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> Disorders > Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction > Amnesia

Amnesia

Amnesia is a neurological condition characterized by a partial or complete loss of memory, often resulting from brain injury, neurological disorders, or psychological factors.
It can affect a person's ability to recall past events, learn new information, or form new memories.
Amnesia can range in severity from mild forgetfulness to a complete inability to remember one's personal history or identity.
Effective management of amnesia requires a comprehensive evaluation and individualized treatment approach, which may involve cognitive rehabilitation, medications, or other therapies.

Most cited protocols related to «Amnesia»

1
Head Injury Management Guidelines
The objective of the guidelines created in the present work would be to assist ED physicians with initial (the first 24 h) management of all adult patients with minimal, mild and moderate head injury, specifically to decide which patients are to receive CT scanning, admission or discharge (or combinations of these) from the ED. Head injury severity was predefined according to the Head Injury Severity Score (HISS [21 (link)]) where minimal represents patients with a GCS score of 15 and no risk factors, mild is a GCS score of 14 or 15 with risk factors (such as amnesia or loss of consciousness (LOC)) and moderate is a GCS score of 9 to 13.
The rationale was primarily to identify all patients needing neurosurgical intervention, including medical intervention for high intracranial pressure (assigned a critical level with regard to patient-important outcomes). The secondary goals (assigned important, but not critical, with regard to patient-important outcomes) were identification of non-neurosurgical intracranial traumatic complications and also strong consideration of resource use with minimization of unnecessary (normal) CT scans and/or admission.
The task force decided a priori to make an attempt to keep the guidelines applicable to the complete patient spectrum within EDs, that is, to ensure that all adult patients with minimal, mild and moderate head injury can be managed according to the guidelines.
Certain assumptions were also made a priori concerning aspects of management that were deemed unnecessary for critical review. The task force all agreed that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) would not be considered in these guidelines concerning initial management and that in-hospital observation, instead of CT, would be regarded only as a secondary management option. The use of plain skull films was addressed and rejected in the previous guidelines. Additionally, we chose not to consider later aspects of management, such as detection and treatment of post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and chronic subdural hematomas. We also agreed that all pathological findings on head CT should lead to hospital admission. Finally, we would not address the surgical or medical management of intracranial complications.
The task force was unclear concerning the selection of patients for CT scanning or discharge, following minimal, mild and moderate head injuries. We were also unclear concerning which patients, irrespective of initial CT scan results, should have hospital admission for clinical observation, a repeat CT scan, or both. Therefore, consensus was achieved to address two important clinical questions that would require systematic review of evidence and would form the basis of the updated guidelines, shown below.
Clinical question 1: 'Which adult patients with minimal, mild and moderate head injury need a head CT and which patients may be directly discharged?'.
Clinical question 2: 'Which adult patients with minimal, mild and moderate head injury need in-hospital observation and/or a repeat head CT?'.
Undén J., Ingebrigtsen T, & Romner B. (2013). Scandinavian guidelines for initial management of minimal, mild and moderate head injuries in adults: an evidence and consensus-based update. BMC Medicine, 11, 50.
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Publication 2013
Adult Amnesia Craniocerebral Trauma Cranium Head Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic Intracranial Pressure Neurosurgical Procedures Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Physicians Post-Concussion Syndrome X-Ray Computed Tomography
2
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Follow-up Study
Inclusion criteria were (1) having sustained MTBI and (2) age 16.0–59.9 years. The upper limit was chosen since participants were also invited to MRI, and the burden of non-traumatic abnormalities increases with age, making it more difficult to study the impact of the MTBI. We applied the recent definition of TBI, defining TBI as “an alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force” [23 (link)]. In the present study, these criteria were operationalised as follows: we included patients who had experienced a physical trauma towards the head or high energy trauma, if either (1) witnessed loss of consciousness (LOC) or confusion and/or (2) self-reported amnesia for the event or the time period after the event, and/or (3) a traumatic brain lesions on CT was reported. Next, cases identified with TBI were further categorised as mild (MTBI) if they met the WHO criteria for being mild: Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 13–15 at presentation, LOC < 30 min, and posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) < 24 h [1 ]. Evaluation of intoxicated patients represented a challenge, and we sought to be confident that their self-reported amnesia was a result of MTBI and not intoxication. Therefore, only patients who had been observed by the people accompanying them as fully conscious prior to the injury, or who reported complete memory for events immediately prior to the injury, were considered to have a MTBI.
