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> Disorders > Disease or Syndrome > Upper Respiratory Infections

Upper Respiratory Infections

Upper Respiratory Infections (URIs) are a group of infectious diseases that affect the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.
These infections can be caused by a variety of pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, and can lead to symptoms such as cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, and fever.
URIs are commonly encountered in both pediatric and adult populations and can have a significant impact on quality of life and productivity.
Effective management of URIs often involves a combination of symptomatic relief, antimicrobial therapy (when appropriate), and preventive measures, such as vaccination and good hygiene practices.
Reserach in this area aims to improve our understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and optimal treatment strategies for Upper Respiratory Infections, with the ultimate goal of reducing the burden of these common and sometimes recurrent illnesses.

Most cited protocols related to «Upper Respiratory Infections»

1
Parainfluenza Virus Respiratory Infections
PIV detection was performed by conventional culture, direct fluorescent antibody tests, and/or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay in respiratory samples. PIV upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) was defined as PIV detection in a nasopharyngeal or sputum sample, with URTI symptoms but no new pulmonary infiltrates. LRTD was divided into 3 groups: possible, probable, and proven. Possible LRTD was defined as PIV detection in a nasopharyngeal or sputum sample with new pulmonary infiltrates (but without confirmation of PIV in the lower respiratory tract) with or without LRTD signs or symptoms (eg, cough, wheezing, rales, tachypnea, shortness of breath, dyspnea, or hypoxia). Probable LRTD was defined as PIV detection in a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or lung biopsy sample with LRTD symptoms, with or without pulmonary function decline, and without new pulmonary infiltrates. The definition of proven LRTD was PIV detection in a BAL or biopsy sample with new pulmonary infiltrates with or without LRTD symptoms.
Viral load was determined by quantitative RT-PCR using stored frozen repository samples [13 (link)]. Peak steroid dose was recorded from the period within 2 weeks before PIV infection in patients with URTI. In PIV LRTD cases, peak steroid doses were recorded from within 2 weeks before and after LRTD diagnosis, respectively, and exact steroid dose at 1 month after diagnosis was also collected. Death caused by respiratory failure was defined as any death caused exclusively or predominantly by respiratory failure [14 (link)].
Seo S., Xie H., Campbell A.P., Kuypers J.M., Leisenring W.M., Englund J.A, & Boeckh M. (2014). Parainfluenza Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Disease After Hematopoietic Cell Transplant: Viral Detection in the Lung Predicts Outcome. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 58(10), 1357-1368.
Publication 2014
Biological Assay Biopsy Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cough Diagnosis Dyspnea Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct Freezing Hypoxia Infection Lung Nasopharynx Patients Respiratory Failure Respiratory Rate Respiratory System Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Sputum Steroids Upper Respiratory Infections
2
Defining Chronic Respiratory Symptoms

Chronic respiratory symptoms: The development of one or more of the symptom/s of chronic cough, chronic phlegm, chronic wheezing, chronic shortness of breath and chronic chest tightness which last/s at least three months in one year.

Chronic Cough: Experience of cough as much as 4–6 times per day occurring for most days of the week (≥4 days) for at least three months in one year.

Chronic Phlegm: It is sputum expectoration as much as twice a day for most days of the week (≥4 days) for at least three months in one year.

Chronic Wheezing: A condition of causing a wheezy or whistling sound during inspiration/expiration at least three months in a year occasionally apart from that caused by a cold or acute upper respiratory infection.

Chronic Chest tightness: In the past one year, chest pain that kept off work with phlegm.

Chronic Shortness of breath: It is divided into 5 grades with the following definitions:

Grade 0: No breathlessness except with strenuous exercise;

Grade 1: Breathlessness when hurrying on the level ground or walking up a slight hill at least three months in a year.

Grade 2: Walking slower than people of the same age on the level because of breathlessness or need to stop for breath when walking at own pace or level at least three months in a year.

Grade 3: Stopping for breath after walking about a certain distance or a few minutes on the level ground at least three months in a year.

Grade 4: Too breathless to leave the house or breathless when dressing or undressing at least three months in a year.

Smoking habit :

Never smokers: workers who used no cigarette.

Current smokers: workers who smoked at the time of the study or had stopped smoking less than one year before.

Ex-smokers: workers who had quit at least 1 year before the survey.

Occupational (past dust exposure) history: any work experience on dusty environment before the current working position.

