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> Disorders > Disease or Syndrome > Zoonoses

Zoonoses

Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans.
These diseases are caused by a variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi.
Zoonotic diseases can have significant public health implications, as they can lead to outbreaks and epidemics.
Examples of well-known zoonoses include rabies, Lyme disease, and COVID-19.
Understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention of zoonoses is crucial for protecting human and animal health.
Reasearch in this area aims to develop effective strategies for detecting, treating, and controlling these diseases.

Most cited protocols related to «Zoonoses»

1
Early COVID-19 Epidemiological Insights
The epidemic curve was constructed by date of illness onset, and key dates relating to epidemic identification and control measures were overlaid to aid interpretation. Case characteristics were described, including demographic characteristics, exposures, and health care worker status. The incubation period distribution (i.e., the time delay from infection to illness onset) was estimated by fitting a log-normal distribution to data on exposure histories and onset dates in a subset of cases with detailed information available. Onset-to-first-medical-visit and onset-to-admission distributions were estimated by fitting a Weibull distribution on the dates of illness onset, first medical visit, and hospital admission in a subset of cases with detailed information available. We fitted a gamma distribution to data from cluster investigations to estimate the serial interval distribution, defined as the delay between illness onset dates in successive cases in chains of transmission.
We estimated the epidemic growth rate by analyzing data on the cases with illness onset between December 10 and January 4, because we expected the proportion of infections identified would increase soon after the formal announcement of the outbreak in Wuhan on December 31. We fitted a transmission model (formulated with the use of renewal equations) with zoonotic infections to onset dates that were not linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, and we used this model to derive the epidemic growth rate, the epidemic doubling time, and the basic reproductive number (R0), which is defined as the expected number of additional cases that one case will generate, on average, over the course of its infectious period in an otherwise uninfected population. We used an informative prior distribution for the serial interval based on the serial interval of SARS with a mean of 8.4 and a standard deviation of 3.8.11 (link)Analyses of the incubation period, serial interval, growth rate, and R0 were performed with the use of MATLAB software (MathWorks). Other analyses were performed with the use of SAS software (SAS Institute) and R software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing).
Li Q., Guan X., Wu P., Wang X., Zhou L., Tong Y., Ren R., Leung K.S., Lau E.H., Wong J.Y., Xing X., Xiang N., Wu Y., Li C., Chen Q., Li D., Liu T., Zhao J., Liu M., Tu W., Chen C., Jin L., Yang R., Wang Q., Zhou S., Wang R., Liu H., Luo Y., Liu Y., Shao G., Li H., Tao Z., Yang Y., Deng Z., Liu B., Ma Z., Zhang Y., Shi G., Lam T.T., Wu J.T., Gao G.F., Cowling B.J., Yang B., Leung G.M, & Feng Z. (2020). Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(13), 1199-1207.
Publication 2020
Epidemics Gamma Rays Infection Seafood Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Transmission, Communicable Disease Workers Zoonoses
2
COVID-19 Outbreak Modeling and Containment Strategy

