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Bites

Bites refer to injuries caused by the teeth of an animal or insect piercing the skin.
These can result in pain, bleeding, swelling, and potential infection.
Bites can occur from a variety of sources, including domestic pets, wild animals, insects, and even humans.
Prompt medical attention may be necessary to prevent complications, especially for bites that break the skin.
Proper wound care and possible antibiotic treatment are important considerations.
The severeity of a bite injury can range from minor irritation to life-threatening, depending on the specific circumstances.

Most cited protocols related to «Bites»

1
Malaria Epidemiology and Treatment in Mimika, Indonesia
The Mimika district lies on the southern coast of Papua in Eastern Indonesia (Figure 1), covering an area of 21,522 square-kilometres with 12 sub-districts and 85 villages. The area is largely forested with both coastal and mountainous areas. Each year a total of approximately 5.5 metres of rainfall is recorded with peaks in July to September and December (unpublished data). At the last census in 2004, the population in the lowlands was reported as 130,000. One hospital, the Rumah Sakit Mitra Masyarakat (RSMM) in the town of Timika, services the whole district and is the only hospital available for the lowland population. Due to the presence of a local mine, there is economic migration, with the local population increasing by an estimated 16% per year. This has resulted in the diverse ethnic origin of the local population, with highland Papuans, lowland Papuans and non-Papuans all resident in the region. Healthcare for the population is provided by the public clinics of the local ministry of health, the Public Health Malaria Control programme (PHMC) of the mine, the RSMM hospital and the private sector.
Malaria transmission is perennial, but restricted to the lowland area where it is associated with three mosquito vectors: Anopheles koliensis, Anopheles farauti and Anopheles punctulatus [11 (link),12 (link)]. Entomological inoculation rates vary between 1 and 4 infected bites per year (unpublished data). Bed net coverage is estimated to be approximately 40%. In view of the high number of infections in non-immune patients, local protocols recommend that all patients with patent parasitaemia at any level are given antimalarial therapy. At the time of the study local treatment guidelines advocated chloroquine plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for P. falciparum and chloroquine monotherapy for non-falciparum malaria. An assessment of local treatment regimens in 2004 highlighted that the day-28 cure rate of chloroquine monotherapy was less than 35% for patients with P. vivax and that of chloroquine plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine was only 52% for patients with P. falciparum [7 (link)]. Local and national guidelines also recommend that patients with P. vivax parasitaemia over 1 years old, receive 14 days unsupervised treatment with primaquine, however adherence to and effectiveness of this regimen in this setting is not known.
Karyana M., Burdarm L., Yeung S., Kenangalem E., Wariker N., Maristela R., Umana K.G., Vemuri R., Okoseray M.J., Penttinen P.M., Ebsworth P., Sugiarto P., Anstey N.M., Tjitra E, & Price R.N. (2008). Malaria morbidity in Papua Indonesia, an area with multidrug resistant Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria Journal, 7, 148.
Publication 2008
Anopheles Antimalarials Bites Chloroquine Infection Malaria Malaria, Falciparum Mosquito Vectors Parasitemia Patients Primaquine Private Sector sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine Transmission, Communicable Disease Treatment Protocols Vaccination
2
Temperature Effects on Malaria Transmission
A natural analytical framework for considering the effects of temperature on malaria transmission intensity is provided by deterministic models for the disease's basic reproductive number, R 0 , defined formally as the expected number of new cases arising in a naive population after one generation of the parasite from the introduction of a single infectious person [39 -41 ]. These models parameterise malaria transmission in terms of characteristics of, and interactions between, human, vector, and parasite populations [42 -46 (link)]. Those aspects of the transmission cycle affected by temperature are encapsulated in a component of R 0 known as vectorial capacity [47 (link)], V , which defines the total number of subsequent infectious bites arising from a single person-day of exposure and is classically expressed as:
where m is the number of mosquitoes per human, a is the human feeding rate, p is the daily vector survival rate, and n is the time required for sporogony, the maturation of parasites ingested by mosquitoes during human blood meals into the sporozoite life cycle stage infectious to humans. Expressing vector survival in terms of daily death rate, g where, g = -ln p, and holding constant the rate of adult mosquito recruitment, λ, relative to the human population so that, m = λ/g, vectorial capacity can be rewritten [48 (link)] as:
Temperature can influence all of the terms in this equation. Temperature affects feeding rates, a for example, via effects on vector activity and blood meal digestion [49 -51 ]. Larval ecology and, thus, adult recruitment, λ, are affected by temperatures found in aquatic habitats which play a role in modulating larval development rates and survival [33 (link),34 (link),52 (link),53 ]. Other work has demonstrated how these factors alone can impose limits on habitat suitability for particular anopheline species [53 ]. Adult mosquito recruitment is, however, also driven by a myriad of other climatic and local environmental factors, in particular those associated with the often transitory availability of aquatic oviposition sites. Here we focus on the more pronounced and directly measurable effects of temperature on vectorial capacity: the interaction between vector lifespan, determined by, g and the duration of sporogony, a. Holding a and λ constant, then, we can modify equation (2) to obtain an expression as a function of temperature, T:
Since a and λ are unknown, vectorial capacity cannot be evaluated directly, so we define instead an index of temperature suitability Z(T) that is linearly proportional to V(T) and therefore sufficient for exploring the relative, rather than absolute, effect of temperature on vectorial capacity and, thus, on R 0 . The index Z(T) can be interpreted as a relative measure of the number of infectious mosquitoes supported in an environment with temperature T, given a constant emergence rate λ. All other things being equal, an environment with, say Z(T), a value of 100 would support twice the vectorial capacity or, equivalently, require half as many vectors to support the same vectorial capacity as one with a Z(T) value of 50. Locations in which Z(T) is zero indicate that no vectors survive long enough to accumulate sufficient degree days for sporogony.
Gething P.W., Van Boeckel T.P., Smith D.L., Guerra C.A., Patil A.P., Snow R.W, & Hay S.I. (2011). Modelling the global constraints of temperature on transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Parasites & Vectors, 4, 92.
Publication 2011
Adult Bites BLOOD Climate Cloning Vectors Culicidae Digestion Homo sapiens Infection Larva Malaria Maritally Unattached Oviposition Parasites Sporozoites Transmission, Communicable Disease
3
Spatial Analysis of Snakebite Incidence
Data analysis was performed in Stata version 12 [14 ] and in the R programming language version 3.2.2 [15 ]. Population based incidence rates of snakebite by province with 95% confidence intervals were constructed taking into account the cluster sampling technique used. National figures were derived taking into account both the stratification by province and the clustering by GN division. Population based incidence rates were calculated using the “Survey” package in the R programming language [16 ].
Individual level variables (e.g. age, sex) were considered only for descriptive analysis and were not considered for modelling. The explanatory variables for snakebite incidence modelling included cluster level population density, sex, occupation, age, education, ethnicity, income, elevation, NDVI, climatic zones and land use. Only the spatial variables were considered in modelling of the envenoming bite (i.e. population density, elevation, NDVI, climatic zones and land use), based on an assumption that envenoming is related to the geographical distribution of venomous snakes rather than to human snake interaction.
Generalized linear and generalized additive models were used for exploratory analysis of the number of snakebites and number of envenoming bites among the sampled population in each cluster, ignoring spatial correlation. Generalized additive models were used to identify the patterns of association of explanatory variables and to construct piece-wise linear functions so as to address non-linear associations within parametric generalized linear models (S1 Appendix). Subsequently, the significant variables of the respective piece-wise linear models were then used as explanatory variables in geostatistical modeling.
The standardized residuals of the fitted piece-wise linear models were mapped in a Sri Lankan grid to investigate residual patterns, corresponding to spatial variation in incidence that is not captured by the available explanatory variables. The empirical variogram of cluster-level incidence was used to suggest a geostatistical model for the spatial correlation of adjusted bite incidence (S2 Appendix).
Ediriweera D.S., Kasturiratne A., Pathmeswaran A., Gunawardena N.K., Wijayawickrama B.A., Jayamanne S.F., Isbister G.K., Dawson A., Giorgi E., Diggle P.J., Lalloo D.G, & de Silva H.J. (2016). Mapping the Risk of Snakebite in Sri Lanka - A National Survey with Geospatial Analysis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 10(7), e0004813.
Publication 2016
Bites Climate Ethnicity Homo sapiens Snake Bites Snakes Snake Venoms
4
Malaria Transmission in Southern Tanzania
The SFS was estabished at the Ifakara Health Institute (IHI) located in the Kilombero district of southern Tanzania. Malaria transmission intensities within this area are amongst the highest described for sub-saharan Africa [49 (link),50 (link)]; with annual entomological inoculation rates exceeding three hundred infectious bites a year in some locations [49 (link),51 (link),52 ]. The major malaria vectors in this region are Anopheles arabiensis, An. gambiae s.s. and An. funestus [52 -54 (link)].
