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> Disorders > Injury or Poisoning > Brain Injuries

Brain Injuries

Brain injuries are a diverse group of conditions that can result from physical trauma, stroke, or other neurological insults.
These injuries can lead to cognitive, physical, and emotional impairments, and have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life.
Effective research and treatment protocols are essential for optimizing recovery and improving outcomes for those affected by brain injuries.
PubCompare.ai is an AI-driven tool that helps researchers identify the most effective protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, ensuring reproducibillity and accuracy.
By leveraging intelligent algorithms, PubCompare.ai can assist in the identification of the most effective treatments and products for brain injury research, enhancing studies and driving advancements in this critical field.

Most cited protocols related to «Brain Injuries»

1
Prosodic Processing Impairments in Traumatic Brain Injury
A systematic search of English-language literature using MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane, LLBA (Linguistics and Language Behaviour Abstract), Web of Science, Scopus and PsychINFO (January 1980 to May 2015) was performed along with a manual search of the cited references of the selected articles and the search cited features of PubMed. Appendix 1 lists the search strategy performed on MEDLINE as an example of the literature search performed in each database. The search was limited to comparative analyses between individuals who had a TBI and non-injured individuals (control). This study was not registered with PROSPERO.
The review includes studies assessing prosodic processing outcomes after the following procedures: traumatic brain injury, subdural hematomas, cerebral aneurysms, craniotomy (for glioma and meningioma), craniotomy for subdural hematoma, burr hole(s) for subdural hematoma, cerebral aneurysm repair by craniotomy and endovascular technique, ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion and revision, endoscopic third ventriculostomy, surgical treatment of epilepsy, temporal lobectomy, amygdalohippocampectomy, hemispherectomy, callosotomy and other procedure for seizures, or other neurosurgical cranial procedures for brain tumors, and epilepsy.
Articles that discussed the following outcomes: communication disorders, prosodic impairments, aphasia, and recognition of various aspects of prosody, were included and were examined for assessments and reports of prosodic processing impairments. Methods of summary included study characteristics, sample characteristics, demographics, auditory processing task, age at injury, brain localization of the injury, time elapsed since TBI, reports between TBI and mental health, socialization and employment difficulties in studies assessing TBI and auditory processing evaluations. There were no limitations to the population size, age or gender.
We collected the electronic records in an Endnote data file. Titles and abstracts of the electronic search results were screened by one of the authors (WL) to identify the relevant studies. One of the authors (WL) and an undergraduate student (SW) independently evaluated the quality of the articles in the search and extracted data using data abstraction forms. The STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) criteria for quality assessment were applied to evaluate each article on study quality and external and internal validity [31 (link)]. Agreement between the two raters was very high (Cohen’s kappa = .89, P < 0.001). Results are reported according to the PRISMA guidelines [32 (link)].
Information was extracted primarily from the “Results”, “Discussion” and “Methods” sections with some input from the “Background” section. Information that was extracted included study characteristics, participant characteristics, localization and mechanisms of brain injury, severity of TBI, time-elapsed since injury, methods and results pertaining to prosodic processing post-TBI, author’s interpretation of results and conclusions. Internal validity was evaluated by examining the study design (blinding, statistical tests, reliability, participant recruitment, validity and biases) and external validity was based on whether or not the sample was representative of the entire population. Please note that the localization of brain injuries was reported based on the damage to the brain, not of the skull and surrounding protective tissues. However, localization was reported if damage to the surrounding tissue damaged the brain.
Ilie G., Cusimano M.D, & Li W. (2017). Prosodic processing post traumatic brain injury - a systematic review. Systematic Reviews, 6, 1.
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Publication 2017
Aphasia Auditory Perception Brain Brain Injuries Brain Neoplasms Cerebral Aneurysm Communicative Disorders Craniotomy Cranium Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy Endovascular Procedures Epilepsy Gender Glioma Hematoma, Subdural Hemispherectomy Injuries Meningioma Mental Health Neurosurgical Procedures Operative Surgical Procedures prisma Process Assessment, Health Care Seizures Socialization Student Tissues Trephining Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts
2
Quantifying Spatial Neglect with Center of Cancellation

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Publication 2010
Brain Brain Injuries Cerebrovascular Accident Neoplasms Patients Radionuclide Imaging Task Performance Trees X-Ray Computed Tomography
3
Resilience in Families After Severe Injuries
When the participant is presented in the results, fictive names have been used to protect the participants anonymity.The participants were former SCI patients at a large rehabilitation hospital in Southeast Norway. This study forms part of a large qualitative study of resilience in families after severe injuries, including persons with SCI and acquired brain injuries and their close relatives. The participants were invited to participate through mailed written information and informed about the interviewers’ professional background, and work place within the hospital, as well as roles in the study.