MTBI was the chosen term in this study, acknowledging that the term “concussion” may be more common in the sports medicine literature [7 (link)]. Exclusion criteria in the Trondheim MTBI follow-up study were late presentation or presence of co-morbidities or circumstances that would make it very difficult to follow-up patients or where a valid MTBI-related outcome could not be obtained: (a) non-residency in Norway or non-fluency in the Norwegian language, (b) ongoing, severe psychiatric disease, severe somatic disease or drug abuse; that would complicate follow-up, (c) history of complicated mild, moderate or severe TBI or other neurological conditions with brain pathology visible on imaging or known cognitive deficits, (d) presentation > 48 h after the initial trauma, and (e) other concurrent major trauma, such as spinal cord injury, severe fractures or internal injuries.
Skandsen T., Einarsen C.E., Normann I., Bjøralt S., Karlsen R.H., McDonagh D., Nilsen T.L., Akslen A.N., Håberg A.K, & Vik A. (2018). The epidemiology of mild traumatic brain injury: the Trondheim MTBI follow-up study. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, 26, 34.
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Publication 2018
Amnesia Brain Brain Concussion Brain Diseases Congenital Abnormality Consciousness Craniocerebral Trauma Diploid Cell Disorders, Cognitive Drug Abuse Fracture, Bone Injuries Memory Mental Disorders Patients Physical Examination Residency Self Confidence Spinal Cord Injuries Wounds and Injuries
3
Mild TBI in Children: Neurobehavioral Outcomes
Participants were part of a larger prospective, longitudinal study of the neurobehavioral outcomes of mild TBI in children and adolescents (Yeates & Taylor, 2005 (link); Yeates et al., in press ). Children were recruited from the Emergency Departments at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Columbus, Ohio and Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio. All children from 8 to 15 years of age who presented for evaluation of closed-head trauma were screened to determine whether they met criteria for participation.
Children were included if they had sustained a blunt head trauma resulting in an observed loss of consciousness, or a Glasgow Coma Scale (Teasdale & Jennett, 1974 (link)) score of 13 or 14, or at least two acute signs or symptoms of concussion as noted by Emergency Department medical personnel. Acute signs and symptoms of concussion included persistent posttraumatic amnesia, transient neurological deficits, vomiting, nausea, headache, diplopia, or dizziness. Children were excluded if their injury resulted in a loss of consciousness lasting more than 30 min or if they had any Glasgow Coma Scale score less than 13. They were also excluded if they demonstrated any delayed neurological deterioration or had any medical contraindication to magnetic resonance imaging. Children were not excluded if they required hospitalization or demonstrated intracranial lesions or skull fractures on acute computerized tomography.
Children also were excluded if they met any of the following general criteria: neurosurgical or surgical intervention; any associated injury with an Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS; American Association for Automotive Medicine, 1990 ) score greater than 3; any associated injury that interfered with neuropsychological testing (e.g., fracture of preferred upper extremity); hypoxia, hypotension, or shock during or following the injury; ethanol or drug ingestion involved with the injury; documented history of previous head injury requiring medical treatment; premorbid neurological disorder or mental retardation; any injury determined to be a result of child abuse or assault; or a history of severe psychiatric disorder requiring hospitalization.
Among children who met all inclusion/exclusion criteria, the participation rate was 48%. Demographic and census tract data were compiled for both participants and nonparticipants (Federal Financial Institutions Examinations Council Geocoding System, 2002). Participants and nonparticipants did not differ significantly in age, gender, or ethnic/ racial minority status, or in census tract measures of socioeconomic status (i.e., mean family income, percentage of minority heads of household, and percentage of households below the poverty line).
The final sample included 186 children with a mean age of 11.96 years (SD = 2.22). They were 71% male and 27% ethnic or racial minority. Their socioeconomic status as rated on the Duncan Occupational Status Index (Stevens & Cho, 1985 ) was generally middle class (M = 39.04; SD = 18.47). Their overall injury severity as rated on the Modified Injury Severity Score (Mayer et al., 1980 ) was mild (M = 4.62; SD = 4.54). Within the sample, 10% had a GCS score less than 15 and 39% had an observed loss of consciousness, usually very brief in duration (median = 1 min, range = 0–15 min). Recreational and sports-related injuries were the most common cause of injury.
AYR L.K., YEATES K.O., GERRY TAYLOR H, & BROWNE M. (2009). Dimensions of postconcussive symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injuries. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 15(1), 19-30.
Publication 2009
