consensus discussion with respect to semantic, idiomatic, experiential, and conceptual equivalence based on all previous material (original, target and back translated questionnaires including the respective reports).
Step V (pretesting): The prefinal questionnaire was filled out by a cohort of 35 male and 42 female persons (asymptomatic persons). These persons were then asked regarding their individual understanding of the questionnaire's items. The interviewer prepared a report on the test subjects, understanding of the items, and their decision making. Again the questionnaire was adapted respectively resulting in a final version.
Step VI: The final version of the VISA-A-G questionnaire and all reports and forms were then subjected to a review done by the developers of the VISA-A-G questionnaire for appraisal of the adaptation process.
The final VISA-A-G questionnaire was then subjected to psychometric testing including an analysis of reliability and validity in 30 Achilles tendinopathy patients and 79 asymptomatic people. Internal consistency was evaluated in 30 Achilles tendinopathy patients.
This was done following closely the procedure described in the original VISA-A report [8 (link)].
Test subjects: For reliability and validity testing four groups of test subjects were defined according to the status of their Achilles tendon. Group I included 15 preoperative Achilles tendinopathy patients selected prospectively from the own center. Group II consisted of 15 Achilles tendinopathy patients conservatively treated. These patients were recruited from review of the most recent charts in our sports medicine center. 48 Frankfurt/Main university pharmacology students (one class preparing for their examinations) without Achilles tendon complaints constituted group III. Group IV was formed by 31 members of three local running clubs serving as non injured but active controls. That population was recruited by direct contact during their practise.
Inclusion criteria for all four groups were: age over 18 years, willingness to take part in this project, and ability to give written informed consent. Contrasting to the original VISA-A publication [8 (link)] only patients suffering from unilateral Achilles tendinopathy were included (group I and II). Achilles tendinopathy was defined as tenderness of the midportion of the Achilles tendon 2 to 7 cm proximal to the Achilles tendon insertion and a history of load induced pain in this area [2 (link)-4 (link)]. This clinical diagnosis includes degenerative Achilles tendon lesions, Achilles tendon partial tears on a microscopic level, and paratendinosis or combinations of these. For the control groups (group III and VI) subjects with previous Achilles tendon injuries were included, if they did not complain any actual symptoms or functional deficiencies. Persons with inadequate compliance and pregnant or nursing women were excluded from participating in any of the four groups. Patients (group I and II) with bilateral symptoms, subtotal or complete Achilles tendon tears, insertional Achilles tendinopathy, Haglund's disease, and relevant injuries or previous surgery of the lower extremity, radicular and pseudoradicular induced pain were excluded.
To document the individual level of activity the ankle activity score which is a reliable, valid, and sensitive measure [18 (link)] was calculated for all test subjects.
For concurrent validity testing all participants (n = 109) completed the VISA-A-G questionnaire and Achilles tendinopathy severity was additionally rated by an orthopaedic surgeon specialized in Achilles tendon disorders (HL) using a generic tendon grading system [19 (link)] and a "classification system for the effect of pain on athletic performance" [20 ]. Even if the clinimetric properties of these tools are not formally validated so far they have been used as a standard for concurrent validity testing in previous VISA-A validation research [8 (link),9 (link),12 (link)]. Percy and Conochie categorized pain and function following surgery of Achilles tendon tears: "Excellent" means full function and no residual disability. "Good" is defined as full function with no real limitation of activities and minor pain. A "fair" result is represented by some limitation of activities. Severe weakness and marked limping indicates a "poor" result [19 (link)]. Curwin and Stanish assessed six degrees of reported exercise induced tendon pain and the level of sports performance: 1 = no pain and unrestricted level of sports performance; 2 = pain only with extreme exertion and unrestricted level of sports performance; 3 = pain with extreme exertion and 1 to 2 hours afterward and normal or slightly decreased level of sports performance; 4 = pain during and after any vigorous activities and somewhat decreased level of sports performance; 5 = pain during activity forcing termination and markedly decreased level of sports performance; 6 = pain during daily activities and unable to perform sport [20 ].