Participants over 18 years of age who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and who had been injured for a minimum of 1.5 years were included. Participants were excluded if they were medically unstable, had major psychiatric disorders or had extensive on-going substance abuse. An invitation to participate was sent to 59 former patients, where 13 persons with SCI responded positively. Four of the participants preferred to participate in a focus group interview, and two withdrew, providing seven individual interviews, with all participants being male. The age range was 35–75 years and 2–32 years since injury; six were married or cohabitants, and one was divorced. Four of the participants had adult children and three had grandchildren. The remaining three had younger children. Three persons were permanent wheelchair users, and one was a partial wheelchair user, being able to walk for short distances. The other three participants were able to walk with some difficulty, but did not use any walking aids.
Geard A., Kirkevold M., Løvstad M, & Schanke A.K. (2018). Exploring narratives of resilience among seven males living with spinal cord injury: a qualitative study. BMC Psychology, 6, 1.
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Publication 2018
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Adult Children Brain Injuries Child Injuries Inpatient Interviewers Males Patients Problem Behavior Rehabilitation Substance Abuse Wheelchair Youth
4
Assessing Brain Injuries in Veterans
Currently, the Ohio State University TBI Identification Method (OSU-TBI-ID) is the only published semistructured interview to have demonstrated that a retrospective TBI interview can produce psychometrically sound data.17 ,18 (link) One can both qualify and quantify the number of injuries by assessing items including, but not limited to, the number of TBIs, severity, and age at first injury.18 (link) The 3 most significant injuries are further examined to ascertain age of onset and duration of symptoms experienced. Preliminary interrater reliabilities and predictive validity have been established by the developers of this instrument.17 ,18 (link) The OSU-TBI-ID has limitations for the assessment of military acquired TBIs because it does not specifically probe for blast exposure and related injuries, and it was not designed to parse out physiological from psychological responses to trauma (common to combat TBI). Consequently, there is a clinical and research need for a TBI assessment tool designed to capture the unique experiences of brain injuries sustained by OEF/OIF veterans. Comparison of the BAT-L with the only other validated TBI assessment instrument will provide critical information regarding the validity of this novel tool.
Fortier C.B., Amick M.M., Grande L., McGlynn S., Kenna A., Morra L., Clark A., Milberg W.P, & McGlinchey R.E. (2014). The Boston Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury–Lifetime (BAT-L) Semistructured Interview: Evidence of Research Utility and Validity. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 29(1), 89-98.
Publication 2014
Brain Injuries Injuries Military Personnel Needs Assessment physiology Sound Veterans Wounds and Injuries
5
Automated Reference Tissue Extraction for PET
Two SVCA algorithms were used to automatically extract reference tissue TACs from dynamic PET scans. Predefined kinetic classes were available from a previous study using data from seven healthy controls and seven patients with traumatic brain injury (Boellaard et al, 2008 (link)). Details concerning this procedure and cluster analysis were reported in Turkheimer et al (2007) (link); however, a summary of cluster analysis is as follows.
The original method (SVCA6) uses six kinetic classes normal gray matter, normal white matter, blood, bone, and soft tissue regions, and gray matter with specific binding. The first five classes were defined on a separate set of normal controls while the last one, corresponding to gray matter with high microglia density, was obtained from the brain injury patients.
To extract the reference, the dynamic PET scan is first normalized as described by Turkheimer et al (2007) (link): each voxel value is reduced by the frame average and divided by the standard deviation. Therefore, the normalization is affected by the size of the reconstructed field of view; for this study, both definition of kinetic classes and application cluster analysis were preformed on scans acquired from the same scanner using similar scanning protocol. However, in case of using SVCA4, normalization was done on voxels that correspond with brain tissue only (based on MRI-derived coregistered gray- and white-matter segmentations). Thereby, this method also avoids the effects of differences in field of view between different scanners.