Ferguson H.M., Ng'habi K.R., Walder T., Kadungula D., Moore S.J., Lyimo I., Russell T.L., Urassa H., Mshinda H., Killeen G.F, & Knols B.G. (2008). Establishment of a large semi-field system for experimental study of African malaria vector ecology and control in Tanzania. Malaria Journal, 7, 158.
Publication 2008
Anopheles Bites Cloning Vectors Infection Malaria Transmission, Communicable Disease Vaccination
5
Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) for Behavioral Observation
As an ecological behavioral observation method, the Electronically Activated
Recorder (EAR) seeks to accomplish that (Mehl et
al., 2001; Mehl et al., 2012 (link)).
Technically, it is a portable audio recorder that intermittently records ambient
sound bites. Participants wear it while going about their days, unaware when exactly
the device is recording. By tracking the ambient sounds of their lives, the EAR
yields acoustic logs of their days. In preserving a high degree of naturalism at the
level of the raw data, it resembles ethnographic methods. Through its sampling, it
protects privacy and enables large(r) empirical studies. The sampled recordings are
then transcribed and coded for aspects of participants’ momentary location,
activities, interactions, and affect expressions. Since its initial development in
1999 (with James Pennebaker), the EAR has evolved from a chip-triggered
microcassette recorder into a smartphone app (Figure
1). Currently, we are using a fourth-generation “iEAR”
system that runs on iOS; an Android version will be available in 2017.
Wearing the EAR is minimally bothersome (although it currently still requires
carrying an extra mobile device) and it has been successfully used, with good
acceptance and compliance, in age groups ranging from childhood to old age (3 years
to 93 years; Alisic et al., 2015 ; Bollich et
al., 2015) and with different healthy (Holleran et
al., 2011; Slatcher & Rhobles,
2012) and clinical (Baddeley et al.,
2013; Brown et al., 2014 (link); Tobin et al., 2015 (link)) populations. Practical
recommendations for how to use the EAR, including information about existing coding
systems, are available at Megan Robbins’ OSF EAR Repository: https://osf.io/n2ufd/.
, & Mehl M.R. (2017). The Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR): A Method for the Naturalistic Observation of Daily Social Behavior. Current directions in psychological science, 26(2), 184-190.
Publication 2016
Acoustics Age Groups Behavior Observation Techniques Bites DNA Chips Medical Devices Population Group Sound

Most recents protocols related to «Bites»

1
Trauma Causes Classification and Coding
Causes of trauma refer to external factors causing damage to an organism's structures or functions. In this report, the causes of trauma for the patients in the HQMS database were classified into eight types according to the Medical Priority Dispatch System (MPDS), namely: ① traffic/transportation incidents; ② falls; ③ stab/gunshot/penetrating trauma; ④ blunt/violent attacks/impact injuries; ⑤ animal attacks/bites; ⑥ explosion/burn injuries; ⑦ machinery-related injuries; ⑧ and other causes of trauma. Based on the ICD-10 codes for “external causes of injuries and poisoning” on the front page of each hospital medical record, the causes of trauma for patients were classified based on the seven types above. The ICD-10 code corresponding to each cause of trauma was detailed in Supplementary Table 2.
The causes of trauma on the big data platform of CTRTA were classified into six categories by reference to MPDS, namely: ① traffic/transportation incidents; ② high altitude falling; ③ stab/gunshot/penetrating trauma; ④ violent attacks; ⑤ animal attacks/bites; ⑥ explosion/burn injuries.
Wang Y., Wang C., Hu P., Wang H., Gan L., Kong G., Shi Y., Wang T, & Jiang B. (2023). China trauma treatment statistics 2019: A national retrospective study based on hospitalized cases. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1116828.
Publication 2023
Animals Bites Blast Injuries Burns Forehead Injuries Nonpenetrating Wounds Patients Wound, Gunshot Wounds and Injuries
2
Mosquito Surveillance in Southwest China
From 21st August to 5th September 2020, five townships in Malipo County, Wenshan Prefecture, namely Malipo, Donggan, Mangkou Yao, Babu, and Tianbao Townships, were selected according to their altitude and ecological environment. Mosquitoes were trapped in the livestock corrals during two nights in a row using a CDC Light Trap (John W. Hock Company, Gainesville, FL, United States). Mosquitoes were captured from the woods or bamboo forests near residential areas during the day using an electric mosquito catcher. Trapping personnel wore long clothes and pants and followed personal protective measures to avoid mosquito bites. In a survey of residential areas inside and outside of courtyards and households, and in surrounding bamboo forests and woods, we used the pipette method to collect mosquito larvae (pupae) in containers of stagnant water, reared them until eclosion, and then collected the adult mosquitoes.
