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Depersonalization

Depersonalization is a dissociative disorder characterized by a persistent or recurrent feeling of detachment from one's mental processes or body, accompanied by a sense of unreality.
Individuals with depersonalization may experience a detachment from their thoughts, feelings, sensations, or actions, as if they are observing themselves from outside their own body.
This experience can be distressing and interfere with daily functioning.
Depersonalization is often associated with other mental health conditions, such as anxiety and trauma-related disorders.
Understanding the underlying mechanisms and optimizing research protocols is crucial for improving the diagnosis, treatment, and overall management of this complex condition.

Most cited protocols related to «Depersonalization»

Depression was evaluated using the PHQ-9, which is a selfreport scale of depressive symptoms. The PHQ-9 consists of nine items reflecting almost exactly the nine diagnostic criteria for MDD in the DSM-IV. The nine items in the PHQ-9 ask about the frequency of depressive symptoms over the previous two weeks, and each is scored as 0 points for “Not at all,” 1 point for “Several days,” 2 points for “More than half the days,” or 3 points for “Nearly every day.” Thus, the highest possible total score is 27 points. The Korean PHQ-9 was standardized in the general elderly population by Han et al. [19 (link)] and in a primary care setting by Choi et al. [20 ]
Item 9 in the PHQ-9 asks, “Over the last 2 weeks how often have you been bothered by this problem: thoughts that you would be better off dead or hurting yourself in some way?” The PHQ-8, which has been used in numerous previous studies [11 (link),13 (link),21 (link)], excludes Item 9 from the PHQ-9 but retains the other eight items unchanged.
The extent of depressive symptoms was evaluated by a clinical psychologist using the HAMD, which is a clinician-administered scale of depressive symptoms [22 (link)]. It was originally developed for measuring severity in patients already diagnosed with MDD, but its uses have since expanded, including in research to evaluate the effects of treatment, and it is currently considered the standard for observer rating scales for depression. The original scale consisted of 21 items, but the four items regarding diurnal variation, depersonalization-derealization, paranoid symptoms, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, respectively, are not only rare in patients with depression but were also found to reduce internal consistency. Therefore, the 17-item version, which omits these items, is currently the most widely used version [23 (link)]. In this study, we used the Korean adaptation of the 17-item version of the HAMD, standardized by Yi et al. [24 ]
Publication 2019
Acclimatization Aged Circadian Rhythms Depersonalization Depressive Symptoms Derealization Koreans Patients Primary Health Care Psychologist Thinking
The two studies reported here are part of the BParent research program conducted at the Université catholique de Louvain in Belgium which received the approval of the Ethics Committee of the Psychological Sciences Research Institute. BParent is a recent research program focusing on the nature, causes and consequences of parental burnout. Participants in the two studies were informed about this research program through social networks, websites, schools, pediatricians or by word of mouth. Inclusion criteria was to be parent and to have at least one child still leaving at home. In order to avoid (self-)selection bias, participants were not informed that the study was about parental burnout. Study 1 was presented as a study about work-family balance (this ensured that all participants were working parents, which was important as we aimed to examine the specificity of parental burnout vis-à-vis professional burnout). Study 2 was presented as a study about “being a parent in the twenty-first century” (we aimed to recruit a wider sample, including unemployed parents). Parents could participate in the studies only if they had (at least) one child still living at home. Participants were invited to complete an online questionnaire after giving informed consent. The informed consent signed by the participants allowed them to withdraw at any stage without having to give any justification. They were also assured that data would remain anonymous. Participants who completed the questionnaire had the opportunity to enter a lottery with a 1/1000 chance of winning €200. Participants who wished to participate in the lottery had to provide their email address, but the latter was disconnected from their questionnaire.