Next, each voxel TAC of this scan is analyzed using the set of predefined kinetic classes to find the scaling coefficient of each kinetic class, so that the total TAC is equal to the sum of these scaled kinetic classes. As the kinetic classes are not orthogonal, a nonnegative least squares algorithm (Turkheimer et al, 2007 (link)) is used for finding the scaling coefficients. Scaling coefficients of each kinetic class are stored in coefficient maps showing their spatial distribution.
Finally, to extract the reference tissue curve, the coefficient map from the (normal) gray-matter kinetic class is used to calculate the weighted average, as follows: where, N is the number of voxels, TACNS(t) the resulting reference tissue TAC, TACiVoxel(t) the TAC from voxel i of the (nonnormalized) dynamic PET scan, and wiGray the gray-matter kinetic class scaling coefficient estimated for voxel i.
The modified supervised cluster analysis method (SVCA4) (Boellaard et al, 2008 (link)) is similar to SVCA6, except that only four kinetic classes are used: gray matter with specific (R)-[11C]PK11195 binding, gray matter without specific binding, white matter, and blood. This modified method uses the mentioned coregistered segmented MRI scans to exclude skull and soft tissue parts from each frame of the PET scan before performing cluster analysis, same as mentioned above but now with only four kinetic classes. Removal of skull and soft tissue was simply done by setting voxel values to zero for nonbrain structures.
Yaqub M., van Berckel B.N., Schuitemaker A., Hinz R., Turkheimer F.E., Tomasi G., Lammertsma A.A, & Boellaard R. (2012). Optimization of supervised cluster analysis for extracting reference tissue input curves in (R)-[11C]PK11195 brain PET studies. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 32(8), 1600-1608.
Publication 2012
BLOOD Bones Brain Brain Injuries Cranium CXCL11 protein, human Gray Matter Kinetics Microglia Microtubule-Associated Proteins MRI Scans Patients PK 11195 Positron-Emission Tomography Radionuclide Imaging Reading Frames Tissues Traumatic Brain Injury White Matter

Most recents protocols related to «Brain Injuries»

1
Characterizing Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
The study design and protocol have been approved by the ethics committees for human research at our institute (IRB number: R2019-227). This study followed a prospective and observational design. The study was performed in accordance with the approved guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. From November 2020 to February 2022, 133 healthy volunteers aged ≥ 20 years underwent MRI after providing written informed consent explaining the potential for detection of brain disease. Volunteers were recruited from medical staff and students, and their families by open recruitment. Inclusion criteria for this study were those who had no history of brain injury, brain tumor or cerebrovascular disease on previous brain MRI, or those who had never undergone brain MRI and no neurological symptoms including cognitive function. One volunteer aged 84 years old was excluded from this study because of a history of head surgery due to a head injury over 30 years ago. In addition, three volunteers were incidentally found small unruptured intracranial aneurysms with a maximum diameter of < 2 mm on this MRI. They were included in this study, because small unruptured aneurysms might not affect CSF motion.
Patients’ MRI data was used in an opt-out method, after their personal information was anonymized in a linkable manner. Among 44 patients suspected with NPH, 5 patients diagnosed with secondary NPH [29 (link)] that developed after subarachnoid hemorrhage [3 (link)], intracerebral hemorrhage [1 (link)], and severe meningitis [1 (link)], and 3 patients diagnosed with congenital/developmental etiology NPH [30 (link)] were excluded from this study. Finally, 36 patients diagnosed with iNPH who had radiological findings of disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus (DESH) [31 (link)], specifically ventricular dilatation, enlarged Sylvian fissure, and narrow sulci at the high convexity, and triad symptoms of gait disturbance, cognitive impairment, and/or urinary incontinence were included in this study, according to the Japanese guidelines for management of iNPH [32 (link)]. Of them, 18 patients (50%) underwent CSF removal in 30–35 ml via a lumbar tap and were evaluated for changes in their symptoms before, one day and two days after the CSF tap test. In addition, 21 patients (86%) underwent CSF shunt surgery and their symptoms improved by ≥ 1 point on the modified Rankin Scale and/or the Japanese iNPH grading scale [32 (link)].
Yamada S., Hiratsuka S., Otani T., Ii S., Wada S., Oshima M., Nozaki K, & Watanabe Y. (2023). Usefulness of intravoxel incoherent motion MRI for visualizing slow cerebrospinal fluid motion. Fluids and Barriers of the CNS, 20, 16.