Abuse, Child Adolescent Amnesia Athletic Injuries Brain Concussion Child Craniocerebral Trauma Cranium Ethanol Fracture, Bone Gender Headache Head Injury, Blunt Head of Household Health Personnel Hospitalization Households Hypoxia Infant Injuries Injuries, Closed Head Intellectual Disability Males Mental Disorders Minority Groups Nausea Nervous System Disorder Operative Surgical Procedures Pharmaceutical Preparations Physical Examination Racial Minorities Shock Transients Upper Extremity X-Ray Computed Tomography
4
Screening Criteria for U.S. Military TBI Study
U.S. military personnel with positive results on screening for traumatic brain injury, performed at the Landstuhl Regional Medical Center (LRMC), were eligible for inclusion in the study. Screening was based on U.S. military clinical criteria for traumatic brain injury18 (link): loss of consciousness, amnesia for the event, or another change in neurologic status, such as feeling “dazed” or “confused” or “seeing stars” immediately after the trauma. Additional criteria for inclusion in the study were injury from a blast, defined as primary injury from blast exposure with or without additional mechanisms of injury, within 90 days before study enrollment; membership in the U.S. military; the ability to provide informed consent in person; no contraindications to MRI, such as retained metallic fragments; no history of major traumatic brain injury or psychiatric disorder; and agreement to communicate by telephone or e-mail monthly for 6 to 12 months after enrollment and to travel to Washington University in St. Louis for follow-up. Inclusion criteria for controls were the same except that negative results of screening for traumatic brain injury were required. All subjects provided written informed consent before enrollment.
Mac Donald C.L., Johnson A.M., Cooper D., Nelson E.C., Werner N.J., Shimony J.S., Snyder A.Z., Raichle M.E., Witherow J.R., Fang R., Flaherty S.F, & Brody D.L. (2011). Detection of Blast-Related Traumatic Brain Injury in U.S. Military Personnel. The New England journal of medicine, 364(22), 2091-2100.
Publication 2011
Amnesia Blast Injuries Brain Injuries Mental Disorders Metals Military Personnel Stars, Celestial Systems, Nervous Traumatic Brain Injury Wounds and Injuries
5
Pediatric Concussion Symptom Assessment
Research assistants identified participants who were confirmed by the attending emergency physician. Research assistants collected clinically relevant information from the participants and/or a parent or guardian on a standardized data collection form before ED discharge. Data included demographic factors (race, ethnicity, age, insurance information, and sex), history of TBI requiring an ED visit or associated with LOC, mechanism of injury, clinical signs and symptoms of TBI (LOC, amnesia, alteration of mental status, nausea/vomiting, and headache), physical examination factors (Glasgow Coma Scale score), results of neuroimaging (if performed), ED medication administration, receipt of injury-specific discharge instructions, referrals, and disposition. Age was further dichotomized into school-aged children (5–10 years) and adolescents (11–18 years). Severe mechanism of injury was extrapolated from the definition used in the neuroimaging prediction rule by Kuppermann et al.10 (link),17 (link) We defined this to include any of the following: a motor vehicle collision, a pedestrian struck by a motor vehicle, a bicyclist without a helmet, or a fall of more than 3 feet. Other diagnoses were determined by a post hoc review of billing records for non-TBI codes from the International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision. An abnormal finding on cranial CT was defined by the presence of any intracranial injury and the presence of skull fractures.
Three months after the initial visit, participants or parents or guardians were interviewed by telephone. The following information was collected: number of days of school missed owing to the TBI, PCS symptom score using the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ), and whether they were in the process of a lawsuit regarding the injury. Interviewers were blinded to the details of the initial ED presentation. The RPQ is used to assess common PCS symptoms in patients of all ages.18 (link)–20 (link) Symptoms assessed include headaches, dizziness, nausea, noise sensitivity, sleep disturbance, fatigue, irritability, depression, frustration, poor memory, poor concentration, taking longer to think, blurred vision, light sensitivity, double vision, and restlessness. Participants or their parents or guardians rated the severity of each of the 16 symptoms during the past 24 hours compared with before the injury on a scale from 0 to 4, where 0 indicates absent; 1, the same; 2, mild; 3, moderate; and 4, severe. We defined PCS as the presence of 3 or more symptoms on the RPQ that were rated as worse (score of ≥2) than before the injury. This information was extrapolated from the diagnostic criteria for PCS set out by the DSM-IV, which requires the presence of at least 3 symptoms at 3 months after the injury.
Babcock L., Byczkowski T., Wade S.L., Ho M., Mookerjee S, & Bazarian J.J. (2013). Predicting Postconcussion Syndrome After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Adolescents Who Present to the Emergency Department. JAMA pediatrics, 167(2), 156-161.
Publication 2013
Adolescent Amnesia Child Cranium Diagnosis Dyssomnias Emergencies Ethnicity Fatigue Foot Frustration Headache Hypersensitivity Injuries Interviewers Legal Guardians Memory Deficits Nausea Parent Patient Discharge Patients Pedestrians Pharmaceutical Preparations Photophobia Physical Examination Physicians Post-Concussion Syndrome Respiratory Diaphragm Skull Fractures Traffic Accidents Vision