From 15th July to 21st July 2021, blood-sucking mosquitoes were trapped in livestock corrals near the residential areas of Lida Township, Kuaiai Township, and Guichao Township in Funing County. The CDC Light Trap (John W. Hock Company) and an electric mosquito catcher were used at night and during the day, respectively. Mosquitoes were placed in a − 40°C freezer, and the frozen mosquitoes were removed and placed on ice for rapid mosquito sub-screening. Morphological classification of frozen adult mosquitoes and larvae mosquitoes were assigned using stereomicroscopy (Phenix Optical Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangxi, China). The identified mosquitoes were divided into freezing tubes with 1–50 according to the collection site and habitat and stored at −40°C. After the field survey, the frozen mosquitoes were stored in a freezer and transported to the laboratory for freezing at −80°C until examination. Information on the mosquito collection sites in the two counties is shown in Figure 1 and Supplementary Table S1.
Tian F., He J., Shang S., Chen Z., Tang Y., Lu M., Huang C., Guo X, & Tong Y. (2023). Survey of mosquito species and mosquito-borne viruses in residential areas along the Sino–Vietnam border in Yunnan Province in China. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1105786.
Publication 2023
Adult Ankle Bites BLOOD Culicidae Electricity Forests Households Larva LIDA Light Livestock Pupa Vision
3
Dog Ownership and Perceptions in Northern Canada
Data collection was mainly conducted in person by the first author (LD) from May 27 to June 12, 2019, in the communities. The questionnaire was based on previous studies and adapted to the current study objectives (see Appendix 1) (12 (link)). It included a maximum of 56 questions, with 20 questions restricted to dog owners. The questionnaire was available in French, English, and translated orally in local languages as needed. Questions collected data on: (1) dog demography (male or female, breed, reproductive status, age, roles, vaccination status, time spent free-roaming), (2) veterinary services available in the community and those that would be desired (results for this part are not presented and are available in Appendix 2), (3) experiences with dog bites (themselves or in their surroundings, context, and actions taken after), (4) perceptions of dogs and situations related to dogs (knowledge on rabies, perceived susceptibility of being bitten or contracting rabies in the community, perceived severity and level of concern related to dogs, rabies, and dog bites), and (5) demographic data on the participants (age, gender, occupation, beneficiary of the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement). Questions pertaining to perceptions were evaluated using a five-point Likert scale. For the questions specific to dogs, the respondents could give information for a maximum of four dogs (four older dogs owned). At the end of the questionnaire, people were invited to participate in an individual interview.
Daigle L., Ravel A., Rondenay Y., Simon A., Mokoush K.N, & Aenishaenslin C. (2023). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding dogs and dog bites in Indigenous northern communities: A mixed methods study. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1080152.
Publication 2023
Bites Canis familiaris Females Gender Hydrophobia Males Reproduction Susceptibility, Disease Vaccination
4
Rabies Risk Perception and Exposure in Two African Communities
Data were compiled and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (RRID:SCR_016479) version 25 software. Because of the proximity between MLJ and SCH, the low number of respondents, the culture difference and the different access to government dog rabies vaccination program, data from both MLJ and SCH communities were compiled (MLJ-SCH) and compared to data from KWW, meaning that two localities were compared. Descriptive analyses were conducted globally and by the community. Statistical tests were performed to assess significant differences in proportions between communities with p < 0.05, with either Pearson's Chi squared test or Fisher exact test when the theoretical size of any cell was lower than 5. All significant results were reported in the result section. Missing data were excluded to calculate proportions for individual variables.