Chronic respiratory disease: respiratory disease like TB, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, and heart disease that could be developed before and identified by physicians.

Gizaw Z., Yifred B, & Tadesse T. (2016). Chronic respiratory symptoms and associated factors among cement factory workers in Dejen town, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia, 2015. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, 11, 13.
Publication 2016
Bronchitis, Chronic Chest Chest Pain Common Cold Cough Disease, Chronic Dyspnea Heart Diseases Lung Cancer Physicians Respiration Disorders Respiratory Rate Respiratory Sounds Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory Sputum Upper Respiratory Infections Walking Speed Wheezing Workers
3
Antibiotic Prescribing Knowledge Survey
A self-administered questionnaire was distributed in both hospitals among residents (i.e. physicians in training) and attending physicians (i.e. staff physicians after completion of training and specialization). Medical doctors from psychiatry, radiology, ophthalmology and anaesthesiology were not included as they do not routinely prescribe AMs. Questionnaires were distributed on site during working hours and participants were asked to respond immediately. There was no incentive for subjects to participate and no reminders were supplied. The questionnaire content was based on a previous survey described in the U.S. and adapted to the Peruvian system [9 (link)]. Prior to release, it was reviewed by a team of six Peruvian infectious diseases physicians to assess the relevance and wording of the questions as well as accuracy of the translation into Spanish. The 38-item questionnaire addressed the professional profile of the participants and frequency of AM prescription (5 questions), their awareness about the current scope of AMR (6 questions), sources of information and continuing education about AMs (2 questions), confidence and seeking inputs (5 questions), factors influencing decisions around AM prescription (5 questions) and the acceptability and appropriateness of potential interventions (6 questions) (Additional file 1). Questions used a 4 or 5-point Likert scale (which included answers ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree", from "very useful" to "not useful at all" and from "always" to "never"). The survey also included seven questions that assessed basic knowledge about the clinical indications, spectrum, administration and pharmacology of AMs. Three case-based questions addressed the choice of AMs for treating acute diarrhoea, an upper respiratory tract infection and sepsis in a patient with impaired renal function; one question addressed safety of AMs during pregnancy, and three questions addressed the spectrum of AMs and their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Finally, in order to evaluate physician awareness about AMR rates within local hospitals, participants were asked to estimate the proportion of Klebsiella pneumoniae resistance to cephalosporins and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to ciprofloxacin (answer options "20% or less", "20%-50%", "more than 50%" or "don't know"). The true rate was obtained from a surveillance study on AMR in Lima hospitals in 2008.
García C., Llamocca L.P., García K., Jiménez A., Samalvides F., Gotuzzo E, & Jacobs J. (2011). Knowledge, attitudes and practice survey about antimicrobial resistance and prescribing among physicians in a hospital setting in Lima, Peru. BMC Clinical Pharmacology, 11, 18.
Publication 2011
Awareness Blood-Brain Barrier Cephalosporins Ciprofloxacin Communicable Diseases Diarrhea Education, Continuing Hispanic or Latino Klebsiella pneumoniae Patients Physicians Pregnancy Pseudomonas aeruginosa Renal Insufficiency Safety Septicemia Upper Respiratory Infections X-Rays, Diagnostic
4
Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Diagnostic Protocol
Patients were prospectively enrolled from the clinical practice of the senior author (v.k.a.). All subjects were outpatients who presented for otolaryngologic evaluation at a tertiary referral center between August 2010 and October 2010. All patients included in this study were at least 18 years old. Patients were diagnosed as having ETD if they had a retracted or poorly mobile tympanic membrane on pneumatic otoscopy, with a history of at least two of the following symptoms in one or both ears over the previous 1 month period: aural fullness or pressure, a sensation of clogged or muffled hearing, recurrent or persistent middle ear effusion (defined as an effusion present on examinations at least 1 month apart), or the inability to rapidly self-equilibrate middle ear pressure following changes in ambient atmospheric pressure. Abnormal impedance audiometry was used as a criterion standard to verify the diagnosis at the time of enrollment. Exclusion criteria included surgery of the head or neck within 3 months; a history of radiation therapy to the head and neck; sinonasal malignancy; evidence of acute upper respiratory infection, including sinusitis and acute otitis media; adenoid hypertrophy; nasal polyposis; cleft palate or history of cleft palate repair; craniofacial syndrome, including Down syndrome; cystic fibrosis; ciliary dysmotility syndrome; or other systemic immunodeficiency. A second group of patients who did not meet these inclusion criteria and who had presented with medical complaints not related to ETD were consecutively enrolled for use as a control group. Presenting complaints for these patients included voice disturbance, tonsil hypertrophy, and intraoral lesions. All of these patients had a normal examination of the tympanic membrane, middle ear, nasal cavity, and nasopharynx. Normal impedance audiometry was used as a criterion standard to verify the absence of ETD. Written informed consent was obtained from each subject, and approval for this study was obtained from the institutional review board of Weill Cornell Medical College.
McCoul E.D., Anand V.K, & Christos P.J. (2012). Validating the Clinical Assessment of Eustachian Tube Dysfunction: The Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire (ETDQ-7). The Laryngoscope, 122(5), 1137-1141.
Publication 2012
Adenoids Atmospheric Pressure Ciliary Motility Disorders Cleft Palate Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosis Down Syndrome Ear Ethics Committees, Research Head Hypertrophy Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Malignant Neoplasms Middle Ear Nasal Cavity Nasal Polyps Nasopharynx Neck NR1D1 protein, human Operative Surgical Procedures Otitis Media Otitis Media with Effusion Otoscopy Outpatients Palatine Tonsil Patients Physical Examination Pressure Radiotherapy Sinusitis Syndrome Tympanic Membrane Upper Respiratory Infections Voice Disorders
5
Otitis Media Epidemiology in Children
Children in group 1, (absent/infrequent AOM group) were enrolled at 6 months of age and followed to 30 months of age; the children had no prior AOM at the time of enrollment. NP and oropharyngeal samples were obtained at 7 routine visits when the children were 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, and 30 months of age. With the first and any subsequent episodes of AOM NP and oropharyngeal cultures and middle ear fluid (MEF) by tympanocentesis were obtained. A follow up visit occurred 3 weeks later after each AOM and NP and oropharyngeal samples were again collected. Two children met the definition of otitis prone (3 AOM episodes in 6 months, n=1; or 4 AOM episodes in 12 months, n=1. Data for their 3rd / 4th AOM episodes meeting the otitis prone definition was included in group 2 (see below).
A second cohort (Group 2) were children less than 36 months of age (otitis prone group) enrolled when they had a 3rd AOM episode within 6 months of time or a 4th episode within 12 months of time. NP and oropharyngeal cultures and MEF by tympanocentesis were obtained at the time of AOM. NP and oropharyngeal samples were collected again at a 3-week follow up visit.
Demographic data collected included family history of AOM, daycare attendance, antibiotic exposure in the prior month, presence of upper respiratory infection, number of AOM episodes before enrollment, age of first AOM episode, and PCV-7 vaccine history. The study was approved by the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital IRB and written informed consent was obtained from parents before enrollment in the study.
Casey J.R., Adlowitz D.G, & Pichichero M.E. (2010). New Patterns in the Otopathogens Causing Acute Otitis Media Six to Eight Years After Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 29(4), 304-309.
Publication 2010
Antibiotics Child Day Care, Medical Ear Infection Middle Ear Oropharynxs Parent Tympanostomy Upper Respiratory Infections Vaccines