Most recents protocols related to «Amnesia»

1
Concussion and Orthopedic Injury Study
Participants were children aged 8.00 to 16.99 years who presented to a participating ED within 48 hours of injury. Children were eligible for inclusion in the concussion group if they had a history of blunt head trauma resulting in at least 1 of 3 criteria consistent with the WHO definition of mild TBI12 (link): (1) an observed loss of consciousness less than 30 minutes; (2) a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13 or 14; or (3) at least 1 acute sign or symptom of concussion as noted by ED medical personnel on a standard case report form. Inclusion criteria for the OI group were upper or lower extremity injuries (eg, fractures, sprains, or strains) arising from blunt trauma associated with Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS)13 score of 4 or less. Exclusion criteria for the concussion group were deteriorating neurological status, neurosurgical intervention, loss of consciousness more than 30 minutes, posttraumatic amnesia more than 24 hours, or AIS score greater than 4. Exclusion criteria for the OI group were any head trauma or acute signs or symptoms of concussion (including headache) at the time of recruitment, surgical intervention, or procedural sedation. Exclusion criteria for both groups included previous overnight hospitalization for TBI, past concussion within 3 months, or a neurodevelopmental disorder.
van Ierssel J.J., Tang K., Beauchamp M., Bresee N., Cortel-LeBlanc A., Craig W., Doan Q., Gravel J., Lyons T., Mannix R., Orr S., Zemek R, & Yeates K.O. (2023). Association of Posttraumatic Headache With Symptom Burden After Concussion in Children. JAMA Network Open, 6(3), e231993.
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Publication 2023
Amnesia Brain Concussion Child Craniocerebral Trauma Fracture, Bone Headache Head Injury, Blunt Health Personnel Hospitalization Injuries Leg Injuries Neurodevelopmental Disorders Neurosurgical Procedures Nonpenetrating Wounds Operative Surgical Procedures Sedatives Sprain Strains
2
Classifying Neurological Symptoms in Research
We categorized symptoms as focal only or nonfocal/mixed. Focal neurologic symptoms included any motor, sensory, vision, or speech (aphasia or dysarthria) deficits. Nonfocal symptoms included the migration of symptoms that took longer than 2 minutes, symptoms affected by changes in head position, headache, neck pain, photophobia, eyelid droop, vertigo, unsteady gait, nausea, vomiting, feeling drunk, confusion, disorientation, difficulty concentrating, visuospatial difficulties, amnesia, fatigue, dizziness, involuntary movement, anxiety, or cardiac symptoms (shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitations, syncope, or presyncope). Symptoms were ascertained by study coordinators and investigators at the time of enrollment. A stroke neurologist documented whether the new neurological deficit had resolved on detailed examination.
Joundi R.A., Yu A.Y., Smith E.E., Zerna C., Penn A.M., Balshaw R.F., Votova K., Bibok M.B., Penn M., Saly V., Hegedus J, & Coutts S.B. (2023). Association Between Duration of Transient Neurological Events and Diffusion‐Weighted Brain Lesions. Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease, 12(3), e027861.
Publication 2023
Alcoholic Intoxication Amnesia Anxiety Aphasia Blepharoptosis Cerebrovascular Accident Chest Pain Disorientation Dysarthria Dyspnea Fatigue Head Headache Heart Involuntary Movements Nausea Neck Pain Neurologic Symptoms Neurologists Photophobia Presyncope Speech Syncope Vertigo Vision
3
Lesion Mapping and CBF Analysis in TBI