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Publication 2020
Epidemics Infection Latent Infection Range of Motion, Articular Zoonoses
3
Mapping Anopheles Mosquito Distribution Worldwide
The Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) parasite rate data library was searched first [30 (link)], augmented with a systematic search, conducted in January 2007, for published, peer-reviewed literature detailing primary anopheline vector occurrence data. Online scientific bibliographic databases (PubMed [31 ] and Web of Science [32 ]) were searched for post 31 December 1984 articles using "Anopheles" as the keyword search term. In addition, relevant electronic archives were also searched, including AnoBase [33 ], the Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU) Mosquito Catalog [34 ], the Disease Vectors Database [35 ], archives of MalariaWorld [36 ] and Malaria in the News [37 ], and a review of selected bibliographies [26 ].
The resulting citation library was then reviewed and refined, retaining all references that met the following criteria for inclusion: (i) the reported study was undertaken after December 1984 (longitudinal surveys that began prior to but continued past this date were included); (ii) the surveys provided location information to a precision of administrative unit level one or higher; (iii) the surveys reported primary data; (iv) the surveys provided species-level information at the studied location; and (v) the surveys reported the presence of at least one DVS. Electronic mail alerts were then set up on various malaria information bulletins (Malaria in the News [37 ], Malaria World [36 ] and the Malaria Bulletin [38 ]) and by using "Anopheles" as a key word to generate article alerts via PubMed [31 ]. Content notifications for specific high yielding journals including Malaria Journal and Parasite and Vectors (via BioMed Central [39 ]), Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases [40 ] and the Indian Journal of Medical Research [41 ] were also set up. Results from these searches were included until 31 October 2009.
Globally, the literature search resulted in 3857 publications or reports containing potential data to be reviewed. Of these publications, 2276 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, providing data for 147 countries worldwide. A total of 366 sources detailed surveys conducted across 25 countries in the Americas that are further summarized in the results. These data were then augmented with species records from the WRBU MosquitoMap [42 ].
Sinka M.E., Rubio-Palis Y., Manguin S., Patil A.P., Temperley W.H., Gething P.W., Van Boeckel T., Kabaria C.W., Harbach R.E, & Hay S.I. (2010). The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Americas: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis. Parasites & Vectors, 3, 72.
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Publication 2010
Anopheles Bears cDNA Library Culicidae Disease Vectors Malaria Parasites Zoonoses
4
Salmonella colistin resistance screening
PCR screening was performed on 407 initially phenotypically colistin-resistant (MIC >2 mg/L) S. enterica isolates (with exception of serogroup D) obtained from livestock, animals, food, feed and the environment, collected in the frame of routine diagnostics as well as national monitoring and surveillance programs in the years 2011 to 2018 in Germany at the National Reference Laboratory for the Analysis and Testing of Zoonoses (NRL Salmonella). All strains selected have no epidemiological link (neither isolated at the same place, time, animal or food). All isolates were routinely subjected to serotyping by slide agglutination with antisera raised against O-, H1- and H2- antigens and MIC testing as described before (Borowiak et al., 2017a (link)). For PCR screening, isolates were cultivated from stock cultures by inoculating liquid LB medium and subsequent incubation under shaking conditions (250 × rpm) for 16 h at 37°C. Thermal cell lysis preparations were produced as previously described (Borowiak et al., 2017a (link)). DNA suitability for PCR amplification was confirmed by a standard PCR protocol for amplification of the housekeeping gene hemD using the primers recommended on Enterobase1. The hemD PCR was prepared in 25 μL including 12.5 μL 2x DreamTaq Green PCR Master Mix (Thermo Scientific, Vilnius, Lithuania), 0.5 μL of each 10 μM primer dilution, 9.5 μL PCR grade water and 2 μL of thermal cell lysis preparation as template DNA and carried out as follows: initial denaturation for 3 min at 95°C, 35 cycles denaturation for 30 s at 95°C, primer annealing for 30 s at 55°C and elongation for 30 s at 72°C followed by a final elongation step for 10 min at 72°C.
Borowiak M., Baumann B., Fischer J., Thomas K., Deneke C., Hammerl J.A., Szabo I, & Malorny B. (2020). Development of a Novel mcr-6 to mcr-9 Multiplex PCR and Assessment of mcr-1 to mcr-9 Occurrence in Colistin-Resistant Salmonella enterica Isolates From Environment, Feed, Animals and Food (2011–2018) in Germany. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 80.
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Publication 2020
Agglutination Animals Cells Colistin Diagnosis Food Gene Amplification H-2 Antigens Immune Sera Livestock Oligonucleotide Primers Reading Frames Salmonella Strains Technique, Dilution Zoonoses
5
Phylogeographic Analysis of Ebola Transmission
To study changes of host type in Ebola we used whole genome Ebola sequences from 78 patients recently obtained and aligned with sequences from previous outbreaks [39 (link)]. The authors of this study investigated the phylogenetic relationship of samples within or between Ebola outbreaks. We applied the three phylogeographic methods presented above to infer the contribution of zoonotic events to Ebola spread. We used the same alignment provided in [39 (link)] for the BEAST2 analysis, including sampling dates, but we also added information regarding host type. We defined two subpopulations, human and animal reservoir, and we allowed lineages to transmit forwards in time from the animal reservoir to a human host, but not vice-versa. So our phylogeographic model had two locations (respectively human and animal reservoir) but migration was only assumed to occur in one direction. This results in a structured coalescent model with three phylogeographic parameters for MTT and BASTA (one migration rate and two effective population sizes), but only two parameters for DTA, as only a single general effective population size can be defined in that model. A peculiarity of these analyses is that no samples from one of the two considered populations were available. While this might seem an impassable limitation, previous studies have shown that the structured coalescent can provide meaningful estimates even in the absence of samples from one populations (i.e. “ghost deme”, see [47 ]), suggesting that it is possible to perform statistical inference of zoonosis rates in this scenario.
Since the inclusion of no animal samples is unusual, we considered a second, more typical, analysis in which we included genetic sequences from bats. Relatively little sequencing has been performed in potential animal reservoirs, so we were able to include only partial Ebola virus sequences from a 265 bp region of the polymerase (L) gene from seven bats collected in [48 (link)]. In this analysis, it was necessary to allow a small but non-zero rate of migration from humans to the animal reservoir to avoid predetermining inference of the ancestral location of the root. Therefore we constrained the migration rate from humans to animals at a rate 105 times lower than the animal to human rate. This preserves the ability of the model to infer ancestral locations in either of the two subpopulations, once samples from the animal reservoir have been included.
De Maio N., Wu C.H., O’Reilly K.M, & Wilson D. (2015). New Routes to Phylogeography: A Bayesian Structured Coalescent Approximation. PLoS Genetics, 11(8), e1005421.
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Publication 2015
2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether Animals Basta Chiroptera Disease Outbreaks Ebolavirus Genes Genome Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola Homo sapiens Patients Plant Roots Population Group Red Cell Ghost Reproduction Zoonoses