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Publication 2023
Aneurysm Brain Brain Diseases Brain Injuries Brain Neoplasms Cerebral Hemorrhage Cognition Craniocerebral Trauma Dilatation Disorders, Cognitive Ethics Committees Head Healthy Volunteers Heart Ventricle Homo sapiens Hydrocephalus Intracranial Aneurysm Japanese Lumbar Region Medical Staff Meningitis Neurologic Symptoms Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Shunt, Cerebrospinal Fluid Student Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Subarachnoid Space Triad resin Urinary Incontinence Voluntary Workers X-Rays, Diagnostic
2
Longitudinal Neuroimaging of PTSD Patients
Participant recruitment for the study commenced from August 2009 and ended June 2014. Participants were 51 treatment-seeking patients, 36 of whom had viable imaging data at baseline and 27 of these with follow-up MRI data. For this manuscript we include data from the 27 PTSD patients (13 females; age = 40.9 ± 11.8 years) who completed MRIs at both visits (see CONSORT diagram in Supplementary Fig. S1).
The PTSD sample had developed PTSD after experiencing assault, childhood abuse, motor vehicle accidents, or during police duties. PTSD was diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria by masters or doctoral level clinical psychologists using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS; [19 (link)]. Symptoms were detected according to the ‘2/1’ method, in which symptoms were experienced for at least twice a month and caused moderate levels of distress. Levels of depression and anxiety were assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). Patients that reported psychosis, bipolar disorder, substance dependence, neurological disorders, or moderate to severe brain injury were excluded from the study. Patients taking medication (10 on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) were included on the condition that the dosage was stable for the previous two months and continued to be stable for the duration of the study. In addition, 21 controls (9 females; mean age 36.9 ± 14.0 years) who were age and gender-matched to the PTSD group were included in the study. Control participants had not experienced a Criterion A stressor and did not have an Axis I disorder, as assessed by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI version 5.5) [20 (link)].
All participants underwent clinical and imaging assessments at baseline and again 12 weeks later. This study was approved by the Western Sydney Area Health Service Human Research Ethics Committee and informed consent was obtained from participants.
Korgaonkar M.S., Felmingham K.L., Malhi G.S., Williamson T.H., Williams L.M, & Bryant R.A. (2023). Changes in neural responses during affective and non-affective tasks and improvement of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following trauma-focused psychotherapy. Translational Psychiatry, 13, 85.
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Publication 2023
Anxiety Bipolar Disorder Brain Injuries Drug Abuse Epistropheus Ethics Committees, Research Females Gender Homo sapiens Magnetic Resonance Imaging Nervous System Disorder Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physicians Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Psychotic Disorders Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Substance Dependence Traffic Accidents
3
Spatial Navigation Abilities in TBI Survivors
Opportunistic sampling was utilised for the recruitment of participants whereby an invitation to participate in the study was advertised by the “Brain Injury Support (BIS) Services” which is a private organisation which provides specialist cognitive rehabilitation therapy to individuals with brain injury, and “High Beyond C” which is an organisation that facilitates an interactive virtual program for brain injury survivors.
Thirty–eight (n = 38) participants were recruited to the study—fifteen (n = 15) with a history of TBI (mean age = 31.67 ± 12.34 yrs.) and twenty–three participants (n = 23) from the general population to serve as healthy controls (mean age = 32.61 ± 12.59 yrs.).
From the sample of thirty–eight participants that completed the SBSOD scale, a subsample of ten participants from the TBI group (n = 10) and a subsample of thirteen participants from the control group (n = 13) completed the SHQ navigation tasks. Thus, while the participant group remains small, this number is inline previous empirical studies; 14 TBI and 12 controls [23 (link)], TBI and 12 control [2 (link)], and eight TBI and 40 control [24 (link)]. See Table 1 for the demographic characteristics of the participants in the overall sample, as well as the subsamples that completed the SHQ game.
The research conducted in this study was undertaken in concordance with the University of Hertfordshire Health, Science, Engineering and Technology Ethics Committee with Delegated Authority. The ethics protocol number for this study was LMS/PGT/UH/04139.
Participants with a history of TBI (n = 15) disclosed the year in which they acquired the brain injury and the type of TBI; nine participants acquired a closed head injury, one participant acquired an open head injury, two participants acquired a skull fracture and lastly, three participants reported acquiring the TBI as a result of an ‘other’ mechanism of injury. Participants with a history of TBI also provided a self-report disclosing the location to which the injury was acquired (i.e., frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, or occipital lobe) and whether they experience persistent difficulties due to the TBI (i.e., headaches, dizziness, excessive physical or cognitive fatigue, concentration, memory, irritability, sleep, balance, vision or other). See Fig 1 for a summary of the reported frequencies of lasting difficulties according to self-reported location of damage.