A potential measure of parental burnout was assessed in both studies. A preliminary version of the Parental Burnout Inventory (PBI) was created and used in Study 1. This version was an adaptation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI; Maslach and Jackson, 1981 ), in which each of the 22 items of the MBI was adapted to fit the parenting context. For example, “I feel emotionally drained from my work” was changed into “I feel emotionally drained from my parental role.” In Study 2, refinement of the PBI led us to reconsider items from the depersonalization factor. Eleven new items presented in the Table S2 were proposed relating to the concept of emotional distancing, which appeared to be more suited to parental context than depersonalization. The idea of replacing depersonalization with emotional distancing emerged from the discussions of two 1-h focus groups (n1 = 12, n2 = 8) that we set up with colleagues to discuss the results of Study 1 (and in particular the poor validity of the depersonalization component in the parental context). Four questions had been prepared by the facilitators: (1) Do you think that depersonalization exists in parental burnout? (2) If yes, what are the core characteristics of depersonalization in parental burnout? (3) If not, is there another specific mechanism in parental burnout (try to name it)? (4) What are its characteristics? Exactly the same idea (i.e., that depersonalization takes the form of emotional distancing in the parental context) emerged from the two focus groups. The 11 “emotional distancing” items were then created and refined together with 8 colleague-parents who participated in these groups. Parental burnout was therefore reassessed in Study 2 using a set of 28 items, leading to a final 22-item version assessing emotional exhaustion (8 items), emotional distancing (8 items) and personal accomplishment (6 items). In both studies, PBI items were rated on the same 7-point Likert scale as in the original MBI: never (0), a few times a year or less (1), once a month or less (2), a few times a month (3), once a week (4), a few times a week (5), every day (6). Factor and global scores were obtained by summing the appropriate item scores, with higher scores indicating greater burnout; the items of the personal accomplishment factor were therefore reverse-scored.
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Publication 2017
A-A-1 antibiotic Acclimatization Burnout, Professional Burnout, Psychological Child Depersonalization Emotions Ethics Committees, Research Feelings Oral Cavity Parent Pediatricians
To assess changes in well-being, we used four validated scales (EE, depression symptoms, subjective happiness and work–life balance) at each assessment point (see table 1 for Cronbach’s alphas). These four metrics were selected a priori and they were the only metrics administered. Demographic questions were included at baseline and open-ended items were also included at the 1-month follow-up. In the 1-month assessment, we also asked for evaluation feedback on a 1–5 scale, (‘strongly agree’ to ‘strongly disagree’) through questions such as, ‘I would recommend the 3 Good Things exercise to a friend,’ ‘I have encouraged others to try 3 Good Things,’ ‘I would like to participate in 3 Good Things again next year,’ and with an open-ended comments text box.
In addition to using scale scores to examine change following 3GT, we also report the percentage of participants whose scores fell below well-being thresholds established by prior literature.
Burn-out EE Subscale: The Maslach Burnout Inventory, which is the gold-standard tool in the field of burn-out, has been used extensively with HCWs. A meta-analysis has revealed that of the three subscales (EE, depersonalisation and personal accomplishment), EE consistently produces the largest and most consistent coefficient alpha estimates, while depersonalisation and personal accomplishment were both lower and less consistent than EE.31 (link) In addition to being more psychometrically robust, EE can be used to discriminate between burned out and non-burned out outpatients suffering from work-related neurasthenia (according to criteria outlined in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems - 10th Revision).32 (link) We used a 5-item derivative33 (link) of the original 9-item EE scale.32 (link) Example items include ‘I feel frustrated by my job’ and ‘Events at work affect my life in an emotionally unhealthy way’. Participants respond using a 5-point Likert scale (1=disagree strongly; 5=agree strongly). Each participant’s mean of the five items was converted to a 0–100 point scale, with higher scores representative of more severe EE. A score of 50 or higher indicates that the respondent is not disagreeing with the EE statements, and is the first threshold for per cent concerning because it indicates at least mild EE.34 (link) These ‘per cent concerning’ thresholds should not be considered clinically diagnostic, but rather identify those whose scores represent more of a struggle on a given metric. The per cent concerning threshold can be grasped quickly, providing an anchor for interpretation and offering a way of communicating something about the distribution of the data within a single number. For EE, internal consistency in the current study was good (Cronbach’s alpha=0.85)
Depressive symptoms: The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale-10-item version is a psychometrically sound tool for screening respondents for clinical depression.35 (link) All items are prefaced with, ‘during the past week, how often did this occur’ and includes items such as ‘I could not ‘get going’ and ‘my sleep was restless’. Responses are answered on a 4-point scale (0=rarely or none; 3=all of the time). Each participant’s responses are summed together to achieve a 0–30 point scale. A score of 10 or higher is considered a positive screen, and was the threshold we used to group participants by depressive symptom severity as ‘per cent concerning’.36 (link) Internal consistency in the current study was good (Cronbach’s alpha=0.85)
Subjective Happiness: Lyubomirsky and Lepper’s Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) is a valid, psychometrically sound and internationally used scale of global happiness.37 38 (link) Example items include ‘In general I consider myself (1=not a very happy person to 7=a very happy person)’ and ‘Compared to most of my peers I consider myself (1=less happy to 7=more happy)’. All four items of the SHS are answered using a 7-point scale, and each participant’s responses were averaged, with higher scores representative of higher subjective happiness. Benchmarking data in diverse populations demonstrate mean SHS scores consistently flank a value of 5 on therefore a threshold of below 5 was used to group participants as the ‘per cent concerning’.38 (link) Internal consistency in the current study was very good (Cronbach’s alpha=0.86).