Most recents protocols related to «Zoonoses»

1
Coordinated One Health Zoonotic Surveillance
The data and information collated in reports resulting from a range of preparatory activities have been used for the design of the coordinated surveillance system under the One Health approach.
Briefly, experts contracted under EFSA's Independent Scientific Advice scheme have prepared an overview of the different animal species that can be infected with the selected infectious zoonotic pathogens and collated scientific evidence for the disease and surveillance cards.
The Enetwild consortium has carried out literature reviews on worldwide surveillance systems targeting transboundary zoonotic and emerging diseases within the holistic One‐Health perspective (Enetwild consortium et al., 2022a (link)), and on the main existing structures and systematic/academic initiatives for surveillance in the EU for zoonoses in the environment and the methods for surveillance of pathogens in the environment (Enetwild consortium et al., 2022b (link)), which were consulted by the Working Group (WG) during the assessment process.
The description of the main existing structures and systematic initiatives and academic activities for surveillance in the EU for transboundary, emerging and re‐emerging zoonoses in domestic animals and wildlife (Enetwild consortium et al., 2022c (link)) has been considered by the WG experts in their assessment of the feasibility of different possible surveillance options.
The information presented by the Enetwild consortium on endangered wildlife hosts in Europe for selected pathogens to be targeted by One Health surveillance (Enetwild consortium et al., 2022d) and the recommendations and technical specifications for sustainable surveillance of zoonotic pathogens where wildlife is implicated (Enetwild consortium et al., 2023 (link)) have been used for developing the proposals of surveillance options targeting wildlife species.
Data and information on vectors and vector surveillance developed under the VectorNet project (ECDC, 2014 (link); ECDC and EFSA, 2018) have been used by the WG experts for the development of proposals of surveillance options targeting mosquitos and ticks.
Berezowski J., De Balogh K., Dórea F.C., Ruegg S., Broglia A., Zancanaro G, & Gervelmeyer A. (2023). Coordinated surveillance system under the One Health approach for cross‐border pathogens that threaten the Union – options for sustainable surveillance strategies for priority pathogens. EFSA Journal, 21(3), e07882.
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Publication 2023
Animals Animals, Domestic Cloning Vectors Culicidae pathogenesis Process Assessment, Health Care Ticks Zoonoses
2
Quantitative Microagglutination Test for Leptospirosis
The Microagglutination Test (MAT), the reference serological test, was used for processing samples, considering a titer of ≥1:200 as a criterion of positivity. This is the cut-off point used in cattle in Argentina since leptospirosis is an endemic disease and because cattle are vaccinated in areas where this agent is present (17 ). Antibodies against pathogenic Leptospira were detected by the MAT in the Leptospirosis Laboratory, Department of Rural Zoonosis (Ministry of Health of Buenos Aires Province), according to WOAH (18 ) protocols.
A panel of live antigens of ten Leptospira spp. reference strains were used: L. interrogans serogroup Canicola serovar Canicola strain H. Utrecht IV, serogroup Hebdomadis serovar Hebdomadis strain Hebdomadis, serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar Copenhageni strain M20, serogroup Pomona serovar Pomona strain Pomona, serogroup Pyrogenes serovar Pyrogenes strain Salinem, serogroup Sejroe serovar Wolfii strain 3,705 and serogroup Sejroe serovar Hardjo strain Hardjoprajitno, L. borgpeterseni serogroup Ballum serovar Castellonis strain Castellon 3 and serogroup Tarassovi serovar Tarassovi strain Perepelitsin and L. kirschneri serogroup Grippotyphosa serovar Grippotyphosa strain Castellon 3. This panel was developed at 28–30°C in the Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) medium with no more than 15 days of growth. Serial serum dilutions were performed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2) starting from 1:100 dilution. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 90 min. After incubation, the serum-antigen mixtures were checked for agglutination under a dark field microscope. Tests were interpreted as positive when agglutination at ≥ 1:200 of at least 50% of the leptospires for any serogroup was observed. The highest serum dilution with >50% agglutination or ≤50% free leptospires, compared to the negative control, was considered the endpoint titer of quantitative MAT.
Mazzanti M., Scialfa E., Rivero M, & Passucci J. (2023). Epidemiology of Leptospira spp. infection in a beef cattle area of Argentina. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1083024.
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Publication 2023
Agglutination Antibodies Antigens Cattle Endemic Diseases Leptospira Leptospirosis Microscopy Pathogenicity Phosphates Saline Solution Serum Strains Technique, Dilution Tests, Serologic Zoonoses
3
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Salmonella
The national public health laboratories within the Food‐ and Waterborne Diseases and Zoonoses (FWD) network has agreed on a panel of priority antimicrobials and optional antimicrobials to test for and report to ECDC (ECDC, 2016 , 2021 ). Compared with earlier recommendations, a second beta‐lactam (ceftazidime) and a carbapenem (meropenem) were added. For 2021, all MS reported results on meropenem and all but four for ceftazidime. Three last‐line antimicrobials – azithromycin, colistin and tigecycline – are also included in the priority list. For colistin, however, the methodology is complicated due to chemical properties of the substance and a joint EUCAST and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) subcommittee confirmed that broth microdilution is so far the only valid method for colistin susceptibility testing (CLSI and ECDC, 2016 ). Disk diffusion does not work because of poor diffusion of the large colistin molecule in the agar and tested gradient strips also underestimate colistin MIC values, again most likely due to poor diffusion in the agar (Matuschek et al., 2018 (link)). Therefore, only countries performing broth microdilution (or those predicting resistance from WGS) should report on colistin resistance. Nine MSs reported AST results for azithromycin, tigecycline and colistin for 2021.