Seton C., Coutrot A., Hornberger M., Spiers H.J., Knight R, & Whyatt C. (2023). Wayfinding and path integration deficits detected using a virtual reality mobile app in patients with traumatic brain injury. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0282255.
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Publication 2023
Brain Injuries Cognition Cognitive Therapy Ethics Committees Fatigue Headache Head Injury, Open Injuries Injuries, Closed Head Lobe, Frontal Memory Occipital Lobe Parietal Lobe Physical Examination Rehabilitation Skull Fractures Sleep Survivors Temporal Lobe
4
Assessing Visuospatial and Executive Function
For clinical assessment of visuospatial and executive function, the MoCA Vis/Ex was used [31 (link)]. The MoCA Vis/Ex consists of three tasks: the Trail Making B task, the three-dimensional cube copying task and the clock-drawing task [maximum score 5, a lower score indicating a higher degree of impairment] [31 (link)].
To assess rated executive function, the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX), included in the Behavioral Assessment of Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) test battery, was used [32 (link)]. The DEX contains 20 items evaluating daily executive problems of patients with brain damage in their everyday routine [scored on a 5-point scale from “Never” to “Very often”, total score 0–80 points, a higher score indicating a higher level of executive dysfunction] [32 (link)]. In the present study, the scoring was made by a family member or close friend, since the assessor had no previous knowledge of the participants. Thus, the DEX ratings made by the significant other are henceforth defined DEX-SO.
Bergqvist M., Möller M.C., Björklund M., Borg J, & Palmcrantz S. (2023). The impact of visuospatial and executive function on activity performance and outcome after robotic or conventional gait training, long-term after stroke—as part of a randomized controlled trial. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0281212.
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Publication 2023
Brain Injuries Executive Function Family Member Friend Patients TNFSF10 protein, human
5
Chronic Pain in Traumatic Brain Injury
Sixty-eight adult participants were enrolled in this study. Of them, thirty-one were healthy controls (HC, N = 31), and thirty-seven had closed-head TBI (TBI, N = 37). Participants with TBI were categorized into those with chronic pain (TBI-P, N = 19) and those without pain (TBI-NP, N = 18). Demographic and injury characteristics for all participants are shown in Table 1. In addition, all participants were: (1) fluent in English, (2) free from significant cognitive impairment using the MMSE-2 (PAR, 2020 ), (3) with no recent history of alcohol or drug abuse, (4) with no severe major depression, and (5) free from other neurological diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis) or trauma (e.g., spinal cord injury). Enrolled TBI participants had experienced their injury six to two hundred seventy-six months before the start of the study and were thus considered to be in the chronic time period following injury (Mayer et al., 2017 (link)). The severity of TBI in each participant was determined based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score when available. Participants were recruited through advertisements posted at the University of Miami Medical Campus and the Health and Human Services/National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (HHS/NIDILRR) organization, South Florida TBI Model System center, the Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) study center within the University of Miami (UM), and by word of mouth. TBI participants provided medical records with proof of head/brain injury obtained from their medical care provider or insurance company unless they were directly referred from the HHS/NIDILRR, South Florida TBI Model System center, or the TRACK-TBI study center. The institutional review board of the University of Miami approved the study protocol, and all participants signed an informed consent form before participation. The data presented in this article is a subset of a more extensive study involving pain, quantitative sensory and psychological/psychosocial evaluations, and brain imaging in individuals with TBI. Pain, quantitative sensory, and psychological/psychosocial data of this larger cohort have been published (Robayo et al., 2022 (link)).
Robayo L.E., Govind V., Salan T., Cherup N.P., Sheriff S., Maudsley A.A, & Widerström-Noga E. (2023). Neurometabolite alterations in traumatic brain injury and associations with chronic pain. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1125128.
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Publication 2023
Adult Biological Models Brain Brain Injuries Chronic Pain Craniocerebral Trauma Disabled Persons Disorders, Cognitive Drug Abuse Ethanol Ethics Committees, Research Head Injuries Major Depressive Disorder Mini Mental State Examination Multiple Sclerosis Nervous System Disorder Oral Cavity Pain Spinal Cord Injuries Wounds and Injuries

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