Most recents protocols related to «Upper Respiratory Infections»

1
Multiagent Topical Therapy for Skin Condition
Not available on PMC !

Example 9

30 mg of 6-D(−)-α-(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxo-1-piperazinylcarbonylamino)-α-phenylacetamidopenicillinic acid 2-diethylaminoethyl ester hydrochloride (HPP of piperacillin), 10 mg of 2-diethylaminoethyl 2[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]benzene acetate hydrochloride, 30 mg of diethylaminoethyl acetylsalicylate hydrochloride, 30 mg of (RS)—N-[1-(1-benzothien-2-yl)ethyl]-N-(2-diethylaminoacetyloxyl)urea hydrochloride, 3 mg of (RS)-5-[1-acetyloxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol diacetate hydrochloride, and 5 mg of isopropyl (E)-3-{6-[(E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-pyrrolidine-1-yl-prop-1-enyl]pyridin-2-yl}prop-2-enoate in 0.5 ml of 25% ethanol was applied to the skin on the thorax of a subject every morning and evening (twice per day) for 2 weeks or until the condition was alleviated. Then 30 mg of diethylaminoethyl acetylsalicylate hydrochloride in 0.5 ml of water was applied to the skin on the thorax of a subject every morning and evening (twice per day) to prevent the recurrence of the condition.