Work–life balance: Work–life balance items are from the work–life climate scale, which has been shown to have good psychometrics when used on HCWs,39 Work–life balance items elicit behavioural work–life infractions by asking: During the past week, how often did this occur? Followed by phrases such as: Skipped a meal, arrived home late from work or slept less than 5 hours in a night. The response scale for the work–life climate items ranged from: rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day); some or a little of the time (1–2 days); occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3–4 days); all of the time (5–7 days) and not applicable. Work–life climate scale scores were computed by taking the mean of the items. Previous research has used 2 or fewer days as ‘per cent positive,’ referring to scores greater than 2 as work–life imbalance. We use the imbalance designation (per cent of respondents with a mean over 2) as the ‘per cent concerning’.39 Internal consistency in the current study was good (Cronbach’s alpha=0.81).
Publication 2019
Burnout, Psychological Climate Depersonalization Depressive Symptoms Diagnosis Feelings Friend Gold Happiness Neurasthenia Outpatients Psychometrics Sleep Sound
The 5D-ASC scale was used in both studies to assess the overall peak alterations of consciousness. The 5D-ASC scale measures altered states of consciousness and contains 94 items (visual analog scales). The instrument consists of five subscales/dimensions (Dittrich 1998 (link)) and 11 lower-order scales (Studerus et al. 2010 (link)). The 5D-ASC dimension “Oceanic Boundlessness” (27 items) measures derealization and depersonalization associated with positive emotional states, ranging from heightened mood to euphoric exaltation. The corresponding lower-order scales include “experience of unity,” “spiritual experience,” “blissful state,” and “insightfulness.” The dimension “Anxious Ego Dissolution” (21 items) summarizes ego disintegration and loss of self-control phenomena associated with anxiety. The corresponding lower-order scales include “disembodiment,” “impaired control of cognition,” and “anxiety.” The dimension “Visionary Restructuralization” (18 items) consists of the lower-order scales “complex imagery,” “elementary imagery,” “audio-visual synesthesia,” and “changed meaning of percepts.” Two additional dimensions describe “Auditory Alterations” (15 items) and “Reduction of Vigilance” (12 items). The scale is well-validated and widely used to characterize the subjective effects of various psychedelic drugs (Carhart-Harris et al. 2016b (link); Hasler et al. 2004 (link); Hysek et al. 2011 (link); Schmid et al. 2015 (link); Vollenweider et al. 2007 (link); Vollenweider and Kometer 2010 (link)). In addition to the subscale analyses, we also analyzed the effects on ego dissolution item 71 (the boundaries between myself and my surroundings seemed to blur) because the concept of ego dissolution was often used in recent imaging studies (Tagliazucchi et al. 2016 (link)). The 5D-ASC scale was administered 24 h after drug administration, and the participants were asked to retrospectively rate the drug effects. 5D-ASC ratings were also performed at 3 and 10 h in study 1.