Besides this, VISA-A-G results for patients expected to present moderate symptoms (group II) and patients probably suffering the most severe symptoms (group I) were compared with the controls (group III and IV).
Next, the VISA-A-G ratings from this study were compared with the respective VISA-A group values presented in the original publication [8 (link)].
For reliability testing a subset of subjects were included. For test retest reliability all conservative patients (n = 15), all students (n = 48), and all joggers (n = 31) were evaluated by the VISA-A-G questionnaire two times within one week. Intertester reliability was assessed by comparing the results when both authors administered the VISA-A-G questionnaire independently in a one to seven days interval to five participants from the students and conservative Achilles tendinopathy group respectively.
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Acclimatization
American Indian or Alaska Native
Ankle
Asthenia
Diagnosis
Disabled Persons
Foot
Generic Drugs
Health Care Professionals
Injuries
Interviewers
Lower Extremity
Males
MAVS protein, human
Microscopy
Mothers
Operative Surgical Procedures
Orthopedic Surgeons
Pain
Patients
Physical Examination
Plant Roots
Regional Ethics Committees
Student
Tears
Tendinopathy
Tendon, Achilles
Tendon Injuries
Tendons
Tongue
Visually Impaired Persons
Woman
To determine discriminative validity of the Dutch VISA-P, 89 persons completed it. They were divided into six groups: (1) 18 healthy students, (2) 15 competitive volleyball players (at-risk population), (3) 14 patients with the of diagnosis patellar tendinopathy, (4) 6 patients who had surgery for patellar tendinopathy 6 months before, (5) 17 patients who had knee injuries other than patellar tendinopathy, and (6) 19 patients with symptoms unrelated to their knees. All patients were treated at the Center for Sports Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. The study was conducted according to the regulations of the Medical Ethical Committee at University Medical Center Groningen.
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Diagnosis
Discrimination, Psychology
Knee
Knee Injuries
MAVS protein, human
Operative Surgical Procedures
Patella
Patients
Population at Risk
Student
Tendinopathy
The AT mechanical properties were randomly analysed by two independent operators who were both physiotherapists with a minimum of 4 hours of training with the MyotonPRO prior to the study. Two measurement sessions were planned within 7 days. During the first session, the two operators consecutively performed the measures in order to evaluate the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability. The second session was used to evaluate inter-session reliability.
Testing location and room temperature (21°C–23°C) was kept constant across sessions. Participants were asked to maintain the same activity level between the two testing days.
The resistance of the soft tissues to the deformation induced by the MyotonPRO is calculated from an acceleration graph representing the damped natural oscillation of the tissues. Dynamic stiffness, calculated in N/m, is computed by multiplying the maximum acceleration of the oscillation graph to the mass of the probe divided by the maximum displacement of the tissue; higher values represent a stiffer tissue.
Both the left and right AT were evaluated at the most central point of the tendon following a trajectory from the most central component of the medial malleolus as this point has been suggested as the most prevalent region for tendinopathy.29 (link) Furthermore, a previous study using MyotonPRO to evaluate stiffness of the AT in people with Achilles tendinopathy and asymptomatic controls showed that changes in mechanical parameters are more likely to be detected from 8 to 12 cm from the plantar aspect of the heel, corresponding to the free tendon part.19 (link)
MyotonPRO was setup with a multiscan sequence of 5 impulses (1 s apart), a short duration (15 ms) impulse involving minimal mechanical force with a precompression of 0.18 N and an impulse of 0.40 (total=0.58 n) was exerted on the tendon.