US11857545B2. High penetration prodrug compositions and pharmaceutical composition thereof for treatment of pulmonary conditions (2024-01-02). TECHFIELDS PHARMA CO., LTD. [CN]. Inventors: Chongxi Yu [US], Lina Xu [CN].
Patent 2024
Acetate Acids Benzene Chest Edan Esters Ethanol ethylbenzene Piperacillin pyrrolidine Recurrence Skin Upper Respiratory Infections Urea
2
Diagnostic Uncertainty Scenarios in Primary Care
During this background phase, the principal investigator (G.D.S.) and a research assistant (A.G.) reviewed literature and conducted a panel discussion with PCPs and communication experts (n = 5). Based on the findings from this stage, 4 clinical vignettes were developed. The vignettes described the following general medical diagnostic uncertainty scenarios: (1) enlarged lymph node in a patient with a history of lymphoma in remission (ie, worrisome for a recurrence), (2) new-onset headache, (3) fever and upper respiratory infection, and (4) subacute low back pain (eAppendix 2 in Supplement 1).
Khazen M., Mirica M., Carlile N., Groisser A, & Schiff G.D. (2023). Developing a Framework and Electronic Tool for Communicating Diagnostic Uncertainty in Primary Care: A Qualitative Study. JAMA Network Open, 6(3), e232218.
Publication 2023
Diagnosis Dietary Supplements Fever Headache Low Back Pain Lymphoma Nodes, Lymph Patients Pneumocystosis Recurrence Upper Respiratory Infections
3
Equine Microbiome Response to Nutritional Supplement
The animal experiment for present microbiome study was described by Tench et al. (29 ). The protocol for the use of experimental animals was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Florida in Gainesville, FL (#201810324) under the Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching (30 ).
Briefly, 20 young and clinically healthy horses in training (mean ± SEM; initial age 22 ± 0.3 mo and BW 439 ± 3 kg) were paired by age and sex and randomly assigned to one of the two experimental treatments for 60 days. Treatments included supplementation with 0 g/d (Control; no treatment Control) or 21 g/d Diamond V TruEquine C (SCFP; Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA). A basal diet of 60% Coastal bermudagrass hay and 40% concentrate formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of horses at a moderate rate of growth (31 (link)) was offered to all horses. Treatment administration was done by top dressing SCFP on the concentrate ration. Horses were exercised 4 days per week for 30–45 min/d at light to moderate intensity. On day 57, horses were placed in individual stalls and tethered with their heads elevated 35 cm above wither height for 12 h to induce mild upper respiratory tract inflammation according to a previously established protocol to mimic long-distance transport stress (32 (link), 33 (link)). Induction of inflammation was confirmed by significantly elevated serum cortisol and blood leukocyte measurements performed after stress induction compared to pre-stress (34 (link), 35 (link)). The stress period was relieved after the 12 h timepoint by untethering of the horse heads. Fecal samples were collected into sterile containers at seven time points: days 0, 28, and 56 before induction of stress, and at 0, 12, 24, and 72 h post-stress, where 0 h is the time at which the horses were untethered. Samples were immediately placed on ice and transported to the laboratory where they were kept in a −80°C freezer until DNA extraction. A schematic of the experimental design and sample collection is given in Figure 1.
Ganda E., Chakrabarti A., Sardi M.I., Tench M., Kozlowicz B.K., Norton S.A., Warren L.K, & Khafipour E. (2023). Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product improves robustness of equine gut microbiome upon stress. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1134092.
Publication 2023
Animals BLOOD Cynodon Diamond Diet Equus caballus Feces Head Hydrocortisone Inflammation Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Leukocytes Light Microbiome Nutritional Requirements Patient Care Management Serum Specimen Collection Sterility, Reproductive Therapies, Investigational Tinca Upper Respiratory Infections
4
Diagnosing Bacterial and Fungal Infections
Bacterial infections are classified as bacteremia or site-specific infections. Multiple positive blood cultures for different organisms on the same day are considered distinct events. If bacterial isolates were a possible skin contaminant (diphtheria, bacillus or coagulase-negative staphylococci) and were isolated in only one blood culture, they were excluded unless systemic antibiotics were given. Infections were recorded if there was a microbiologic or histopathologic diagnosis, and the date of onset of infection was defined as the date on which diagnostic testing was performed. A second event was considered if repeated positive cultures and intermediate cultures were negative >21 days after the initial diagnosis. Site-specific bacterial infection was defined as evidence of bacterial infection by the culture of a normally sterile site or culture of a nonsterile site and evidence of tissue invasion. Lower respiratory tract infection was defined as the detection of a respiratory virus in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid with new or changing pulmonary infiltrates and lower respiratory tract symptoms. Invasive mycosis may be present, and fungal infection is documented. Infections caused by respiratory viruses were classified as upper respiratory tract infections if the virus was detected in nasopharyngeal/throat washes or swabs, sinuses or sputum without symptoms or clinical evidence of lower respiratory tract infection.
Gao Z., Lian Y., Ti J., Ren R, & Ma L. (2023). Therapeutic efficacy and infectious complications of CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cell immunotherapy. Anti-Cancer Drugs, 34(4), 551-557.
Publication 2023
Antibiotics Bacteremia Bacteria Bacterial Infections Blood Culture Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Coagulase Diagnosis Diphtheria Infection Lacticaseibacillus casei Lung Mycoses Nasopharynx Pharynx Respiratory Rate Respiratory Tract Infections Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory Sinuses, Nasal Skin Sputum Staphylococcus Sterility, Reproductive Tissues Upper Respiratory Infections Virus
5
Protocol for Chronic Eosinophilic Asthma Study
Patients who were 18 years of age or older and had a clinical diagnosis of CVA [Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2018 criteria (14 (link), 15 (link))] for at least 8 weeks were included. The diagnosis of CVA was made by a respiratory physician based on history, symptoms, signs, and pulmonary function test. The other inclusion criteria for patients were as follows: (1) <75 years old. (2) Any gender or ethnicity. (3) All patients signed an informed consent form. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Cough caused by pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial fibrosis, or other extra-pulmonary diseases. (2) Patients with known hypersensitivity to lidocaine, vitamin B12, or betamethasone. (3) Comorbidity, includes chronic pulmonary, cardiovascular, renal, neurologic, or other systemic disease. (4) Long-term use of oral glucocorticoids within the last 3 weeks. (5) Smoking within the past 6 months. (6) Pregnancy.
Liu Q., Zhang W., Tian T., Liu Y., Bai H., Hu Q, & Qi F. (2023). Latent myofascial trigger points injection therapy for adult cough variant asthma: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Medicine, 10, 937377.
Publication 2023
Asthma Betamethasone Cardiovascular System Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease Cobalamins Cough Diagnosis Ethnicity Fibrosis Gender Glucocorticoids Hypersensitivity Kidney Lidocaine Lung Lung Diseases Patients Physicians Pneumonia Pregnancy Respiratory Rate Systems, Nervous Tests, Pulmonary Function Upper Respiratory Infections