Due to the problems in detecting low‐level fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella spp. using disk diffusion, nalidixic acid was, for a long time, used as a marker for fluoroquinolone resistance. After the discovery that plasmid‐mediated fluoroquinolone resistance is often not detected using nalidixic acid, EUCAST studied alternative disks and concluded that pefloxacin was an excellent surrogate marker (except for isolates having the aac(6′)‐Ib‐cr gene as the only resistance determinant) (Skov and Monnet, 2016 (link)). Since 2014, EUCAST has recommend this agent for screening of low‐level fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella with disk diffusion (EUCAST, 2014 ) and, since June 2016, this is also reflected in the EU protocol. In 2021, all countries reporting measured values for disk diffusion tested with pefloxacin instead of ciprofloxacin, except for Latvia where this information is unknown. Eleven countries reported the combination drug co‐trimoxazole (trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole) in addition to, or instead of, testing the substances separately, partly because this combination is used for clinical treatment and partly because no EUCAST interpretive criterion exists for sulfamethoxazole for Salmonella.
The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2020/2021. (2023). EFSA Journal, 21(3), e07867.
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Publication 2023
Agar Azithromycin beta-Lactams Carbapenems Ceftazidime chemical properties Ciprofloxacin Clinical Laboratory Services Colistin Diffusion Drug Combinations Fluoroquinolones Food Genes Joints Meropenem Microbicides Nalidixic Acid Pefloxacin Plasmids R Factors Salmonella Sulfamethoxazole Surrogate Markers Susceptibility, Disease Tigecycline Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination Waterborne Diseases Zoonoses
4
Exploring Perceptions on Dog Bites and Rabies
Semi-structured interviews were conducted by a team member (LD) in French or in English and lasted between 8 and 43 min (mean: 20 min). The interview guide was developed by the research team in collaboration with the local community coordinators (see Appendix 1). Subjects addressed their experiences with dog bites, their perception of rabies risks and their perceptions of how to improve services regarding dogs and dog bites. Subjects discussed with health care professionals also included their roles in dog bites and dog transmitted zoonosis management. All interviews were audio recorded. In order to maintain participants' confidentiality, localities of the nurses interviewed will not be mentioned in the results section.
Daigle L., Ravel A., Rondenay Y., Simon A., Mokoush K.N, & Aenishaenslin C. (2023). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding dogs and dog bites in Indigenous northern communities: A mixed methods study. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1080152.
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Publication 2023
Bites Health Care Professionals Hydrophobia Nurses Zoonoses
5
Chernobyl Dogs Radiation Exposure Study
The radiation heatmap in Fig. 1A was created using ArcMap in ArcGIS (v10.6.1) with a map of cesium-137 deposition levels overlayed (1 (link)). Sample collection was organized by the Chernobyl Research Initiative at the University of South Carolina. Blood samples from the Chernobyl dogs were humanely collected alongside a transient spay, neuter, and vaccination clinic sponsored by animal welfare organizations including the International Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Clean Futures Fund. The annual spay/neuter/vaccination clinics were established as an alternative to culling free-roaming dogs, with the goal of preventing the spread of zoonotic diseases to increasing numbers of tourists in the region as well as workers associated with the construction of the Chernobyl New Safe Confinement facility. When free-roaming dogs in and around the CEZ received veterinary care, blood samples were obtained and preserved for subsequent studies, including those herein. Dogs were captured by veterinarians and qualified volunteers using humane chemical sedation and mechanical techniques, minimizing stress to animals as much as possible. Using both chemical and mechanical capture techniques reduced the effects of sampling bias by capture and permitted sampling of more fearful individuals from a distance. Following anesthetization for surgery, blood samples were collected using either a catheter or capillary tube, collecting blood exposed from the surgery by a licensed veterinarian or veterinary technician. No animals were euthanized for the purpose of this study, and the use of the word “capture” in this manuscript implies temporary capture for veterinary care. All such dogs captured for veterinary care were promptly and safely released back into their environment following surgical recovery. All procedures were conducted with the permission of the CNPP authorities under the supervision of licensed veterinarians and veterinary technicians. Data collected for this paper were gathered opportunistically while animals were being treated by the medical program and, hence, are exempt from Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) approval.
Spatola G.J., Buckley R.M., Dillon M., Dutrow E.V., Betz J.A., Pilot M., Parker H.G., Bogdanowicz W., Thomas R., Chyzhevskyi I., Milinevsky G., Kleiman N., Breen M., Ostrander E.A, & Mousseau T.A. (2023). The dogs of Chernobyl: Demographic insights into populations inhabiting the nuclear exclusion zone. Science Advances, 9(9), eade2537.
Publication 2023
Animals BLOOD Canis familiaris Capillaries Catheters Cesium-137 Fear Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Operative Surgical Procedures Radiotherapy Sedatives Specimen Collection Supervision Transients Vaccination Veterinarian Veterinary Technician Voluntary Workers Workers Zoonoses