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Publication 2023
Accidents African American Amnesia Asian Americans Cyst Dental Caries DNA Library Gray Matter Hispanics Injuries Males Neurologists Patients Pedestrians Supervision Traffic Accidents Woman
4
Longitudinal Brain Imaging in Moderate-Severe TBI

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Publication 2023
Acquaintances Amnesia Bipolar Disorder Brain Central Nervous System Diseases Claustrophobia Consciousness Cortex, Cerebral Diffuse Axonal Injury Disabled Persons Drug Abuse Epilepsy Ethanol Injuries Injuries, Closed Head Mosses MRI Scans Neuropsychological Tests Operative Surgical Procedures Outpatients Patients Pregnancy Rehabilitation Schizophrenia Sedatives Woman
5
Assessing Cognitive Outcomes in Traumatic Brain Injury

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Publication 2023
Adult Amnesia Cognition Cognitive Testing Fingers Hospitalization Injuries Patient Discharge Patients Rehabilitation Wechsler Scales

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More about "Amnesia"

Amnesia is a neurological condition characterized by partial or complete memory loss, often resulting from brain injury, neurological disorders, or psychological factors.
It can impact an individual's ability to recall past events, learn new information, or form new memories.
Amnestic disorders, like anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia, can range in severity from mild forgetfulness to a complete inability to remember personal history or identity.
Effective management of amnesia requires a comprehensive evaluation and individualized treatment approach.
This may involve cognitive rehabilitation, medications like Scopolamine hydrobromide, Scopolamine, Donepezil, or other therapies.
Diagnostic tools such as SPSS version 21, SPSS v19.0, SPSS Statistics version 20, and TaqMan genotyping assays can be useful in assessing the underlying causes and developing targeted interventions.
Researchers studying amnesia may leverage platforms like PubCompare.ai to optimize their research.
This AI-driven platform can help locate relevant protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and provide AI-driven comparisons to identify the best protocols and products.
This can enhance research reproducibility and accuracy, making amnesia research more efficient and effective.
Advancements in understanding amnesia, including the use of BrdU and Aβ25–35, have contributed to the development of improved treatment options and management strategies.
By incorporating these insights and utilizing the latest tools and technologies, researchers and clinicians can better address the challenges posed by this complex neurological condition.