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Phalloidin-650 is a fluorescent dye used to label and visualize actin filaments in fixed cells. It binds selectively to F-actin (filamentous actin) and emits fluorescence in the far-red region of the spectrum.
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More about "Upper Respiratory Infections"

Upper Respiratory Infections (URIs), also known as upper respiratory tract infections, are a group of infectious diseases that affect the upper respiratory system, including the nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.
These common ailments can be caused by a variety of pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, and typically result in symptoms like cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, and fever.
URIs can have a significant impact on quality of life and productivity, affecting both pediatric and adult populations.
Effective management often involves a combination of symptomatic relief, antimicrobial therapy (when appropriate), and preventive measures like vaccination and good hygiene practices.
Researchers in this field aim to enhance our understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and optimal treatment strategies for Upper Respiratory Infections, with the ultimate goal of reducing the burden of these recurrent illnesses.
Technolgies like FLOQSwabs, Xpert Flu assay, MSwab, QIAsymphony Virus/Bacteria mini kit, and One-step RT-PCR kit play a crucial role in diagnosing and managing URIs.
Additionally, advanced tools like SAS 9.4, CFX96 Touch System lightcycler platform, and FC500 flow cytometer are utilized to analyze data and support research efforts.
The SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test has also become an important tool in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can impact the upper respiratory tract.
By leveraging the insights and technologies available, researchers can optimize Upper Respiratory Infection research and develop more effective prevention and treatment strategies, ultimately improving the health and well-being of individuals affected by these common and sometimes recurrent illnesses.