Measurements ware taken in three different positions; standing, a relaxed position and during isometric contractions of the plantar flexors of increasing intensities, in order to evaluate construct validity (figure 1 ). As the triceps surae contracts to increase plantarflexor force, the passive tension within the tendon increases as shown in previous studies.30 (link) Since tendon stiffness and tendon displacement are directly related to plantarflexor strength31 (link) and ankle angle,32 (link) myonotometry values are expected to increase with increasing muscle contraction and with increased plantarflexion. To illustrate this construct, stiffness of the AT was compared across the five different contraction levels and between the three different positions. Testing in the three different positions as well as the sequence of the isometric contractions were randomised using a random number table.
Testing location and room temperature (21°C–23°C) was kept constant across sessions. Participants were asked to maintain the same activity level between the two testing days.
The resistance of the soft tissues to the deformation induced by the MyotonPRO is calculated from an acceleration graph representing the damped natural oscillation of the tissues. Dynamic stiffness, calculated in N/m, is computed by multiplying the maximum acceleration of the oscillation graph to the mass of the probe divided by the maximum displacement of the tissue; higher values represent a stiffer tissue.
Both the left and right AT were evaluated at the most central point of the tendon following a trajectory from the most central component of the medial malleolus as this point has been suggested as the most prevalent region for tendinopathy.29 (link) Furthermore, a previous study using MyotonPRO to evaluate stiffness of the AT in people with Achilles tendinopathy and asymptomatic controls showed that changes in mechanical parameters are more likely to be detected from 8 to 12 cm from the plantar aspect of the heel, corresponding to the free tendon part.19 (link)
MyotonPRO was setup with a multiscan sequence of 5 impulses (1 s apart), a short duration (15 ms) impulse involving minimal mechanical force with a precompression of 0.18 N and an impulse of 0.40 (total=0.58 n) was exerted on the tendon.
Measurements ware taken in three different positions; standing, a relaxed position and during isometric contractions of the plantar flexors of increasing intensities, in order to evaluate construct validity (
Acceleration
Ankle
Heel
Isometric Contraction
Muscle Contraction
Physical Therapist
Tendinopathy
Tendon, Achilles
Tendons
Tissues
Acetabulum
Bone Marrow
Bones
Cartilages, Articular
Cyst
Edema
Femur Heads
Head
Hernia
Hip Joint
Human Body
Joints
Neck
Neck, Femur
Osteoarthritis Of Hip
Osteophyte
Round Ligament
Sclerosis
Subchondral Cysts
Synovitis
Tendinopathy
Tooth Attrition
Trochanters, Greater
X-Rays, Diagnostic
Most recents protocols related to «Tendinopathy»
Studies were eligible if they were randomised controlled trials (RCTs), included patients with shoulder, lateral elbow, patellar or mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy and reported variability statistics (SD; standard error of mean, SEMean; confidence interval, CI; interquartile range, IQR) of the outcomes of interest at baseline. The tendinopathy locations were chosen as the four most prevalent. Studies on insertional Achilles tendinopathy were excluded as it represents a separate pathological condition.
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Elbow
Patella
Pathologic Processes
Patients
Shoulder
Tendinopathy
Tendon, Achilles
The primary outcome for which MIDs were to be determined was patient-reported pain (visual analogue scale, VAS, or equivalent). The secondary outcome was function/functional disabilities; for each tendinopathy, the instruments used were those most commonly encountered in the included RCTs.
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Disabled Persons
Pain
Patients
Tendinopathy
Visual Analog Pain Scale
Eligible studies were identified using previously published systematic reviews of RCTs for each tendinopathy. Searches were conducted separately for each tendinopathy in Medline with the following boolean operators used in “all fields”: a) (Patellar tendin* OR Patellar tendin jumper’s knee) AND (review OR systematic review OR meta-analysis); b) Achilles tendin* OR Achilles tendon*) AND (review OR systematic review OR meta-analysis); c) (Elbow tendin* OR elbow tendon* OR tennis elbow OR lateral epicondyl*) AND (review OR systematic review OR meta-analysis); d) (shoulder tendin* OR shoulder tendon* OR rotator cuff tendin* OR rotator cuff tendon* OR subacromial impingement OR subacromial pain) AND (review OR systematic review OR meta-analysis).