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Publication 2016
Anxiety Consciousness Depersonalization Derealization Disorders, Cognitive Emotions Euphoria Hallucinogens Imagery, Guided Mood Synesthesia Visual Analog Pain Scale Wakefulness
Questionnaires were sent to all individuals with current or recent GMC addresses. The questionnaire consisted of a single folded A3 sheet of paper (4 A4 sides). Included in the present questionnaire (described in the results as '2002') were the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) [12 ]; an abbreviated version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (aMBI), which has three sub-scales, Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalisation, and Personal Accomplishment [13 ,14 (link)]; a three-item scale modelled on the aMBI, which assesses Happiness with a Medical Career [15 (link)]; an abbreviated version of the Study Process Questionnaire, which has three sub-scales of Surface, Strategic and Deep learning [16 ,17 (link)]; an abbreviated questionnaire assessing the 'Big Five' personality dimensions of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness [15 (link),18 ]; and abbreviated versions of the Approach to Work Questionnaire (aAWQ) and the Workplace Climate Questionnaire (aWCQ) [19 (link)], each of which has three sub-scales, and for which a detailed description is provided in the Supplementary Information (see Additional file: 1) [2 (link)]. The GHQ, aMBI and personality questionnaire had also been administered previously in the PRHO survey, and the SPQ had been administered in the Applicant and Final year surveys.
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Publication 2004
Burnout, Psychological Climate Depersonalization Emotions Extraversion, Psychological Happiness Neuroticism

Most recents protocols related to «Depersonalization»

This study adopted the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) translated and revised by Li and Shi (34 (link)), with 15 items in total, including three dimensions of emotional exhaustion (EE, five items), depersonalization (DP, four items), and low personal accomplishment (LPA, six items). The scale applies a seven-level rating scale ranging from 0 (never) to 6 (every day). Higher scores on the EE and DP subscales indicate the higher degrees of job burnout, while LPA is inversely correlated with job burnout. The total score of the MBI-GS ranges from 0 to 90. The score of each dimension was the mean of its corresponding item score, and the composite score of burnout scale was (0.4*EE + 0.3*DP + 0.3*LPA). A composite score < 1.5 was judged as no burnout, 1.5–3.5 as mild to moderate level of burnout, and >3.5 as severe burnout (35 (link)). The Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale in this study was 0.88.
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Publication 2023
Burnout, Psychological Depersonalization Emotions
Data regarding burnout were collected using an English version of the original 22-item, 3-sub-scale Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) questionnaire.
The subscales are (a) emotional exhaustion (EE), measured using 9 items to address the feeling of being emotionally drained, (b) depersonalization (DP), measured using 5 items to address the tendency to view the others as objects rather than as feeling persons, and (c) personal achievement (PA), measured using 8 items to address the degree to which a person perceives doing well on worthwhile tasks.[10 ] A 7-point scoring (0 = never; 6 = every day) was used by the participants to answer each item in the questionnaire. The calculated scores for each domain were categorized as mild, moderate, and sever impairment using the following cut-off values: For EE, mild: 0–16, moderate: 17–26, and severe: ≥27. For DP, mild: 0–6, moderate: 7–12, and severe: ≥13. For low PA, mild: ≥39, moderate: 32–38, and severe: 0–31.
MBI has high reliability and validity, with reliability coefficient of 0.89, 0.74, 0,77 for EE, DP, and PA, respectively.[10 ] Moreover, the reported Cronbach's alpha of the questionnaire is 0.9, 0.76, 0.76 for EE, DP, and PA, respectively.[9 (link)]
A sociodemographic questionnaire was also used to determine potential risk factors associated with burnout. Demographic data collected included age, gender, current designation, and nationality. The social data collected included marital status, number of children, impact of critical care specialty on family life, and satisfaction with salary.
The questionnaire was distributed by the investigators in paper form and in English language only, with the estimated time for questionnaire completion being 6–8 min. The aim of the study and the questionnaire were explained to the participants. In addition, they were informed that participation is voluntary, and were assured of anonymity and data confidentiality. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants, and no incentives were offered for participation in the study. The study participants answered the questionnaire independently, and the questionnaire was distributed during the break time of the working shift and re-collected by the investigators at the same shift. Only responses with at least 80% of the questionnaire being completed were considered for the final analysis.