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More about "Zoonoses"

Zoonotic Diseases: The Intersection of Animal and Human Health Zoonoses, or zoonotic diseases, are infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans.
These diseases are caused by a diverse range of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi.
Understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention of zoonoses is crucial for safeguarding human and animal health.
Zoonotic diseases can have significant public health implications, as they can lead to outbreaks and epidemics that affect both human and animal populations.
Some well-known examples of zoonoses include rabies, Lyme disease, and the recent COVID-19 pandemic, which is believed to have originated from a zoonotic transmission event.
Researchers in this field utilize a variety of tools and techniques to study zoonotic diseases, including cell culture models such as Vero E6 cells, antimicrobial agents like Penicillin and Streptomycin, and growth media like DMEM.
Advanced software like Agilent Aria and AriaMx Real-Time PCR Systems are also employed to analyze and interpret data related to the detection, characterization, and monitoring of zoonotic pathogens.
The QIAmp Viral RNA Mini Kit is a commonly used tool for extracting and purifying viral RNA from samples, which is essential for molecular-based detection and analysis of zoonotic viruses.
Additionally, the HEPES buffer is often utilized in cell culture and molecular biology applications to maintain the pH and optimize the growth and behavior of cells involved in zoonotic disease research.
By leveraging these cutting-edge tools and techniques, researchers are able to gain deeper insights into the complex dynamics of zoonotic diseases, ultimately paving the way for the development of more effective strategies for detecting, treating, and controlling these infectious threats that span the animal-human interface.