The searches were not systematic as the aim was not to identify all eligible RCTs; we aimed to identify a sufficient number of studies for a sufficiently large, combined population size (at least 200 patients for each instrument). We chose to include RCTs instead of observational studies for two reasons: a) the power calculations used in RCTs was used for the first part of our study looking at definition of MIDs; b) RCTs are generally superior methodologically and their baseline measurements are therefore more likely to be accurate. The largest, recently published systematic reviews of RCTs were selected for each one of the 4 tendinopathies.
The searches were not systematic as the aim was not to identify all eligible RCTs; we aimed to identify a sufficient number of studies for a sufficiently large, combined population size (at least 200 patients for each instrument). We chose to include RCTs instead of observational studies for two reasons: a) the power calculations used in RCTs was used for the first part of our study looking at definition of MIDs; b) RCTs are generally superior methodologically and their baseline measurements are therefore more likely to be accurate. The largest, recently published systematic reviews of RCTs were selected for each one of the 4 tendinopathies.
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Elbow
Knee
Pain
Patella
Patients
Rotator Cuff
Shoulder
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
Tendinopathy
Tendon, Achilles
Tendons
Tennis Elbow
For each RCT, the following data were extracted and tabulated into Microsoft Excel: a) sample size of each treatment group, b) baseline mean and standard deviation for each outcome measure of interest, and c) what the study authors defined as MID for their power calculation where that was performed. Follow up study data were ignored as they were irrelevant for the purposes of our study.
The MIDs of each outcome measure of interest were calculated as follows:
For each tendinopathy separately, pooled SDs of VAS at the most commonly reported specific settings (e.g. at rest, with activity etc.) were also computed and presented separately where there was a sufficiently large pooled population size (n > 200 patients). We standardised pain VAS scores by using an 11-point scale (0–10) as this was the most commonly used scale; where a 0–100 scale was used by studies, reported values were converted to their equivalent on a 0–10 scale by dividing them by “10”.
The MIDs of each outcome measure of interest were calculated as follows:
for all outcome measures (single-item and multi-item patient-reported) the MID was assumed to be equal to half the pooled SD at baseline based on the rule of half SD [5 (link)]; where the reliability of the instrument is very high (which is generally the case for single-item outcome measures, such as pain VAS), using the one SEM rule would result in a very small value of MID and therefore the half SD threshold is a more stringent criterion [10 (link)].
for multi-item patient-reported outcome measures (e.g. Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment, VISA), the one SEM rule was also used to calculate the MID to see how that compares to the corresponding value deriving from the rule of half SD [10 (link)]. Cronbach’s alpha was used as an internal consistency measure in the equation.
For each tendinopathy separately, pooled SDs of VAS at the most commonly reported specific settings (e.g. at rest, with activity etc.) were also computed and presented separately where there was a sufficiently large pooled population size (n > 200 patients). We standardised pain VAS scores by using an 11-point scale (0–10) as this was the most commonly used scale; where a 0–100 scale was used by studies, reported values were converted to their equivalent on a 0–10 scale by dividing them by “10”.
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MAVS protein, human
Patients
Specimen Handling
Tendinopathy
Visual Analog Pain Scale
The primary outcome measure was pain reduction using LDS with 2.5% diclofenac. Patients reported their NRS (0 to 10) score at the beginning and end of the 4-week study. The NRS is a validated and consistent pain measurement for several musculoskeletal conditions, including shoulder tendinopathy, upper neck and shoulder injury, knee arthritis, lateral epicondylitis, and others [27 (link),28 (link)]. In addition, a reduction in 2 points on the NRS has been reported as a significant minimal clinically important difference for chronic musculoskeletal pain [27 (link)].