Publication 2023
AH 22 Burnout, Psychological Child Critical Care Depersonalization Emotions Gender Satisfaction
The JSPE-HP was specifically developed to measure empathy in health professionals. This questionnaire is a 20-item instrument that has been widely used and validated among health professionals. It uses a 7-point Likert scale that is anchored by ‘strongly disagree’ and ‘strongly agree’ (range: 20–140).32 33 (link) In this study, the Japanese version of the JSPE was used.34 (link) All the participants completed the JSPE-HP, and the scale was administered before and after their training.
To measure burnout, the MBI-HSS for medical personnel, which is the global standard for healthcare professionals, was used.35 (link) This validated instrument includes 22 items, each of which is scored from 0 to 6 based on the self-reported frequency of the feeling addressed by each item. In addition to providing an overall measure of burnout, the instrument enables the measurement of the three distinct domains of burnout using summated ratings. The emotional exhaustion domain consists of nine items, with a total score range of 0–54. The depersonalisation domain consists of five items, with a total score range of 0–30. The personal accomplishment domain consists of eight items, with a total score range of 0–48. Specifically, we defined the presence of physician burnout as any score over 26 on the emotional exhaustion subscale, any score over 9 on the depersonalisation subscale or any score under 34 on the personal accomplishment subscale.36 (link) All the participants completed the MBI-HSS before and after the training.
These analyses were performed using R statistical software (V.4.0.2). The data characteristics of the physicians were analysed using descriptive statistics. Analytical statistics were employed to address the outcomes. The normality of all the data was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was also used to test for significant differences between the pretraining and post-training JSPE-HP and MBI-HSS scores. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05.
Publication 2023
Burnout, Psychological Depersonalization Emotions Health Care Professionals Japanese Physicians
The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was designed to measure job burnout (Champion and Westbrook, 1984 (link)). The scale has 22 items under three aspects: emotional exhaustion (nine items), depersonalization (five items), and personal accomplishment (eight items). All items are graded on a scale of 0 to 6, with the scores for every element added together. Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization are positive scores, and the score ranges from 0 to 54 points and 0 to 30 points, respectively. Regarding depersonalization, a score of 2–5 is considered mild, 6–9 is considered moderate, and above 9 is considered severe. The higher the score in these two aspects, the more serious the burnout. Personal accomplishment is scored in reverse, with a score range of 0–48. A score of 39–45 is considered mild, 34–39 is considered moderate, and below 34 is considered severe. The lower the score, the more severe the burnout. The Cronbach’s coefficients for the subscales in this study were 0.887, 0.815, and 0.883, respectively.
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Publication 2023
Burnout, Psychological Depersonalization Emotions
The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey for Medical Professionals [MBI-HSS (MP)] was used to measure participant burnout in a healthcare setting. This measure has been used in prior research on TM’s impact on burnout symptoms [11 ]. The MBI-HSS (MP) is a 22-item inventory with a seven-point response scale, measuring emotional exhaustion (EE; 9 items), depersonalization (DP; 5 items), and professional accomplishment (PA; 8 items;). Higher EE and DP scores correspond to higher burnout, while higher PA scores correspond to lower burnout [23 ]. Cronbach’s alphas range from 0.76 to 0.90 [24 ].
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Publication 2023
Burnout, Professional Burnout, Psychological Depersonalization Emotions

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More about "Depersonalization"

Depersonalization, also known as derealization or dissociative disorder, is a complex mental health condition characterized by a persistent or recurrent feeling of detachment from one's own thoughts, emotions, sensations, or actions.
Individuals with depersonalization may experience a sense of unreality, as if they are observing themselves from an external perspective, like a spectator watching their own life unfold.
This dissociative experience can be highly distressing and can significantly interfere with daily functioning.
Depersonalization is often associated with other mental health conditions, such as anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Researchers and clinicians utilize various statistical software packages, such as SAS version 9.4, Stata/SE 14.2, SPSS software version 24.0, SPSS 22 for Windows, SAS statistical software, SPSS software version 20.0, Stata version 14, SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0, and Stata/IC version 15.1, to analyze data and gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of depersonalization.
Understanding the complex nature of depersonalization and optimizing research protocols is crucial for improving the diagnosis, treatment, and overall management of this condition.
Innovative tools like PubCompare.ai's advanced AI-driven protocol optimization can enhance the reproducibility of depersonalization research by helping researchers effortlessly locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and streamlining the research process to improve the quality of their findings.