An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to explore the underlying structure of perception variables and to identify variables to regroup for further analysis (33 ). It was initially performed on the fifteen risk perception variables. As it is generally recommended for ordinal psychosocial data, we used the unweighted least square extraction method and an oblimin rotation (34 (link), 35 ). The correlation between variables was assessed by Pearson correlation. The quality of representation was assessed by initial communalities and results inferior to 0.2 were excluded from the analysis. We excluded factors with eigenvalues below 1 and we included variables with factor loadings superior to 0.5. Sampling adequacy was verified by calculating the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity, for each latent factor. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. For each participant, the factor scores of latent variables were estimated by summing the initial scores corresponding to all items loading regrouping on a factor, as it is generally accepted for exploratory analysis (36 , 37 (link)). New variables were created with these sum scores: Dog risk perception, Rabies risk perception and Perceived ability to protect oneself against rabies. Cronbach's alpha was calculated, as evidence for the reliability of the measurement and a value of 0.65 and above was deemed acceptable (38 (link)).
Multivariable regressions were used to explore the association between selected factors and three outcome variables: (A) knowledge on rabies (high vs. low reported knowledge, binary logistic multivariate regression); (B) dog risk perception (linear multivariable regression of the discrete perception score); and (C) exposure to dog bites during the lifetime (yes vs. no, binary logistic multivariable regression). The dichotomized variable “Knowledge on rabies” was created by combining, “Never heard of rabies” and “Little knowledge” (low), as well as combining “Basic knowledge” and “Extensive knowledge” (high). To build the models, we used at first univariable regressions for each independent variable to assess their association with the dependent variable: age, gender, knowledge on rabies (except for model A), communities, owning dogs, been bitten (except for model C), Dog risk perception (except for model B), perceived ability to protect oneself against rabies, and Rabies risk perception. Variables associated to the outcomes with p < 0.2 were kept for inclusion in the multivariable models. Then, multivariable models were built using a backward elimination process with p < 0.05. Gender, age, and communities were forced into all models, significant or not, in order to include the factors considered potentially confounding. Interactions were also assessed between some variables (gender, age, and community). For model C using exposure to dog bites as the dependent variable, there was no significant association with all tested variables, and so results for this model are not presented (available in Appendix 3).
Daigle L., Ravel A., Rondenay Y., Simon A., Mokoush K.N, & Aenishaenslin C. (2023). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding dogs and dog bites in Indigenous northern communities: A mixed methods study. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1080152.
Publication 2023
Bites Cultural Evolution Dental Occlusion factor A Gender Hearing Immunization Programs Rabies Vaccines Vaccination
5
Mixed Methods Dog Bite Study
Quantitative and qualitative data were mixed following a triangulation design. Qualitative data were used to integrate Indigenous knowledge and perspectives. The integration of the results was done according to a multilevel model, e.g., qualitative data were collected only from a subgroup of respondents who completed the quantitative questionnaires. Both types of data had equal weight at the level of analysis and interpretation. They were first analyzed separately and then contrasted, in order to have a complete conclusion on the study objectives, either the KAP regarding dogs and dog bites in these communities and the investigation of experiences of community members and health professionals with regard to dog bites and their management (40 ).
Daigle L., Ravel A., Rondenay Y., Simon A., Mokoush K.N, & Aenishaenslin C. (2023). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding dogs and dog bites in Indigenous northern communities: A mixed methods study. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1080152.
Publication 2023
Bites Health Personnel

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More about "Bites"

Bites refer to injuries caused by the teeth or mouthparts of an animal, insect, or even a human, resulting in punctured skin, pain, bleeding, swelling, and potential infection.
These can come from domestic pets, wild critters, bugs, and more.
Prompt medical care is often necessary to prevent complications, especially for breaks in the skin.
Proper wound management and possible antibiotics are important considerations, as bite severities can range from minor irritation to life-threatening.
Bite injuries are a common occurrence and can have varying levels of impact.
For example, a dog bite may require different treatment than a mosquito bite.
Similarly, an animal attack may be more severe than a human bite.
Consulting a healthcare provider is recommended, as they can assess the specific type of bite, potential risks, and appropriate next steps, which may include cleaning the wound, administering vaccines or medications like those found in Stata 15, the BD Accuri C6 flow cytometer, or RNAlater, or even the rabies vaccine like Verorab.
In some cases, additional tools and technologies like SAS 9.4, the Avanti 30 centrifuge, the MillexHV unit, or SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 may be utilized to analyze samples, run tests, or gather data related to the bite incident.
Specialized equipment like the Anti-6xHis tag-biotin mAb and PE-conjugated streptavidin may also play a role in the diagnosis and treatment of certain bite-related infections or conditions.
Ultimately, the key is to seek prompt medical attention, follow proper wound care protocols, and be aware of the potential risks and severity of different types of bites.
By understanding the insights around bites, individuals can be better prepared to prevent, recognize, and address these types of injuries effectively.