The secondary outcome measure of the study was GROC improvement after 4 weeks of intervention compared to physical therapy alone. The GROC scale measured the patient’s overall improvement or deterioration of musculoskeletal injury. Patients reported on the 15-point GROC scale. The GROC scale was labeled with −7 being “a very great deal worse,” 0” being “no change,” and +7 being “a very great deal better.” The GROC scale has high test-retest reliability in patients with musculoskeletal pain, and the GROC scales have good face validity.
The secondary outcome measure of the study was GROC improvement after 4 weeks of intervention compared to physical therapy alone. The GROC scale measured the patient’s overall improvement or deterioration of musculoskeletal injury. Patients reported on the 15-point GROC scale. The GROC scale was labeled with −7 being “a very great deal worse,” 0” being “no change,” and +7 being “a very great deal better.” The GROC scale has high test-retest reliability in patients with musculoskeletal pain, and the GROC scales have good face validity.
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Arthritis
Chronic Pain
Diclofenac
Injuries
Knee
Neck
Pain
Patients
Rheumatism
Shoulder
Shoulder Injuries
Tendinopathy
Tennis Elbow
Therapy, Physical
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More about "Tendinopathy"
Tendinopathy, also known as tendinitis or tendinosis, is a broad term encompassing various pathological conditions affecting tendons.
This musculoskeletal disorder is often characterized by pain, impaired function, and structural changes within the tendon tissue.
Tendinopathy can occur due to overuse, injury, or underlying medical conditions, and can impact different tendons across the body, such as the Achilles, patellar, and rotator cuff tendons.
Symptoms of tendinopathy may include localized pain, tenderness, swelling, and decreased range of motion.
Effective management typically requires a combination of conservative treatments, such as rest, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory medications like ibuprofen or naproxen.
In some cases, more advanced interventions like eccentric exercises, shock wave therapy, or even surgical procedures may be necessary.
Understanding the underlying mechanisms and optimal treatment approaches for tendinopathy remains an active area of research.
Researchers may utilize various tools and techniques, such as FBS (fetal bovine serum), L-glutamine, IL-1β (interleukin-1 beta), Collagenase type I, SAS 9.4 or SPSS software, Bacterial collagenase I, and SPSS Statistics version 21, to study the pathophysiology and evaluate potential therapies for this condition.
Proper diagnosis and timely, evidence-based treatment are crucial to promote healing and prevent chronic disability in individuals affected by tendinopathy.
By exploring the latest research and advancements in this field, healthcare professionals and researchers can work towards improving the management and outcomes for patients suffering from this complex musculoskeletal disorder.
This musculoskeletal disorder is often characterized by pain, impaired function, and structural changes within the tendon tissue.
Tendinopathy can occur due to overuse, injury, or underlying medical conditions, and can impact different tendons across the body, such as the Achilles, patellar, and rotator cuff tendons.
Symptoms of tendinopathy may include localized pain, tenderness, swelling, and decreased range of motion.
Effective management typically requires a combination of conservative treatments, such as rest, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory medications like ibuprofen or naproxen.
In some cases, more advanced interventions like eccentric exercises, shock wave therapy, or even surgical procedures may be necessary.
Understanding the underlying mechanisms and optimal treatment approaches for tendinopathy remains an active area of research.
Researchers may utilize various tools and techniques, such as FBS (fetal bovine serum), L-glutamine, IL-1β (interleukin-1 beta), Collagenase type I, SAS 9.4 or SPSS software, Bacterial collagenase I, and SPSS Statistics version 21, to study the pathophysiology and evaluate potential therapies for this condition.
Proper diagnosis and timely, evidence-based treatment are crucial to promote healing and prevent chronic disability in individuals affected by tendinopathy.
By exploring the latest research and advancements in this field, healthcare professionals and researchers can work towards improving the management and outcomes for patients suffering from this complex musculoskeletal disorder.